Hasil untuk "Sociology"

D. Ross

J. Klein

P. Brown

Andrea Mennicken, W. Espeland

Calculation and quantification have been critical features of modern societies, closely linked to science, markets, and administration. In the past thirty years, the pace, purpose, and scope of quantification have greatly expanded, and there has been a corresponding increase in scholarship on quantification. We offer an assessment of the widely dispersed literature on quantification across four domains where quantification and quantification scholarship have particularly flourished: administration, democratic rule, economics, and personal life. In doing so, we seek to stimulate more cross-disciplinary debate and exchange. We caution against unifying accounts of quantification and highlight the importance of tracking quantification across different sites in order to appreciate its essential ambiguity and conduct more systematic investigations of interactions between different quantification regimes.

A. Giddens, Christopher Pierson

Amin Gino Fabbrucci Barbagli, Jürgen Lerner, Viviana Amati et al.

Sociological research has framed collective action in science, innovation, and culture as tripartite networks connecting teams of actors, lists of prior works, and sets of labels (e.g., keywords, topics). While methods for multipartite social networks were proposed decades ago, and have received a recent surge in interest, none of the suggested solutions scale to the size and granularity of contemporary data sets (scientific publications, patents, filmmaking) and at the same time allow for testing multiple competing hypotheses about the drivers of collective production. In this paper, we address this gap by applying Relational Hyperevent Models (RHEM) to dynamic tripartite hypergraphs. Using scientific networks as a case study, we model events linking any number of actors, references, and keywords, testing and controlling for inter-dependencies within and between each set.

Apichat Suddeepong, Apichat Suddeepong, Kongsak Akkharawongwhatthana et al.

The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and natural fibers in asphalt concrete (AC) has gained increasing attention as a sustainable alternative to conventional mixtures that use virgin materials. However, comprehensive evaluations of laboratory performance, production feasibility, field implementation, and environmental impact remain limited. This study evaluates AC mixtures that incorporate RAP as coarse aggregate with hemp fiber (HF) reinforcement. Mixture design was conducted using the Marshall method in accordance with the Department of Highways, Thailand, specifications, followed by laboratory testing, asphalt plant trials, field construction, carbon footprint, and cost analyses. The RAP-HF mixture, reinforced with 24-mm-long HF at 0.10% by aggregate weight, satisfied all specification requirements and exhibited superior performance to conventional AC, including 36% higher stability, 80% greater indirect tensile strength, and 40% higher indirect tensile resilient modulus. Plant and field trials confirmed production feasibility and consistent performance. Carbon footprint analysis indicated a 13.7% reduction in CO2 emissions per production batch. Meanwhile, cost analysis showed that the total production cost of the RAP-HF mixture was 2.7% lower than that of conventional AC. The combined improvements in mechanical performance, environmental impact, and cost demonstrate the potential of incorporating RAP and HF as a practical and sustainable solution for asphalt pavement construction.

I. Yen, S. Syme

Damien Rudaz, Christian Licoppe

Relying on a large corpus of natural interactions between visitors and a robot in a museum setting, we study a recurrent practice through which humans "worked" to maintain the robot as a competent participant: the description by bystanders, in a way that was made accessible to the main speaker, of the social action that the robot was taken to be accomplishing. Doing so, bystanders maintained the robot's (sometimes incongruous) behaviour as relevant to the activity at hand and preserved the robot itself as a competent participant. Relying on these data, we argue that ex ante definitions of a robot as "social" (i.e. before any interaction occurred) run the risk of naturalizing as self-evident the observable result from micro-sociological processes: namely, the interactional work of co-present humans through which the robot's conduct is reconfigured as contextually relevant.

Marlyn Boke, Timothy Sorochkin, Jesse Anttila-Hughes et al.

The Schelling model is a prototype for agent-based modeling in social systems. A comprehensive analysis of Schelling model rule variants is achieved by classification of the space of macroscopic outcomes via phase diagrams. Among 54 rule variants, only 3 phase diagram classes are found, characterized by the number of phase transitions. This classification scheme is found to be robust to the use of sociological and percolation-inspired measures of segregation. The statistical and dynamic drivers of these transitions are elucidated by analyzing the roles of vision, movement criteria, vacancies, the initial state, and rivalry. Schelling's original step function dictating satisfaction is found to be pathological at high thresholds, producing coordination failures as satisfactory sites become increasingly rare. This comprehensive classification gives new insight into the drivers of transitions in the Schelling model and creates a basis for studying more complex Schelling-like models.

Sümeyye Kahraman, Burak Korkmazyurek, Erkan Polat

Lokacije avtobusnih postaj so ključne za učinkovito storitev potniškega prometa in trajnostno mobilnost v mestih. Določajo možnost dostopa obiskovalcev do mesta ter varnost, dostopnost in ekonomičnost javnega prevoza. Poleg tega vplivajo na dostop prebivalcev do delovnih mest, šol, zdravstvenih in drugih osnovnih storitev ter posledično na splošno družbenogospodarsko blaginjo mesta. V članku je določena optimalna lokacija nove avtobusne postaje v turškem mestu Uşak, za kar so avtorji uporabili hibridni model večkriterijskega odločanja, ki vključuje presojo dvajsetih kriterijev in celovito analizo dostopnosti lokacij na podlagi mnenj strokovnjakov ter upošteva raznovrstne potrebe prebivalcev in lokalnih oblasti. S postopkom analitične hierarhije so merilom pripisali uteži, na podlagi česar so nato z metodami MOOSRA, ARAS in VIKOR sedem možnih lokacij razvrstili po primernosti. Izsledki so pokazali, katera lokacija bi bila najprimernejša, hkrati pa so potrdili robustnost uporabljenega modela in njegovo uporabnost v urbanističnem načrtovanju

Felicia H. M. Liu, Karen P. Y. Lai, Bertrand Seah et al.

Abstract This paper critically assesses the complex interplay between urban transitions of digitisation and sustainability. Building on a mixed-method research design, we unpack the challenges of decarbonising digital infrastructure while attending to urban sustainability goals in a land- and water-scarce country facing significant physical climate risks. We identify transferrable lessons on the economic, technological, and environmental synergies and trade-offs behind data centre development and argue that stewarding the global data centre sector towards sustainability requires an ecosystem-wide approach. We identify implementation gaps across five key dimensions: technological innovation, policy and regulation, finance, infrastructure, and people. We find that the progress and uptake of sustainability initiatives are often impeded by risk-averse DC operators, who are most concerned with real and perceived risks of downtime. We conclude with recommendations for data centre stakeholders to align the low-carbon transition of the data centre sector with broader objectives of climate resilience, smart city development, and sustainable finance.

Robert S. Jansen

R. Dunlap, R. Brulle

L. Mayblin, M. Wake, M. Kazemi

This article responds to dual calls for researching and theorising everyday social phenomena in postcolonial studies on the one hand, and serious engagement with the postcolonial within the discipline of sociology on the other. It focuses on the everyday lives of asylum seekers living on asylum seeker welfare support in the UK. Asylum seekers offer a good case study for exploring the postcolonial everyday because they live in poverty and consequently experience daily harms at the hands of the state, despite the UK fulfilling its obligations to them under human rights law. The article proposes a conceptual framework drawing together sociologies of the everyday, necropolitics and slow violence in tracing how hierarchical conceptions of human worth impact on the everyday.

K. Cagney, E. Cornwell, Alyssa W. Goldman et al.

Recent theoretical and methodological advances in urban sociology, including spatially located data, provide new opportunities to consider the joint influence of mobility and place in urban social life. This review defines the concept of activity space, describes its origins in urban sociology, and examines the extent to which activity space approaches advance sociological research in four substantive domains—spatial inequality and segregation, social connectedness and engagement, crime and offending patterns, and health and health-related behavior. It next describes the evolution of methods for location tracking and new approaches that hold promise for maximizing urban mobility and activity space contributions. It then discusses how location data may be augmented to enhance our sociological understanding of the structure, meaning, and implications of the places people visit or traverse in daily life. We close with new directions for activity space research, emphasizing how such work could enable comparative contextual research.

Nina Eliasoph, Paul R. Lichterman

H. Garfinkel

"Since the 1967 publication of Studies in Ethnomethodology, Harold Garfinkel has indelibly influenced the social sciences and humanities worldwide. This new book, the long-awaited sequel to Studies, comprises Garfinkel's work over three decades to further elaborate the study of ethnomethodology.""Working out Durkheim's Aphorism,"" the title used for this new book, emphasizes Garfinkel's insistence that his position focuses on fundamental sociological issues—and that interpretations of his position as indifferent to sociology have been misunderstandings. Durkheim's aphorism states that the concreteness of social facts is sociology's most fundamental phenomenon. Garfinkel argues that sociologists have, for a century or more, ignored this aphorism and treated social facts as theoretical, or conceptual, constructions. Garfinkel in this new book shows how and why sociology must restore Durkheim's aphorism, through an insistence on the concreteness of social facts that are produced by complex social practices enacted by participants in the social order.Garfinkel's new book, like Studies, will likely stand as another landmark in sociological theory, yet it is clearer and more concrete in revealing human social practices."

C. Horne, Stefanie Mollborn

Norms are a foundational concept in sociology. Following a period of skepticism about norms as overly deterministic and as paying too little attention to social conflict, inequalities, and agency, the past 20 years have seen a proliferation of norms research across the social sciences. Here we focus on the burgeoning research in sociology to answer questions about where norms come from, why people enforce them, and how they are applied. To do so, we rely on three key theoretical approaches in the literature—consequentialist, relational, and agentic. As we apply these approaches, we explore their implications for what are arguably the two most fundamental issues in sociology—social order and inequality. We conclude by synthesizing and building on existing norms research to produce an integrated theoretical framework that can shed light on aspects of norms that are currently not well understood—in particular, their change and erosion.

Elizabeth Bruch, F. Feinberg