Hasil untuk "Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology"

Ayako Yamashita, Shin-ichi Yoshioka, Yuki Yajima

Abstract Background Resilience, referring to the inherent ability to naturally recover in the face of adverse conditions, is an essential concept in discussions of substance use disorder (SUD) recovery. This study’s objective was to shed light on resilience and related factors that affect relapse risk in patients with SUDs. Method Fifty-two patients with SUDs were given a self-administrated questionnaire from February to April 2015 consisting of question items for sociodemographic characteristics, relapse risk (Stimulant Relapse Risk Scale), and resilience (Bidimensional Resilience Scale). Scale scores were tested for associations with subject attributes, after which resilience’s effects on relapse risk were analyzed using correlation and multiple regression (forced-entry) analyses. Results Stimulants were the most common substance related to SUD (n = 26, 21.7%; multiple answers). Bivariate correlation showed that higher acquired resilience was significantly associated with a lower relapse risk (r = − 0.314, P < 0.01). Reduced relapse risk was significantly associated with current employment (Std. β = − 0.446, P < 0.05). Conclusion Our findings demonstrate the necessity of recovery support to enhance acquired resistance in patients with SUDs to prevent relapses. Reinforcing employment support services and encouraging patients to continue treatment were suggested as potentially effective measures to enhance resilience in individuals with SUDs on their road to recovery.

Benedikt Fischer, Caroline O’Keefe-Markman, Angelica (Min-Hye) Lee et al.

Abstract In the early 2000s, increasing prevalence of psycho-stimulant (e.g., crack/cocaine, methamphetamine) use and related harms, including severe adverse health outcomes, was observed among - mostly marginalized - populations of persons using illicit drugs in North America, underscoring an urgent need for interventions options towards improved prevention and treatment. By about 2010, however, the ‘opioid crisis’, featuring unprecedented use and public health burden, had accelerated into full force in North America, largely muting attention to the psycho-stimulant issue until recently. Recent surveillance data on drug use and related mortality/morbidity from the present decade has documented a marked resurgence of psycho-stimulant use and harms especially in at-risk populations, commonly in direct combination with opioids, across North America, resulting in a ‘twin epidemic’ comprised of opioids and psycho-stimulants We briefly review select epidemiological data indicators for these developments from the United States and Canada; in the latter jurisdiction, related evidence has been less prevalent and systematic but corroborating the same trends. Evidently, the (widely ongoing) focus on the ‘opioid epidemic’ as a ‘mono-type’ drug problem has become an anachronism that requires urgent and appropriate correction. We then briefly consider existing, evidence-based options for – prevention and treatment – interventions targeting psycho-stimulant use and harms, which are substantially more limited and/or less efficacious than those available for problematic opioid use, while presenting major gaps and challenges. The observed resurgence of psycho-stimulants may, indirectly, relate to recent efforts towards curtailing (medical) opioid availability, thereby accelerating demand and supply for both illicit opioids and psycho-stimulants. The presently unfolding ‘twin epidemic’ of opioids and psycho-stimulants, combined with limited intervention resources, presents an acute challenge for public health and may crucially undermine actively extensive efforts to reduce opioid-related health harms in North America.

Maria Florencia Linardelli

Este artículo aborda las experiencias de violencia sufridas por mujeres originarias de Bolivia y del norte argentino durante sus recorridos migratorios asociados al trabajo agrícola en Argentina. El objetivo es analizar de qué modo esas vivencias fueron transitadas por las mujeres, qué incidencia tuvieron en su salud/enfermedad y cuáles fueron sus estrategias de cuidado para afrontarlas.  A partir de un estudio etnográfico desarrollado entre 2014 y 2018 en la localidad de Ugarteche (Mendoza) se recabaron relatos de vida que permitieron identificar un complejo mapa de violencias acompañando los procesos de movilidad de estas trabajadoras. De la mano de perspectivas feministas y socio antropológicas de la salud, el trabajo argumenta que estas experiencias -que marcaron los cuerpos y la subjetividad de las mujeres- están ligadas tanto con la discriminación sexual y racista dirigida a las migrantes, como con los contextos de vulnerabilidad social en que ellas viven y trabajan.

Norman E. Taylor

D. V. Zav’yalova

The article focuses on the present state of digital forensics and its potential when investigating different types of crimes with a “digital” element. It also presents a brief historical overview of the development of digital forensics as an independent type of forensic examination, its theoretical framework.The paper presents a summary of the practice of the Laboratory of Digital Forensics of the Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the Russian Ministry of Justice over 2017–2019. In the course of the summary, the author analyses typical questions to experts, the percentage of cases’ categories, the most common objects of the expertise, and experts’ opinions, their form, and completeness. Following the summary’s results, the most frequent investigators’ requests for this kind of examination have been highlighted. Also, typical errors at appointing the expertise have been revealed.The author presents a prognosis for the further development of digital forensics and proposes strategies and measures to minimize the errors at the appointment of the examinations and unsustainable expenditure of resources in appointment and conduct of this type of research.

Ángela María Quintero-Velásquez

Amaro, Sarita y Krmpotic, Claudia. 2017 Diccionario Internacional de Trabajo Social en el Ámbito Socio-Jurídico. Barcelona: Nova Casa Editorial. 620 p. ISBN: 978-8416281022 Amaro, Sarita y Krmpotic, Claudia. 2016 Dicionário Internacional de Serviço Social no Campo Sócio-Jurídico. Editora Autografía. 640 p. ISBN: 85-55268575 - 978-8555268571

Yves Schwartz

On ne peut penser  la substance de l’activité des professionnels du soin indépendamment des transformations globales qui affectent tous les milieux de travail. Mais cela ne suffit pas pour prendre la mesure des « dramatiques » de cette activité. D’abord parce qu’aucune activité humaine ne peut être la stricte conséquence des déterminations de son environnement (politique, économique, social, organisationnel…), un « faire autrement », une « renormalisation » partielle des normes antécédentes sont inéluctables, il n’est au pouvoir de personne de s’y opposer. Et ensuite, parce que le travail du soin est plus que tout autre une rencontre entre des « semblables » qui cherchent à vivre en santé, une rencontre de « dramatiques d’usage de soi », comme le propose la démarche ergologique. Rencontres à gérer collectivement au sein d’ « entités collectives relativement pertinentes ». Double affirmation qui a évidemment des implications directes pour la gouvernance de ces activités. Par ailleurs, ces « renormalisations » individuelles et surtout collectives ne se limitent pas à une micropolitique circonscrite aux milieux des soins. Elles sont autant de réserves d’alternatives qui à travers la gestion de la santé se confrontent quotidiennement à des problématiques de biens communs, qui remettent en jeu toutes les dimensions de la vie politique et sociale.

Margot Verdier

L’émergence d’un « mouvement d’occupation » marque un tournant décisif dans la lutte contre le projet d’aéroport de la ZAD de Notre-Dame-des-Landes (NDDL). Les habitants des communes environnantes résistent depuis 1972 contre la destruction des terres agricoles et des forêts de ce bocage humide qui abrite des dizaines d’espèces animales et végétales protégées. En 2009, les premiers forages conduisent les opposants à lancer une série d’« appels à migration » pour créer « une grande zone d’autonomie. » L’influence de ce mouvement d’occupation sur la politique française contemporaine est telle qu’en 2016 le terme « zadiste », désignant « un militant qui occupe une ZAD, zone à défendre, pour s’opposer à un projet d’aménagement qui porterait préjudice à l’environnement », entre dans le dictionnaire. L’occupation illégale joue ainsi un rôle central dans la vie quotidienne des militants et dans la production de l’espace. Il s’agit donc, en s’attachant aux représentations et aux pratiques qui lui sont associées, de mieux comprendre les enjeux que cette lutte soulève. Elle est d’abord comprise comme une tactique de blocage adaptée à l’organisation nouvelle du gouvernement capitaliste. A l’aménagement territorial pensé comme une politique d’enclosure (privatisation, homogénéisation comportementale), le mouvement d’occupation de la ZAD de NDDL oppose ainsi la collectivisation des ressources et la dispersion spatiale.

Maggie Hall, Kate Rossmanith

This article examines the ways in which offenders are required to provide very particular accounts of themselves and to self-narrate in confined ways. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews conducted in the New South Wales justice system, it explores how the stories that offenders are made to accept and tell about themselves often bear little relationship to their own reflections. It analyses how, despite the expectations of judges and prison authorities, these self-narratives are not products of an offender’s soul-searching concerning his past actions and experience; rather they are products of an official legal narrative being imposed on an offender whose capacity to own and enact such a narrative is already seriously compromised.

A. Usov, N. Govorina

Contemporary development of forensic science depends on collaboration between forensic science organizations in member states of the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC). The Coordination and Methodology Commission on Forensic Science of the Council of Ministers of Justice of EurAsEC member states completed its work in 2014. The paper analyzes its key outcomes.

Torsheim Torbjørn, Sørlie Mari-Anne, Olseth Asgeir et al.

AIMS – We examined the effects of temperamental dispositions, friends using alcohol and parental monitoring on grade 7 students’ alcohol use patterns.

Alessando Rezende

Este artículo relata la dicotomía en la actuación de las policías militares. En Brasil, por ser un país federativo, los gobiernos de las provincias tienen autonomía sobre el cuerpo policial provincial. Uno de principales problemas de las instituciones está relacionado con su forma de actuación: militar o policial. Esta dicotomía da paso a muchas críticas sobre su desempeño como institución responsable del mantenimiento del orden público presencial, debido a que evidencia una jerarquía muy fuerte que distancia la institución de la sociedad.

Steve Tombs

N/A

Sette Raffaella

La problematica della sicurezza delle categorie produttive è ampia e complessa ed è strettamente collegata al rispetto sia dell’integrità fisica di chi vi lavora, sia del patrimonio d’impresa.

JAMES M. BYRNE

Anne van den Nouweland, S. Tijs, Myrna H. Wooders

Fernando Vega-Redondo

Carmen S. de Oliveira, Maria Palma Wolff, Ronaldo Henn et al.

A problematização apresentada neste trabalho integra um projeto transdisciplinar de pesquisa, cujo ponto de partida é a preocupação das comunidades com a criminalidade. A cidade de São Leopoldo – município com 200 mil habitantes, situado na Região Metropolitana da capital do estado do Rio Grande do Sul – é tomada como referência na análise da cultura do medo relacionada ao jovem infrator. Os dados do município apontam os maiores indicadores na região, que apresenta a maior taxa de internação de adolescentes e a menor proporção de aplicação de medidas em meio aberto. Tais fatores, aliados à escassa cobertura de acompanhamento dessas medidas concorrem para colocar estes jovens em permanente risco, o que leva os autores à discussão dos conceitos de vulnerabilidade e inclusão social. Propõe-se que um dos enfrentamentos necessários em meio aberto é o imaginário social, onde a adolescência pobre e infratora se define como um tipo peculiar de figura-limite, resultante da dificuldade de distinguir entre pertencimento e inclusão, entre o que está fora e o que está dentro, entre exceção e norma.

Beth Grothe Nielsen

See abstract in article.

H. Voldby

See abstract in article.