Hasil untuk "Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages"

Vera A. Milchina

At the beginning of 1830, Charles Nodier’s novel, The Story of the King of Bohemia and His Seven Castles, was published in Paris. Even in the 21st century, this novel may seem avant-garde and violates all literary canons and rules. Its narrator appears in three hypostases, which constantly enter into disputes with each other; it mixes a variety of styles and genres; its author accompanies many words with chains of several dozen rhyming synonyms. All this does not make it easier to translate The Story of the King of Bohemia into any language, even a related Romance language, not to mention Russian. Apparently, these features explain the fact that two translations of the novel, into Spanish and English, appeared only in the 21st century, the first in 2016 and the other in 2023, but there is still no translation into Russian. The author of the article is working on a Russian translation of The Story of the King of Bohemia for the “Literary Monuments” series, and the presented note is devoted to one aspect of this work. Oddly enough, it is not about the difficulties of translation (which in this situation would be quite logical) but about its “eases,” that is, about those cases when the Russian language provides the translator with means of word play that are absent in French. For example, neutral “wig heads” (têtes à perruques), which come to life in the novel but behave like stupid idols, when translated into Russian, most naturally become “wig heads” <болваны для париков>, since in Russia in the 18th century this is a hairdressing device was named in this way, but at the same time the word “moron” <болван> had a pejorative meaning: it meant fools (a play on words that is absent not only in French but also in English). The article provides several similar examples, and at the end, it explains why, in the case of Nodier, these examples do not appear to be random luck for the translator, but the implementation of the author’s linguistic utopia.

Victoria Ivashchenko, Oleksandra Hondiul

The paper examines the interrelation of the concepts of eng1 “game(s) media” / “gaming media”2 (ukr3 “ігрові медіа”) and eng “gaming journalism” / “gamе(s) journalism” (ukr “ігрова журналістика”)4 in the English-Ukrainian terminological equivalents in accordance with the correlation of the concepts of eng “media” (ukr “медіа”) and eng “journalism” (ukr “журналістика”), which are in a relationship of partial coincidence (in terms of logic). The analysis of the use of these concepts in the professional and scientific literature, as well as the interpretation of the definitions on Wikipedia, Law Insider and InfoScipedia (in the absence of fixation in lexicographic sources) is presented. It is evident that the scope of the concept of eng “game(s) / gamіng media” (ukr “ігрові медіа”) encompasses a multitude of information carriers and media platforms including those that specialize in the production, posting and distribution of video game content (video hosting, blogs, podcasts, streaming services), as well as those that provide viewers with the opportunity to consume and interact with video game-related content. In contrast, the scope of the concept of eng “gaming / gamе(s) journalism” (ukr “ігрова журналістика”) encompasses the activities of journalists who specialise in creating content about video games and game culture. This includes, but is not limited to, game reviews, industry news, interviews with developers, analysis and criticism of games, and other video game-related materials. The correlation of the term variants, synonyms, co-hyponyms, hyperonyms and hyponyms are elucidated and recommendations for their lexicographic treatment are provided.

G. Pilipenko

The paper discusses models and strategies for the adaptation of verbs borrowed from Spanish into the migrant dialects of the Ukrainian language spoken in South American countries. There are models in which the Spanish verb is borrowed with the Spanish infinitive ending and without it. The reasons behind choosing one of the models in the speech of descendants of Ukrainian immigrants are investigated. It is stated that one must take into account a set of criteria that affect this process (the frequency of lexemes, their semantics, the number of syllables, etc.). The paper identifies new types of adaptation of borrowed verbs that have not been previously discussed in linguistic publications. The cases of bare use of verbal lexemes in the speech of informants are also analyzed. Examples of the aspect pairs from borrowed Spanish verbs are discussed. This category is in the process of grammaticalization. In some cases, when forming an aspect pair with a prefix, informants apply prefixes inherent to the respective verbal prototypes in their native dialect. The copying of verb control from both Ukrainian and Spanish when using a borrowed verb is also attested. Using the example of the Ukrainian-Spanish bilingualism in the migrant community living in South American countries for a little more than a century, we have the opportunity to observe the changes that occur in the Slavic verbal system under the influence of the dominant Romance language.

Ivan Biliarsky

Olga M. Mladenova

Recalling her past conversations with G.K. Venediktov, a leading specialist in 19th-century standard Bulgarian, the author reflects on the correlation between the methodology of linguistic research and its outcomes. The recollections pertain mainly to the Moscow stage of the author's life (1981–1992). It was a time of transition from the Soviet to the post-Soviet era in Russian history, when computers were just entering researchers’ daily routine, and when one had to sign up in advance to get access for a certain short time slot to one of the institute’s computers. Back then, there was a state monopoly on copying technology, scholars wrote their papers by hand or on typewriters, and then copied the final drafts on the office computer, using first 5.25-inch and later 3.5-inch floppy disks, and the text editor Chi-Writer for MS-DOS with encoding for Cyrillic KOI-8. Researchers spent a large portion of their time reading in libraries and checking data in index card collections, handwritten by several generations of scholars. The academic Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies was first located in a two-story mansion, built in 1860 in 30a Trubnikovskii Pereulok and after 1990 it moved to the building of the Academy of Sciences on 32а Leninskii Prospekt. The advent of the Internet, e-mail, cell phones, digital cameras, and the national corpora of the Slavic languages was not far off, which, together with the mass employment of personal computers, was to lead later to a revolution in the methodology of philological research that no one yet foresaw.

Sonia Gerolimich, Sara Vecchiato

Cette étude se situe dans le cadre d’un projet de « rédaction bienveillante » (Clerc 2019), finalisé à la divulgation scientifique auprès de lecteurs ayant un faible niveau de littératie. Son objectif est d’identifier des reformulations plus efficaces dans la rédaction de textes scientifiques, qui sont essentiellement basés sur des liens logiques de nature causale. Dans ce texte de vulgarisation médicale, la principale relation causale est exprimée sous la forme d’une causalité finale. Il a été question de vérifier quelles structures alternatives pouvaient être utilisées pour exprimer cette même relation causale. La reformulation avec le moyen d’expression de la cause le plus explicite, à savoir le connecteur prototypique <i>parce que</i> s’est révélé inadéquat ; en revanche ce connecteur est apparu possible avec sa fonction argumentative, impliquant cependant des modifications dans l’agencement des propositions, et produisant ainsi un énoncé plus complexe. La reformulation au moyen de la conditionnelle en <i>si</i> – « si P, alors Q » – est apparue la plus appropriée, tout en étant moins complexe. Cette recherche a permis de mettre en évidence que ce qui détermine la nature plus ou moins appropriée d’un connecteur (i.e. <i>afin que</i> au lieu de <i>parce que</i>) ou bien l’ordre des faits de la relation causale, ce n’est pas le sens en soi du connecteur, mais l’ensemble du discours, avec son macro-acte communicatif et la progression thématique, d’où la nécessité d’une approche non seulement strictement syntactico-lexicale mais aussi pragmatique.

V. L. Muzykant, Z. Kunich, Daliborka Maryanovich

This paper is to study the origins of existence of the Russian spiritual verse as a national cultural heritage, which is part of the common lingua-culture of the Russian and Serbian peoples. This still insufficiently explored issue of modern Slavic studies is viewed from the perspective where language and religion are the basis of the mutual influence of two great cultures. Along with proposed typology of the language of Christian chants, the authors highlight lexical and stylistic features of the Russian spiritual verse in the context of the modern Serbian linguacultural tradition. Scientific novelty of the research consists in the integration of linguistic and culturological approaches to the object and subject of the study in a synchronous-diachronic aspect, identifying common and varied linguistic features determined by sociolinguistic factors in the texts of spiritual poems. The methods and methodology of the research follow the traditions of Russian studies and Slavic linguistics, and the implementation of the research allows us to draw a relevant conclusion that the sources of spiritual verse, closely related to the sacred world, are a sociocultural phenomenon.

Petko Hristov

The notion of zadruga was introduced in the scientific research literature, as well as in the social and political discourse of the then young Balkan countries in the xixth century to mark the multitude of historical forms under which the “complex family organization” was known among the South-Slavic people in the region. Following broad discussion in the fields of historic demography and anthropology in the past three decades concerning this “Balkan Family Pattern” this paper aims to contribute to their scientific presentation and continue their findings. Therefore, it concentrates on the usage of the term zadruga and its meanings in the context of the nation and institutional building in the newly-forming Bulgarian state at the end of the xix and the beginning of the xx centuries, as well as in the cooperative movement in the agrarian sector of the interwar period. It also analyses the attempts of the new communist leaders to use the traditions of the society in terms of communal living through the imposition cooperative system and the nationalization of the arable land in the first years under the totalitarian system following the Second World War.

N. V. Konstantinova

The article is devoted to the study of a reader’s phenomenon in the structure of the narrative of Russian travelogues of the 19th century. The material of the study was the most representative notes about the campaign of D. N. Senyavin (by Bronevsky, Korostovets, Svinyin, Panafidina, etc.) as examples of documentary travelogues, as well as literary examples of this genre: “Winter Notes on Summer Impressions” by F. M. Dostoevsky and “Frigate “Pallada” by I. A. Goncharov. An author-traveler of the time considered it a rule to explain his/her attitude in the preface addressed to the reader, or when commenting the writing strategies in the narration of the events that allows to define the image of a reader simulated by the author. The novelty of the study is expressed in the fact that it is in the travelogues of the 19th century (both documentary and literary; especially in the latter) a figure of a reader as an independent element gradually stands out more and more: a reader is a co-author of the text on the journey, an author’s double, an opponent, defining the main conceptual goals and objectives of the text, managing its narrative structure, a kind of mirror, which clearly reflects the author’s intentions and traveler’s consciousness, considering someone else not only monologically, but also in dialogue with another personality.

Dovilė Budrytė

study. Unfortunately, some minor points of criticism are necessary. Sweden recognized the annexation of the Baltic states de jure and not only de facto, as Stöcker insists (7). Soviet military bases were established in the Baltic states three months before the Finnish Winter War, so the Baltic governments could not try to avoid the fate of Finland as the author claims (21). He also has problems putting the events between the Soviet occupation and annexation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the right order (23, 27–28). Russian troops left Lithuania in 1993 and it was not the Red Army leaving in 1994 (15). To better understand the scale of the mass flight in 1944–45, it would be helpful to mention the number of inhabitants in each of the Baltic Sea countries. The first chapter offers an historical overview of the entangled histories of northeastern Europe. The second chapter deals with resistance and opposition from 1939 until 1949, including the experience of German occupation. At the time, Sweden served as an important center for Estonian and Polish resistance, although after the war many measures failed to resist the Soviets. The Soviets were only able to repatriate a tiny fraction of the Estonian and Polish refugees to Sweden. The third chapter covers the Cold War era in the 1950s. Émigrés attempted to collect information from behind the Iron Curtain, intelligence operations from both sides occurred, and radio stations like Voice of America broadcast programs in east European languages. Across the “Sea of Peace,” first encounters occurred with tourists and émigrés traveling to their homeland. The next chapter describes how those encounters intensified, for example, with a regular ferry connection between Helsinki and Tallinn, and a generational change softened the anticommunist stance of the exiles. The fifth chapter deals with the transnationalization of the opposition in the region in the 1970s. The smuggling of books and information intensified, even technical equipment for Polish samizdat was smuggled into the country. The author stresses the huge differences in the conditions in Poland and Estonia and is able to integrate the larger picture into his narrative. The last chapter covers the last decade of socialism and how individual opposition turned into large-scale protest. Stöcker identifies major differences between his two cases: while Poland employed a strategy of negotiation, Estonia opted for anticommunism to overcome the regime. Thoughtful conclusions round up the text. Overall, it is a great achievement to cover half a century of such diverse cases in a readable way. Some minor flaws should not shed negative light on this monograph.

Bp. Mstislav (Dyachina), Fr. Mikhail S. Zheltov

The article deals with an office found in the Old Russian liturgical tradition under the curious title The Rite at Cockrow or The Cockrow Prayers. The article contains a survey of existing scholarly studies of this office, the first publication of its full text based on a 14th-century codex, State Historical Museum (Moscow), Synodal collection, 325, and an analysis of the structure of this office. The authors come to a conclusion that the basic structure of The Rite at Cockrow consists of some introductory prayer texts, a couple of triadika troparia, and a morning prayer (or two or three morning prayers). This basic structure was intended for a private devotion of a monk in his cell; a variation of this structure is still found in the printed editions of the Horologion under the title “When one wakes up...” The core text of The Rite at Cockrow could be expanded by additional prayers, elements of ecclesiastical offices (of matins, probably also of compline), and a specific combination of psalms and prayers intended for private reading while a monk proceeds from his cell to a church. The authors managed to find the direct prototypes of both the basic structure and the ordinances from The Rite at Cockrow in the Byzantine sources. One of such sources is the Hypotyposis of Nicetas Stethatos, which describes private ascetic daily practices of the Studite monks in Constantinople. The Rite at Cockrow was well accepted by the Old Russian practice, since some specific prayers and hymns from this rite are still used even today, being included into the ordo of “Morning Prayers” according to the late printed editions of Russian Molitvoslov (Prayer-Book) and Kanonnik (Book of [hymnographical] Canons).

Lukás Svoboda, Slobodan Beliga

Croatian is poorly resourced and highly inflected language from Slavic language family. Nowadays, research is focusing mostly on English. We created a new word analogy corpus based on the original English Word2vec word analogy corpus and added some of the specific linguistic aspects from Croatian language. Next, we created Croatian WordSim353 and RG65 corpora for a basic evaluation of word similarities. We compared created corpora on two popular word representation models, based on Word2Vec tool and fastText tool. Models has been trained on 1.37B tokens training data corpus and tested on a new robust Croatian word analogy corpus. Results show that models are able to create meaningful word representation. This research has shown that free word order and the higher morphological complexity of Croatian language influences the quality of resulting word embeddings.

Mateja Curk

V prispevku so dvojezičnim pripovedovalcem del Andreja E. Skubica in Gorana Vojnovića pripisane značilnosti družbenega profila. Ob primerih sodobnih proznih del je problematizirana povezava, ki se večkrat vzpostavlja med družbenim profilom prvoosebnih pripovedovalcev in osebnim profilom avtorjev. Glede na primerljive značilnosti družbenega profila dvojezičnih pripovedovalcev, ki se identificirajo s skupnostjo potomcev priseljencev, v delih avtorjev, katerih osebni profil ne sovpada s profilom prvih, prispevek zagovarja stališče, da v obravnavanih delih vzpostavljeni dialog z družbeno resničnostjo izrisuje večkulturno podobo slovenske družbe - kot refleksijo širše sodobne evropske družbe.

C. Epstein

Irena Shehu

Reading Comprehension is a crucial component of second language acquisition. As a core part of language learning it is, obviously, not an effortless process. Students often complain of not understanding a text, therefore they fail in answering to the comprehensive questions. Unfortunately, this is a reality evidenced and proven from unsatisfactory results of students in English Language Matura Exam in Albanian high schools (as these students have been the objective of this study). In this context it is very important to reveal why do students have difficulties in comprehending a text. At first, it is necessary to detect the problems that generally appear along this process. In this context, focus should be given to questionnaires as their results are good detectors of problems encountered by students. This would direct us to a proper strategy for problem solving and improving the situation. The survey in question was submitted to students from three different high schools in Albania, using questionnaires, sample texts, observations, focus groups etc. Second, theories related to these problems and strategies that could be of help should be provided. Basically, theories and approaches of Reading Comprehension are: 'bottom-up', 'top-down` and ‘the meta cognitive view’. Third, but not less important, focus should be given to questionnaires as their results are good detectors of problems encountered by students. This would direct us to a proper strategy for problem solving and improving the situation. The survey in question was submitted to students from three different high schools in Albania, using questionnaires, sample texts, observations, focus groups etc. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v4n1s1p91

D. Gorter

Ewelina Drzewiecka

"The paper focuses on the relations between two 16th century works: Marcellus Palingenius’ The Zodiac of Life and Mikołaj Rej’s The Image of a Good Man’s Life. The philosophical poem Zodiacus vitae fell into oblivion in Italy, but has gained considerable popularity all over Europe since the 16th century. In Poland all the greatest Renaissance humanists, such as Jan Kochanowski and Mikołaj Rej, knew and read it. The latter, clearly inspired by the work of the Italian master, published The Image of a Good Man’s Life in 1558. Since the 19th century there have been some comparative studies of The Zodiac and The Image in the field of Polish literature. This article presents the current state of the research and points out general similarities and differences between these works, regarding both the story line and philosophy. "

Irina Beliajeva

S. Marinova-Todd, L. Siegel, Silvia Mazabel

Matjaž Kmecl