Yousef Fazaeli, Gholamreza Shahhoseini, Alireza Neisi
et al.
The global emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in human pathogens are mainly the consequence of antimicrobial use in human medicine and agricultural production systems. Therefore, using antimicrobials should be monitored effectively in the food production management systems. Developing standard veterinary drug residue monitoring programs is one part of such management systems and needs to be strengthened. Enrofloxacin is a third-generation synthetic fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent used widely in the treatment of infections in humans and farm animals. Enrofloxacin and its metabolites (including ciprofloxacin) have been detected in many farmed fish products, highlighting the need for attention for fish products safety while controlling fish diseases. Herein, we implemented a new method for long-time measurement and visualization of enrofloxacin residues in trout fish using 65zinc radioisotope. Enrofloxacin was labeled with [65Zn] ZnCl2. The radiolabeled compound and non-labeled enrofloxacin were then administered simultaneously in the fish. Positron emission tomography (PET) scans were done at different intervals from 30 min to 35 days for visualization of the residues of enrofloxacin followed by precise measurement of the residues with a high purity germanium (HPGe) nuclear detector for labeled compounds and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests for non-labeled compounds. The results showed that depletion imaging and gamma spectroscopy of radiolabeled enrofloxacin and the metabolite in fish tissues are very precise, reliable and practical for exploring the biodistribution, metabolic and excretory profile as well as determination of Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs), withdrawal times (WDTs), and tracking of the drug residues.
We propose a unified method to visualize curvature on planar curves and surfaces of revolution using the tangential angle parameter. For plane curves, placing markers at equal increments of the tangential angle reveals local bending features and naturally highlights inflection points and vertices. This approach extends to surfaces of revolution, where curvature lines drawn at equal tangential angle steps reflect principal curvature variations and naturally expose ridge and parabolic curves. Our method provides clear, consistent visualizations without arbitrary parameter tuning, offering geometric insight for both analysis and design applications.
Limited-angle computerized tomography stands for one of the most difficult challenges in imaging. Although it opens the way to faster data acquisition in industry and less dangerous scans in medicine, standard approaches, such as the filtered backprojection (FBP) algorithm or the widely used total-variation functional, often produce various artefacts that hinder the diagnosis. With the rise of deep learning, many modern techniques have proven themselves successful in removing such artefacts but at the cost of large datasets. In this paper, we propose a new model-driven approach based on the method of the approximate inverse, which could serve as new starting point for learning strategies in the future. In contrast to FBP-type approaches, our reconstruction step consists in evaluating linear functionals on the measured data using reconstruction kernels that are precomputed as solution of an auxiliary problem. With this problem being uniquely solvable, the derived limited-angle reconstruction kernel (LARK) is able to fully reconstruct the object without the well-known streak artefacts, even for large limited angles. However, it inherits severe ill-conditioning which leads to a different kind of artefacts arising from the singular functions of the limited-angle Radon transform. The problem becomes particularly challenging when working on semi-discrete (real or analytical) measurements. We develop a general regularization strategy, named constrained limited-angle reconstruction kernel (CLARK), by combining spectral filter, the method of the approximate inverse and custom edge-preserving denoising in order to stabilize the whole process. We further derive and interpret error estimates for the application on real, i.e. semi-discrete, data and we validate our approach on synthetic and real data.
In 2010, Hiriart-Urruty and Seeger posed the problem of finding the maximal possible angle $θ_n$ between two copositive matrices of order $n$. They proved that $θ_2=\frac{3}{4}π$. In this paper, we study the maximal angle between two copositive matrices of order 3. We show that $θ_3=\frac{3}{4}π$ and give all possible pairs of matrices achieving this maximal angle. The proof is based on case analysis and uses optimization and basic linear algebra techniques.
Grain boundaries (GBs) merge and grains disappear during microstructure evolution. However, the Peach-Koehler model predicts that particular stress states may reverse such a process by exerting differential Peach-Koehler forces on different dislocations. This work considers this reversal as GB decomposition and illustrates it in a low-angle asymmetric tilt GB and a low-angle mixed tilt-twist GB via atomistic simulation. In both cases, the dislocations separate into two GBs separated by a new grain. This work describes the requirements for decomposition and the importance of dislocation separability. Additionally, we examine the dislocation behaviors and stress signatures associated with this process, along with the impact of strain rate and temperature on those aspects.
Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics have drawn attention to enhance growth, immunity, and disease resistance in fish. This study evaluated the single or combinatorial effects of pectin (1 %) and Bacillus safensis or B. amyloliquefaciens (7 Log CFU g−1 feed) on rohu, Labeo rohita fingerlings. The basal diet without pectin or bacilli was the control (C). The basal diet fortified with pectin (E1), B. safensis (E2), B. amyloliquefaciens (E3), B. safensis + pectin (E4), and B. amyloliquefaciens + pectin (E5) were fed to the experimental fish (6.4 ± 0.2 g) for 90 days in triplicate. Overall, the results demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) improvement in weight gain (%) and feed efficiency with the combined application of B. safensis and pectin (E4) compared to the control and only probiotic/prebiotic fed groups. Improved activities of digestive (protease, lipase) and glycolytic enzymes (glucokinase, hexokinase) were noticed with dietary synbiotics administration. Further, synbiotics-fed groups (E4 and E5) demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) improvements in immune parameters (serum lysozyme, antiprotease, phagocytosis, respiratory burst, peroxidase, and complement activity), erythrocytes, haemoglobin content and serum protein compared to the control group. Following 90 days of feeding, pathogenic Aeromonas sobria was intra-peritoneally injected into the fish, and information on stress along with immune parameters was recorded. Results depicted that the application of pectin together with B. safensis or B. amyloliquefaciens improved the innate immunity and survivability of the challenged fish. Further, increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities might indicate the fish's resilience to oxidative stress. Fish fed a diet containing B. safensis and pectin had the highest post-challenge survival rate, suggesting prospective application of this specific combination as functional feed additive to improve growth, immunity, and pathogen resistance in L. rohita.
Lateolabrax maculatus belongs to the order Perciformes and is distributed in the coastal waters and estuaries of China, Japan, and the Korean Peninsula. Its muscle protein contains many high-quality amino acids necessary for the human body, which have extremely high edible value. Lateolabrax maculatus has the advantages rapid growth under wide temperature and salt ranges and is suitable for various culture modes, such as cages, ponds, and factories. It is an economically important marine fish occurring in China. Light is a key environmental factor that affects the behavior and physiological and biochemical indices of fish, and optimizing the growth environment of fish by controlling different light color conditions can markedly improve aquaculture efficiency. However, it is not completely clear what kind of light color L. maculatus adapts to, and the influence of different light colors on its growth, feeding, distribution, and metabolism. To explore these effects, blue, green, yellow, and indoor natural lights were used to clarify the relationship between light color and L. maculatus growth, determining the optimal light color for its culture, and providing a theoretical basis for the optimization of artificial culture technology and environmental regulation.Four light color groups—blue, green, yellow, and natural light—were used. Two circular light strips were fixed around the bottom of each experimental pool to provide light sources. The distance between the light strips was 15 cm, and the light intensity was measured 5 cm above the water center. The light intensity was ~300 lx, and the light period was 12 h light: 12 h dark. During the experiment, the compound feed was given twice daily at 08:00 and 18:00, and the single feeding amount was 1.5%–2 % of the total weight of the sea bass in the pond. After feeding for 1 h, residual bait and feces were removed. Video monitoring equipment (Hikvision camera, Smart265) was placed above the experimental pool, and the time from the first experimental fish to the end of feeding was recorded. Feeding time was measured every five days. The distribution of L. maculatus in the experimental pond was recorded 30 min before and after feeding. The number of nodes per minute was recorded, and 60 images were captured for each process. All images of L. maculatus were manually marked according to the division area—black dots represented the location—and compared with the video to ensure the location accuracy. The fish were cultured for 45 days.The results showed that the weight growth and specific growth rates of juvenile L. maculatus under blue light were (45.70±2.20) and (0.90±0.08) (%/d), respectively and were significantly higher than those under yellow and natural lights. The feed coefficient of L. maculatus under blue light was the lowest. The relative expression levels of insulin growth factor (igf-1 and igf-2) and growth hormone receptor 1 (ghr-1) genes in the liver of L. maculatus under blue light were higher than those under natural light. The phototaxis distribution of the fish differed for different light colors, with positive and negative phototaxis for blue yellow light, respectively. Metabolomic analysis showed that the fish under blue light were significantly upregulated by metabolites such as L-isoleucine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE, 18:2/0:0). This affected nine pathways—including amino acid and glycerol phospholipid metabolism—thereby affecting amino acid and phospholipid synthesis. Under green light, fumaric acid, L-tyrosine, and other metabolites were significantly downregulated. This affected five pathways—including phenylalanine metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation—and protein synthesis and hormone secretion in sea bass. No significant enrichment was observed under yellow light.In conclusion, the relative expression levels of igf-1, igf-2 and ghr-1 in L. maculatus could be improved by blue light illumination, and L-isoleucine and LPE (18:2/0:0) contents could be significantly increased under blue light. This affects amino acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism, and other metabolic pathways, thus increasing the speed of substance synthesis in L. maculatus and significantly improving its growth. Combined with the fact that the distribution behavior of L. maculatus in culture ponds tends toward blue light, this shows that L. maculatus is suitable for culturing under blue light. These results provide a theoretical basis for the selection of light color and the formulation of a culture strategy for L. maculatus.
The global production of marine bivalves for human consumption is more than 15 million tonnes per year (average period 2010–2015), which is about 14% of the total marine production in the world. Most of the marine bivalve production (89%) comes from aquaculture and only 11% comes from the wild fishery. Asia, especially China, is by far the largest producer of marine bivalves, accounting for 85% of the world production and responsible for the production growth. In other continents, the production is stabilizing or decreasing (Europe) the last decades. In order to stimulate growth, sustainability (Planet, Profit, People) of the aquaculture activities is a key issue. Environmental (Planet) aspects for sustainable aquaculture include the fishery on seed resources, carrying capacity, invasive species and organic loading. Food safety issues due to environmental contaminants and biotoxines should be minimized to increase the reliability of marine bivalves as a healthy food source and to stimulate market demands. Properly designed monitoring programs are important tools to accomplish sustainable growth of marine bivalve production.
It is a theorem due to F. Haglund and D. Wise that reflection groups (aka Coxeter groups) virtually embed into right-angled reflection groups (aka right-angled Coxeter groups). In this article, we generalise this observation to rotation groups, which can be thought of as a common generalisation of Coxeter groups and graph products of groups. More precisely, we prove that rotation groups (aka periagroups) virtually embed into right-angled rotation groups (aka graph products of groups).
Iko Imelda Arisa, Ulfa Rahmi, Nurfadillah Nurfadillah
et al.
The many herbal plants in Indonesia that contain antimicrobial substances such as Calotropis gigantea, Moringa oleifera and Cassia alata L. leaves are attractive and have the potential to be used to prevent and treat bacterial diseases in fish. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of administering a combination of multi-herbal ingredients, namely M. oleivera, C. gigantea and C. alata L. leaves in the treatment of O. niloticus tilapia infected with the pathogenic bacteria S. agalactiae. The experimental design used a completely randomized design with 6 treatment levels and 3 replications, namely treatment A (Fish that were not infected with S. agalactiae), B (Fish infected with S. agalactiae), C (Fish infected with S. agalactiae + soaked in thistle leaf extract 800 ppm+ Moringa leaf extract 1000 ppm)), D (Fish infected with S. agalactiae + soaked in C. gigantea leaf extract 800 ppm + C. allata leaf extract 10 ppm), E (Fish infected with S. agalactiae +soaked in Moringa leaf extract 1000 ppm + C. allata leaf extract 10 ppm) and F (Moringa leaf extract 1000 ppm+C. gigantea leaf extract 800 ppm + C. allata leaf extract 10 ppm). The results showed that the combination of M. oleivera, C. gigantea and C. alata L. extracts had a significant effect (P0.05) on the survival rate ofO. niloticus. Treatment (E), combination of M. oleivera leaf extract 1000 ppm + C. alata L leaf extract 10 ppm, showed the fastest healing of the body and the highest survival rate of tilapia, namely 80%.
Keywords:
Multi herbal leaves
Patoghen
Imunnity
Neville N. Suh, Bessy T. Efed, Richard A. Nyiawung
Abstract Fisheries systems face enormous pressures from increased fish demand, decreased fish catches, and an ageing fishing population. As a case study, we investigate how climate change stressors, capacity‐building opportunities, and the introduction of climate‐smart innovations, tools and information may influence youths’ succession decisions in small‐scale fisheries (SSF). We collected empirical data from a survey with the children of SSF actors to identify the factors promoting or hindering succession in fish harvesting activities through a simple random sampling of 415 youths in six fishing communities in Cameroon. The probit model results revealed that youth participation and succession decisions are positively influenced by their education, nationality, that is, being a migrant, desire to be employed full‐time in fisheries‐related activities, climate‐smart innovations, tools and information, and capacity‐building opportunities. Increasing temperatures and uncertainty in fish availability due to climate change negatively influence their succession decisions. We find that parents do not encourage their children to participate in SSF due to climate change impacts, which are reducing fish catch and due to a lack of suitable climate‐resilient innovations and capacity‐building opportunities. The study provides evidence that interventions that create an enabling environment for youths’ participation in fisheries‐related activities are important to secure the future of SSF in Cameroon.
We consider a configuration of three stacked graphene monolayers with commensurate twist angles $θ_{12}/θ_{23}=p/q$, where $p$ and $q$ are coprime integers with $0<p<|q|$ and $q$ can be positive or negative. We study this system using the continuum model in the chiral limit when interlayer coupling terms between $\textrm{AA}_{12}$ and $\textrm{AA}_{23}$ sites of the moiré patterns $12$ and $23$ are neglected. There are only three inequivalent displacements between the moiré patterns $12$ and $23$, at which the three monolayers' Dirac zero modes are protected. Remarkably, for these displacements and an arbitrary $p/q$ we discover exactly flat bands at an infinite set of twist angles (magic angles). We provide theoretical explanation and classification of all possible configurations and topologies of the flat bands.
Ana Marić, Danica Srećković Batoćanin, Dubravka Škraba Jurlina
et al.
A pool of data already existing about D-loop, i.e., the Control Region (CR) haplotypes of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of brown trout, Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758, tentative Adriatic trout Salmo farioides Karaman, 1938, and tentative Macedonian trout, Salmo macedonicus (Karaman, 1924), and their reconstructed phylogeography makes a good starting point for resolving their evolutionary history. That includes the dating of particular events in it. The events have hitherto been dated using the method of a molecular clock. Various calibrations were applied for the mutation rate, owing to the incongruence between the time of divergence that various authors notified and general knowledge about events in geological history and the periods in which they occurred in the Mediterranean region. Since geological history events were mandatory for setting the scene for the evolutionary history of brown trout, the incongruence between them has questioned the molecular clock calibration’s validity. From results about both the phylogeography and phylogenetic relations between native haplotypes (both partial and whole CR sequences) and the population genetics that characterized particular populations, we calculated the time of divergence between haplotypes in the regions of the western part of the Balkans: Iron Gate broader area in eastern Serbia, continental Montenegro and south-eastern Serbia. The distinct status of adjacent populations was verified by frequencies of microsatellites’ alleles and the STRUCTURE analysis that examined the significance of differences between them. In particular, we examined the populations that were clearly separated either by physical barriers, such as a waterfall in eastern Serbia (e.g., the upper and lower River Rečka supplemented by nearby rivers Vratna and Zamna), or by underground drops in Montenegro (e.g., upper and lower River Zeta, and rivers Nožica and lower River Mrtvica as isolated counterparts). We used the so far most common substitution rate of 1% in a million years’ (MY) period. The divergence times we obtained were compared to the events known for the region from available geological history data. There was a fairly good congruence between the dating obtained by the molecular clock method and that by geological history where the advanced, i.e., modern haplotypes, were concerned. In contrast, the congruence was worse for dating of divergence when more ancient haplotypes were in question, being much better if the mutational rate would be decreased to lower rates. That supported results both from the Rate Correlation Test about the independence of evolutionary rates in different lineages of brown trout, and from the Molecular Clock Test, which revealed that the evolutionary rate throughout the phylogenetic tree is not equal. That implies a difference in the speed of evolution in them, which was likely slower and faster, in the ancient, pre-Pleistocene haplotypes and the advanced, Pleistocene ones, respectively. The setting of the variable, or non-linear (i.e., logarithmic) speed of evolving seems helpful, since the early cladogenesis with the dominance of mutations was most likely combined afterwards with the acting of other evolutionary mechanisms, especially of genetic drift in populations that passed through the bottleneck episodes of the abrupt decrease in population size during the unfavourable periods of their evolutionary history.
Hoseinali Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi, Ali Taheri Mirghaed, Seyyed Morteza Hoseini
et al.
This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of myrcene on water quality and stress responses of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, during transportation. A total of 126 fish (45.3 ± 1.65 g) were transported using 0, 10, 20, 30, and 50 µL/L myrcene for 6 h. All transported treatments exhibited significant decrease in water pH, dissolved oxygen, and increase in water temperature and ammonia. Myrcene had no effects on water pH and temperature after transportation, but 10 µL/L myrcene significantly decreased water dissolved oxygen, as 30 µL/L myrcene increased it, compared to the fish transported without myrcene. Moreover, 20–50 µL/L myrcene significantly decreased water ammonia, compared to the fish transported without myrcene. Transportation induced significant increases in water alkalinity in 0–30 µL/L myrcene and the highest alkalinity was related to 10 µL/L myrcene. Plasma ammonia significantly increased in all treatments after transportation and the lowest and highest levels were observed in fish transported with 20 and 50 µL/L myrcene. Plasma lactate significantly decreased in fish transported with 0–30 µL/L myrcene; but increased in fish transported with 50 µL/L myrcene. All transported fish showed similar plasma T4 levels, which were significantly lower than the before transportation. Transportation induced significant increase in plasma cortisol, glucose, superoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde and significant decrease in plasma T3, which 10 µL/L myrcene failed to mitigate such change, and nevertheless, 20 and 30 µL/L myrcene mitigated such changes. 50 µL/L myrcene led to higher cortisol, glucose, CAT, MDA, and lower T3 and GSH, compared to fish transported without myrcene. Plasma glutathione peroxidase activity significantly decreased in fish transported with 50 µL/L myrcene, compared to fish not transported. Myrcene is recommended as a sedative and stress-reducing agent in common carp transportation procedures. The beneficial concentration is 20–30 µL/L, but lower and higher concentrations have negative effects.
Changes in fish behaviour caused by stress are difficult to measure. In this study, tracker software-based computer vision techniques were applied, with formalin used as a stressor. At different formalin concentrations, stress responses of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758), were examined for fish swimming velocity (FSV) and behaviour. Seven treatments included 1 (control) without formalin, with treatments 2–7 consisting of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mg.L-1formalin concentration, respectively. Three (25 × 51 × 31 cm, width × length × height) glass tanks were 80 % filled with water for each trial. Each tank contained three fish with weights of 0.5–1.0 g, and the FSV of each fish was recorded for 120 min after exposure to formalin. Average FSV statistically differed (P < 0.05) at different formalin concentrations. Treatment 1 (control) gave the highest FSV at 0.038 ± 0.005 m.S-1 followed by treatments 2 (100 mg.L-1) and 3 (200 mg.L-1) at 0.020 ± 0.013 and 0.018 ± 0.020 m.S-1, respectively. Treatments 4 (300 mg.L-1), 5 (400 mg.L-1), 6 (500 mg.L-1) and 7 (600 mg.L-1) recorded 0.007 ± 0.010, 0.006 ± 0.090, 0.004 ± 0.008 and 0.003 ± 0.007 m.S-1, respectively. Differences in FSV at each concentration interval were applied to indicate the behavioural expression of fish response to stress in phase III (tertiary responses). Results indicated that computer vision techniques were suitable for studying Nile tilapia behaviour, with possible applications in other aquatic animals. Highlights of this technique included continuous real-time results to monitor fish stress using a non-invasive method.
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) constitute a global problem, affecting aquatic ecosystems, human health, fisheries and local economies. The Bay of Bengal, along the Bangladesh coast, is exceedingly suffering from pollution or anthropogenic nutrification that influences frequently occurring HAB species. The progression of climate change and eutrophication invigorate HAB trends and responses that in turn affect the respective coastal livelihood and economic growth. Tripos spp., Dinophysis spp., Protoperidinium spp., Chaetoceros spp., and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. are the common bloom-forming HAB species in the coastal waters of Bangladesh. Despite having huge potentiality for regional and global perspectives, the coastal region of Bangladesh remains relatively unexplored compared to other regions in the context of HABs and their pernicious effects. As a result, harmful algal blooms and the accumulation of algal toxins may interrupt fisheries, aquaculture, aquatic ecosystems and public health in the country. Therefore, proper research on the biology and ecology of harmful algae, biotoxins and their relationship with environmental factors need to be adequately understood to minimize their adverse effects on the noted marine resources of the Bay. This review focused on an overview of the HAB related issues – causes of HABs, their occurrences and abundances, associated environmental factors and adverse effects in the coastal zone of Bangladesh.