Hasil untuk "Urbanization. City and country"

A. Schneider, C. Mertes, A. Tatem et al.

East–Southeast Asia is currently one of the fastest urbanizing regions in the world, with countries such as China climbing from 20 to 50% urbanized in just a few decades. By 2050, these countries are projected to add 1 billion people, with 90% of that growth occurring in cities. This population shift parallels an equally astounding amount of built-up land expansion. However, spatially-and temporally-detailed information on regional-scale changes in urban land or population distribution do not exist; previous efforts have been either sample-based, focused on one country, or drawn conclusions from datasets with substantial temporal/spatial mismatch and variability in urban definitions. Using consistent methodology, satellite imagery and census data for >1000 agglomerations in the East–Southeast Asian region, we show that urban land increased >22% between 2000 and 2010 (from 155 000 to 189 000 km2), an amount equivalent to the area of Taiwan, while urban populations climbed >31% (from 738 to 969 million). Although urban land expanded at unprecedented rates, urban populations grew more rapidly, resulting in increasing densities for the majority of urban agglomerations, including those in both more developed (Japan, South Korea) and industrializing nations (China, Vietnam, Indonesia). This result contrasts previous sample-based studies, which conclude that cities are universally declining in density. The patterns and rates of change uncovered by these datasets provide a unique record of the massive urban transition currently underway in East–Southeast Asia that is impacting local-regional climate, pollution levels, water quality/availability, arable land, as well as the livelihoods and vulnerability of populations in the region.

Alba Badia, Ricard Segura-Barrero, Sergi Ventura et al.

Abstract Urbanization converts natural landscapes into impervious surfaces, altering local climate and air quality. Greening strategies are adopted to mitigate these effects, yet their effectiveness depends on land use, urban form, geography, and climate interactions. Using an air quality model with an urban canopy scheme, we evaluate how land use changes-urban expansion, agriculture, and parks-affect urban climate and chemical processes, influencing air pollutants like NO2, O3, VOCs, and PMs. Applied to future land-use scenarios in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, our results show that a 45–55% increase in urbanization raises surface temperatures and consequently evening O3 levels by up to 8%. Replacing 6–10% of urban land and 30–40% of natural vegetation areas into agriculture reduces O3 by up to 10%, but increases NH3 (up to 90%) and aerosols (up to 12%). Doubling urban green spaces reduce NO2 (up to 3%) and increases O3 (up to 5%) and SOA (up to 14%). Our study emphasizes the trade-offs of urban greening and the need for integrated planning to improve air quality.

Fei Sun, Jin Ke, Phatchanun Vivarakanon et al.

Background: Thailand, a developing country in Southeast Asia, faces significant challenges due to urbanization, population aging, and climate change. This case study focuses on an adaptation strategy implemented in Bangkok to address the impacts of flooding. The study aims to examine the short‑, medium‑, and long‑term effects of flooding exposure on cognitive health among middle‑aged and older adults in Thailand and to identify the role of resilient city policy (RCP) in mitigating these impacts. Methods: Data on cognitive health (memory, calculation, and orientation to time) were obtained from the three waves (2017, 2020, and 2022) of the Health, Aging, and Retirement (HART) surveys. Flooding data were retrieved from Thai flood hazard records in the EM‑DAT database from 2017 to 2022. Panel data analyses with a fixed effects model were used to estimate the effects of flooding on cognitive health and the moderating effects of RCP. Results: Findings indicate that exposure to flooding negatively impacts memory and orientation to time, with these effects worsening over time. RCP was found to mitigate the negative effects of flooding on memory scores and calculation scores. Additionally, RCP was associated with reduced risks for diabetes and depressive symptoms, indirectly protecting cognitive health. Discussion: Flooding has long‑lasting negative effects on certain cognitive health domains, specifically memory and orientation to time. This study suggests that RCP, a multi‑component policy aimed at improving structural systems, community preparedness, and healthcare access, shows promise in mitigating the adverse effects of flooding on residents’ cognitive health. Further research is needed to link specific policy components to cognitive health outcomes and to understand their roles in protecting cognitive health.

Marlene Rosa, Susana Lopes, Raquel Sabino

In this study, the co-participative development of a Local Strategic Plan for Dementia is presented and analysed. Fifteen institutions from a territory in central Portugal participated in this dynamic, each represented by a reference professional and 2 senior technicians from the City Council (n=17). Participants with previous experience in providing care to elderly people and caring for people with dementia were recruited. The co-participative ideation dynamics took place in a single 8-hour session, which was divided into 4 distinct phases: (i) icebreaker presentation, (ii) co-design of objectives, (iii) co-design of strategic axes, (iv) co-design of intervention. A content analysis of the exercises and a summary were carried out according to the following structure: objectives for the strategic plan, strategic axes and actions to be implemented. Throughout the ideation exercises, more significant keywords were defined, reflecting the most relevant dimensions in assistance and care for people with dementia: 10 dimensions for processes, 7 for social health, and 7 for policies. Five axes were defined: Community Literacy, Combating Isolation, Aging in Place, Intergenerational, and Dementia Friendly Service, which were supported by 13 objectives, 15 actions and 17 goals and 20 strategic partners. The design of a co-participative proposal for a Local Strategic Plan for Dementia proved to be an innovative and effective methodology, and it should, in the future, involve other community stakeholders and develop lines of action for the coordination and monitoring of the strategy.

Muhammad Wasif Zafar, Q. Qin, M. Malik et al.

This study investigates the effect of foreign direct investment and education on environmental quality for Asian countries by controlling income, energy consumption, and urbanization for the period of 1990-2018. We have applied panel cointegration techniques to probe for long-run associations among the variables. The empirical results indicate the existence of cointegration between the variables. Dynamic ordinary least square and fully modified least square methods are applied to estimate long-run elasticities. The empirical results confirm that environmental quality is sensitive to foreign direct investment, education, and urbanization. Income and energy consumption deteriorate environmental quality by increasing CO2 emissions. In the long-run, bidirectional causal associations are found for emissions- foreign direct investment, emissions-energy use, income- emissions, foreign direct investment -income, and energy-income nexus. Furthermore, there is a unidirectional causality running from education and urbanization to emissions, foreign direct investment, income, and energy use. Policymakers in Asian economies are encouraged to establish policies that increase the education budget, promote the use of green energy, attract foreign direct investment with green technology, and expand cities to limit the urbanization effects on environmental quality.

Tong Wu

In recent decades, there has been an intensification of the socioeconomic and environmental drivers of pandemics, including ecosystem conversion, meat consumption, urbanization, and connectivity among cities and countries. This paper reviews how these four systemic drivers help explain the dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic and other recent emerging infectious diseases, and the policies that can be adopted to mitigate their risks. Land-use change and meat consumption increase the likelihood of pathogen spillover from animals to people. The risk that such zoonotic outbreaks will then spread to become pandemics is magnified by growing urban populations and the networks of trade and travel within and among countries. Zoonotic spillover can be mitigated through habitat protection and restrictions on the wildlife trade. Containing infectious disease spread requires a high degree of coordination among institutions across geographic jurisdictions and economic sectors, all backed by international investment and cooperation.

Pramit Verma, T. Kumari, A. S. Raghubanshi

James Nguyen H. Spencer, Thu Nguyen, Saiful Momen

This paper explores the relationship between land tenure security and housing investment among households in Bangladeshi poor settlements. The level of housing investment is measured through the type of physical structure of the house, or more specifically, floor materials. Cluster-robust standard error logistic regression method is utilized to explore this relationship in order to fix the issue of households located in the same settlement being correlated with each other. The results show that houses with greater tenure security, whether owner-occupied or rented out, are more likely than houses with insecure tenure to have cement floors, which are more permanent and expensive than other types of floors like bamboo, wood, or dirt/mud. Importantly, renters are more likely than owner-occupants to have cement floors. In sum, although greater tenure security may positively impact housing investment, the market force in which housing is seen as a business opportunity may be an equally strong factor in encouraging investment even in poor communities.

Andrea Caragliu, Chiara F. Del Bo

Abstract The debate on urban smartness as an instrument for managing more efficient cities has been revolving around the notion that Smart Cities might be causing an increase in inequalities. This effect would be caused by the role played in smart urban transformations by Multi-National Corporations, which would be influencing local policymakers’ agendas. In this work we empirically verify whether smart urban characteristics are associated with an increase in urban inequalities along the digital divide dimension among urban dwellers. To this aim, we exploit a large database of 181 European cities, with data on smart urban characteristics, along with measures of the digital divide obtained with the use of survey data carried out at the European Union level. Results show a negative causal relation between the level of urban smartness and the digital divide within-EU cities. Our findings are robust to a number of robustness checks.

Mariana Marchioni, Anita Raimondi, Maria Gloria Di Chiano et al.

On-source storage controls are a sustainable solution for stormwater management in a scenario of continuous urban area growth. Structures that manage storage volumes through infiltration include extra environmental benefits, such as groundwater recharge, evapotranspiration, and pollutant load removal. Permeable pavement systems are among these controls and can easily integrate into dense urban areas, resulting in paved surfaces contributing to stormwater management. The shift toward on-source strategies is encouraged through regulations, policies, incentives, and awareness campaigns, which are substantially increasing their dissemination. Optimizing the design of on-source storage controls with infiltration, such as permeable pavement systems, through robust methodologies can reduce reservoir depth, reducing environmental impact and costs without impact on reliability. The analytical-probabilistic (AP) method using derived probability distribution theory from rainfall event characteristics and the mathematical description of hydrologic processes within the permeable pavement systems provides an analytical equation that can be used as a design tool, proving robustness analogous with continuous simulations. Results obtained with the AP method were compared with traditional event-based methodologies and continuous simulation, assessing the reliability of the proposed method in optimizing permeable pavement systems' reservoir depth. HIGHLIGHTS Permeable pavement systems are stormwater controls with temporary storage and infiltration, providing multiple benefits for the environment.; This research proposes an analytical equation derived from probability distribution theory that can be used as a design tool for permeable pavement systems.; The analytical probabilistic model was compared with event-based methods and continuous simulation.; The analytical probabilistic model as a design tool provides reliability analogous to continuous simulations.;

Rocco Papa

Ginevra Balletto, Giuseppe Borruso, Giovanni Mei et al.

The paper is the result of an ongoing research, considering the use of raw and recycled materials in the construction sector. In particular, the idea is considering such use within a Circular Economy framework, analysing its potentials in the case of the closed market of Sardinia Island (Italy), identifying potential clusters and their ‘optimal’ shape.  In the paper, we highlight a theoretical framework for circular economy, adapting a classical model of industrial location to the construction sector. We build a georeferenced database of activities related to the extraction, processing and disposal of materials related to construction, as a result of the MEISAR Project - https://meisar.org/en/. Such a result is presented in a tool named MEISAR_Map; we then propose a method, based on spatial analytical techniques, namely point pattern analysis, for delimiting spatial clusters. The closed market of Sardinia is analyzed and, in particular, the case study of the new football stadium in Cagliari, which involves the demolition of the existing stadium and the use of "secondary" raw materials for the construction of the new Cagliari stadium.

Asfaw Mohamed, Hailu Worku

Uncontrolled urban growth and haphazard land developments are one of the crucial problems in Addis Ababa and the surrounding Oromia special zone causing environmental degradation and rural-urban land base conflicts. This is mostly because of the rapidly increasing built-up area that conquered large tracts of natural green spaces and prime agricultural lands. The research compared the land use-land cover (LULC) change, demographic dynamic, the sprawling patterns and the degree of built-up growth goodness. Methodologically, the study applied a multi-step geospatial and statistical modeling techniques, and it also employed the Shannon entropy index and the degree of freedom to measure the sprawling pattern and the degree of goodness of urban growth. Accordingly, the dynamic LULC change index identified the built-up area as the most dynamic land cover type and the intensity index depicted that a large part of the area was on the high-speed urban expansion level. Moreover, this study approved that the effects of the sprawling pattern have strong momentum to push the region’s built-up dynamics than the population increase and it also confirmed that a prevalence of high built-up sprawling and bad urban growth conditions. Therefore, the study lay emphasis on an integrated urban-regional planning and management approach and quantifying the built-up intensity, sprawling and the degree of urban growth goodness as a tool to control the LULC dynamics and enhancement of a rational decision on sustainable urban growth planning and management. Keywords: land use-land cover, built-up dynamics, sprawling, degree of goodness of urban growth, Addis Ababa

L. Ma

J. A. P. D. Oliveira, O. Balaban, Christopher Doll et al.

Iraklis Stamos, Aifadopoulou Georgia, Evangelos Mitsakis et al.

Changes in the usage of a particular urban or regional area have immediate effects on transportation, such as the development of a new multimodal terminal within a city, or the creation of a business park in its outskirts. Thus far, this correlation has been under-researched at a national level in Greece. As a result, its effects on trip generation and passenger flows has been underestimated at the planning level, leading to the implementation of projects that are neither viable nor sustainable. This paper proposes that land use changes ought to be considered in tandem with transport-related changes at the planning stage. To this effect, we present a three-step methodology for an integrated approach to capturing future trip generation: the identification of future trip-generating poles within the study area; the development of scenarios related to the probability of these changes occurring and their potential magnitude; an estimation of future trends in passenger flows. The methodology is applied to the Metropolitan area of Thessaloniki, Greece. Using data obtained from development plans, national statistical services and research projects’ and studies’ findings, we estimate future trip-generation subsequent to land use change. Data is processed and evaluated by a local experts’ group, representing various key-disciplines of the area’s planning stakeholders.

Arnab Chakraborty, Bev Wilson, Saket Sarraf et al.

Informal settlements exist in a legally contested space and the quality of – and access to – information about them has been historically limited. The open data movement promises to address this gap by offering alternative sources for information and free or low cost analytical platforms. However, in order to use open data effectively, urban managers and planners need guidance to navigate these new data sources, software, and server platforms, as well as acquire the necessary skills. In this paper, we begin to address these issues by developing a framework that organizes the sprawling and rapidly evolving world of open urban data. Our framework includes three broad categories (1) inputs and resources, (2) activities and outputs, and (3) outcomes. We then identify and describe the key subcomponents under each, and list the prominent products and resources available to urban managers and planners. For example, under inputs and resources, we discuss open urban data sources such as Open Street Maps, cyberinfrastructure for web hosting, application deployment, and data processing, and open source software that can be used to analyze and visualize collected or derived data. We also identify the key resources available to planners for training and discuss the complementary opportunities presented by conventional datasets such as census and open urban data. Finally, using examples from ongoing activities in Mumbai, we show how open data resources can be useful for understanding urbanization and better integrating informal settlements into formal urban management and planning processes. We suggest that urban managers and planners working in informal settlements should take greater advantage of open data resources in order to both better address current challenges as well as for shaping a better future for the communities they serve.

Osamu K. Mikami, Katsura Mikami

The number of avian species in urban areas throughout the world, particularly in Europe and the USA is low; however, their total density is higher than that observed in surrounding habitats. Nevertheless, it has not been confirmed whether this is true in Japan. Japanese cities have fewer green areas than European and American cities, and Japanese suburbs are likely to face forests on mountain slopes, whereas cities in most other countries face open grasslands, rural areas, or flatlands. These differences could influence the structure of avian diversity from city to native habitat. We compared the number of species and individuals of all species among city centers, suburbs, and forested areas in Japan. Similar to other countries, the structure of avian communities in Japanese cities was dominated by a handful of species, and total abundance was highest among the other environments. This suggests that the underlying mechanism determining the structure of the avian community is the same between Japan and other previously studied countries. However, species richness was not the highest in the intermediate areas, which is typical in Europe and the USA. This is because suburbs face forested areas and moderately urbanized areas are scarce in the study area. The lack of intermediate area is moderately typical in Japan. This difference is important not only for managing avian diversity but also total diversity from the city to native habitats in Japan.

D. Leon

Teresa del Valle Varela, Francesc Peremiquel Lluch

Adecuada compacidad urbana y diversidad programática (tipológica y funcional) son dos cualidades deseables en todo proyecto urbano residencial contemporáneo. Compacidad entendida como antídoto contra la dispersión, la discontinuidad y la indiferencia urbana, que deteriora la calidad de vida del ciudadano, y como factor esencial para conseguir el máximo rendimiento de los servicios públicos y un nivel de urbanidad adecuado. Diversidad programática, entendida variedad tipológica y flexibilidad volumétrica, mezcla de usos y funciones son elementos integradores de diferentes realidades sociales que suplen las necesidades de la alta densidad. Con una adecuada compacidad se puede plantear una mayor riqueza espacial, mayor flexibilidad programática y mayor diversidad tipológica. Algunas piezas arquitectónicas singulares basadas en un riguroso orden interno y una forma determinada pueden servir como referente de tipos edificatorios que, sujetos a posibles combinatorias, pueden ser utilizados como prototipos para concebir fragmentos urbanos compactos y diversos.