Este artigo apresenta parte dos resultados de uma pesquisa de mestrado, que teve como escopo a apreensão dos sentidos do trabalho docente durante o período das atividades remotas, na pandemia do novo coronavírus. Para tanto, parte-se do entendimento da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural de que o mundo objetivo possui sua expressão subjetiva, dado que constitui uma unidade objetivo-subjetiva. Tal unidade se traduz para os sujeitos como sentidos subjetivos, composto por processos afetivos e cognitivos. Para a produção dos dados, foram realizados cinco encontros de um grupo focal com quatro docentes do Ensino Médio de uma escola pública, localizada no interior de São Paulo, e para a análise utilizou-se a metodologia qualitativa dos Núcleos de Significação. Os resultados indicaram a constituição de dois núcleos: I) Contexto pandêmico e sofrimento docente e II) Questões estruturais e trabalho docente, ambos sintetizaram mediações, por meio das quais ficou demonstrado que a pandemia intensificou processos de sofrimento que já vinham acometendo professores e professoras, e que o uso das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação – TICs – contribuiu para a disseminação da ideologia neoliberal na Educação. O estudo consolidou a atividade como a gênese dos sentidos, os quais, por interferência das condições pandêmicas, materializaram o esvaziamento do trabalho docente.
Every-day acoustical environments are often complex, typically comprising one attended target sound in the presence of interfering sounds (e.g., disturbing conversations) and reverberation. Here we assessed binaural detection thresholds and (supra-threshold) binaural audio quality ratings of four distortions types: spectral ripples, non-linear saturation, intensity and spatial modifications applied to speech, guitar, and noise targets in such complex acoustic environments (CAEs). The target and (up to) two masker sounds were either co-located as if contained in a common audio stream, or were spatially separated as if originating from different sound sources. The amount of reverberation was systematically varied. Masker and reverberation had a significant effect on the distortion-detection thresholds of speech signals. Quality ratings were affected by reverberation, whereas the effect of maskers depended on the distortion. The results suggest that detection thresholds and quality ratings for distorted speech in anechoic conditions are also valid for rooms with mild reverberation, but not for moderate reverberation. Furthermore, for spectral ripples, a significant relationship between the listeners’ individual detection thresholds and quality ratings was found. The current results provide baseline data for detection thresholds and audio quality ratings of different distortions of a target sound in CAEs, supporting the future development of binaural auditory models.
Abstract Background The South African legal framework requires mandatory parental/legal guardian consent for all research with children. Ethics guidelines provide some reprieve by allowing RECs to grant waivers of parental or guardianship consent in certain defined circumstances. In the first instance, consent may be provided by a proxy when parents or guardians are unavailable, for example with orphaned children. In the second instance, guidelines permit adolescent self-consent when the nature of the study justifies this approach, for example, research on sensitive issues like sexual behaviour or substance use. Discussion South African guidelines set several conditions that must be met for waivers to be granted. These norms overlap with those in international guidelines. However, the ethical norms, especially related to self-consent are sometimes vague. This article critically evaluates the consent norms in the national ethics guidelines and makes recommendations for reform to ethics guidelines in a way that recognises the value of child participation in research, their evolving decision-making capacity and their best interests. Conclusion Recommendations are made to harmonise ethics guidelines and law in a way that promotes child participation in research, to ensure additional protections for adolescents when self-consent is allowed, and to withdraw procedural requirements for the community endorsement of self-consent strategies.
O escopo deste artigo é duplo. Primeiro, pretende apresentar um panorama histórico e contextual de implantação da nova Base Comum Curricular (BNCC) para o ensino básico sobretudo no que diz respeito à filosofia como componente curricular. Segundo, diante deste cenário de reforma da educação básica e da pedagogia oficial das competências e habilidades, objetiva propor uma filosofia da educação inspirada em Spinoza que aponte e oriente uma pedagogia onde o acompanhamento didático do erro é o ponto de partida da prática docente. Para tanto, dividimos este artigo em duas partes: na primeira, desenhamos o mapa legal onde se insere o ensino de filosofia; na segunda, discutimos os princípios da teoria do conhecimento spinozano no sentido de uma construção e justificação de uma pedagogia do acompanhamento do erro. Com isso, entendemos que a formulação de uma pedagogia inspirada em Spinoza é uma (dentre muitas outras) resposta possível e plausível para às exigências da BNCC, já que a emenda do intelecto pode ser entendida como uma “transcompetência” e, portanto, servir de referência para todas as competências propostas.
El presente artículo discute la obra pseudónima de Kierkegaard “El reflejo de lo trágico antiguo en lo trágico moderno”. El joven esteta A traza una distinción entre la “culpa antigua” y la “culpa moderna”. A utiliza esta distinción para formular una potente crítica a la ética moderna. No obstante, dicha polémica contra los conceptos éticos de la Modernidad no implican un retorno a la moralidad trágica antigua.
The article deals with an analysis of educational aspects of the Ukrainian national context of Ukrainization of the 1920s from the perspective of studying the historiography of the issue. The author focuses on historiographical sources and scientific statements of historical, historico-pedagogical and cultural studies of the prerequisites, content, features and civilizational dimension of the educational aspect of Ukrainization as a broad policy in relation to the institutionalization and development of education, Ukrainian by nature and content. The article draws attention to coverage by historians of reforming problems of school education of that time, their analysis of ways for providing schools with required Ukrainian literature. It is pointed out that historians put an emphasis on the fact that despite its ideological foundations (efforts to implant Bolshevik power) the results of Ukrainization were related to building up the nation and state. It is stated that the current historiographical process looking into the educational dimension of Ukrainization is represented by a wide spectrum of scientific works which range of subject interests allows to highlight Ukrainization of educational space of that time as a holistic and system process which content was underpinned by objective conditions and was well thought-out and logical. The article outlines some prospects of examining the educational dimension of Ukrainization and draws attention to the value of its implementation experience in the context of the development of the modern education system of Ukraine.
History (General) and history of Europe, Philosophy. Psychology. Religion
At present, there are a lot of problems concerning with a marriage life. Husbands and wives treated each other immorally: family violence, stealing behavior, extramarital affair, deception between family members, and substance abuse. These international scale problems abducted a sustainable marriage life and caused divorce. This article aims to understand the practical Buddhist approach to sustain a marriage life based on Tipiṭaka. Buddhism encourages a couple to observe the five precepts (pañca-sīla) and practice the ennobling virtues (pañca-dhamma) as fundamental rules for laypeople. Moreover, a set of doctrines must also be practiced as supporting virtues. They are virtues for laity (gharāvāsa-dhamma), the two directions (disā), well matched (samajīvidhamma), and virtues conducive to benefits in the future (sampadā). Of these, the doctrine in well matched plays a crucial role in perpetuating good living of a couple. These doctrinal principles, under a virtuous frame, render a sustainable marriage life to husbands and wives in whom they live ordinary life smoothly and happily. When living together, a member should truly understand their responsive duties; one should be self developed, tolerable, supportive, generous, etc. Thus, the Buddhist approach is a key to sustain a marriage life for family institute, and benefits both this life and the life-to-come.
This article analyzes the importance of the use of popular culture as a method in the study of Islam within the cosmopolitan muslimah lifestyle phenomenon, particullary in the contes of Putri Muslimah Indonesia (Miss Muslimah Indonesia). The use of popular culture method to understand the real intension of hijab observerance;wether for the purpose observing sharia or just follow the present trend, or religious capitalisation. The Observerance of sharia commonly interpreted by wearing of the so-called sharia clothing. Because wearing sharia clothing (hijab syar’i) as the symbol of religious piety and secondly, emphasizing that sharia in this case always adaptive in any circumstances as long as it doesn’t violate the basic teaching of sharia, as the present demand of muslimah lifestyle is expressed in various way, one of them is the trend of hijab syar’i. Third, the utilization of religious symbol to generate economic profit. Various events such as the contes of Putri Muslimah Indonesia (Miss Muslimah Indonesia) as important booster for muslim fashion industries to gain huge profits by targeting large market of stylist cosmopolitan muslimah. Thus, the element of religious capitalization is much more visible than spreading the true spirit of Islamic teaching.
Desde finales del siglo XX estamos asistiendo a un resurgimiento de la cultura laicista en España. Este artículo presenta y analiza sus fundamentos ideológicos y sus tendencias actuales en sus diversas modalidades: laicismo ontológico, laicidad inclusiva, laicidad abierta.
La existencia de esencias universales ha sido una constante problemática a lo largo de la historia de la metafísica occidental. Reconocemos su necesidad epistemológica, pero dudamos acerca de su verdad metafísica. Ahora bien, es posible que el origen del problema se encuentre en el uso de un método de acceso a ellos absolutamente inapropiado a su naturaleza. En este escrito pretendemos ahondar en la naturaleza de los seres universales para poder comprender adecuadamente sus características, su relación con los entes particulares, y, principalmente, la categoría formal de su existencia.
Eric eLorentz, Tessa eMcKibben, Chelsea eEkstrand
et al.
The automaticity of reading is often explored through the Stroop effect, whereby color-naming is affected by color words. Color associates (e.g., ‘sky’) also produce a Stroop effect, suggesting that automatic reading occurs through to the level of semantics, even when reading sub-lexically (e.g., the pseudohomophone ‘skigh’). However, several previous experiments have confounded congruency with contingency learning, whereby faster responding occurs for more frequent stimuli. Contingency effects reflect a higher frequency-pairing of the word with a font color in the congruent condition than in the incongruent condition due to the limited set of congruent pairings. To determine the extent to which the Stroop effect can be attributed to contingency learning of font colors paired with lexical (word-level) and sub-lexical (phonetically decoded) letter strings, as well as assess facilitation and interference relative to contingency effects, we developed two neutral baselines: each one matched on pair-frequency for congruent and incongruent color words. In Experiments 1 and 3, color words (e.g., ‘blue’) and their pseudohomophones (e.g., ‘bloo’) produced significant facilitation and interference relative to neutral baselines, regardless of whether the onset (i.e., first phoneme) was matched to the color words. Color associates (e.g., ‘ocean’) and their pseudohomophones (e.g., ‘oshin’), however, showed no significant facilitation or interference relative to onset matched neutral baselines (Experiment 2). When onsets were unmatched, color associate words produced consistent facilitation on RT (e.g., ‘ocean’ vs. ‘dozen’), but pseudohomophones (e.g., ‘oshin’ vs. ‘duhzen’) failed to produce facilitation or interference. Our findings suggest that the Stroop effects for color and associated stimuli are sensitive to the type of neutral baseline used, as well as stimulus type (word vs. pseudohomophone). In general, contingency learning plays a large role when repeating congruent items more than incongruent items, but appropriate pair-frequency matched neutral baselines allow for the assessment of genuine facilitation and interference. Using such baselines, we found reading processes proceed to a semantic level for familiar words, but not pseudohomophones (i.e., phonetic decoding). Such assessment is critical for separating the effects of genuine congruency from contingency during automatic word reading in the Stroop task, and when used with color associates, isolates the semantic contribution.
El trabajo que presentamos a continuación tiene la intención de establecer una dinámica hermenéutica sobre el Fausto de Goethe, en donde podremos revisar el comportamiento que desde el fenómeno de la voluntad dentro de la potestad filosófica schopenhaueriana se desenvuelve para negar la felicidad como absoluto, recluyéndola por el contrario, en el terreno de la carencia y la eterna satisfacción de placeres fugaces, cuya extinción paulatina determina el sufrimiento positivo, piso absoluto de nuestra existencia. Generando esta juntura, planteamos una posibilidad fundamental para pensar el fenómeno filosófico de Schopenhauer y su desenvolvimiento temático dentro del terreno poético-literario que nos ofrece la obra en cuestión.
O presente artigo aborda a concepção de educação da filósofa Hannah Arendt, discutindo dois elementos-chave de sua compreensão: a relevância do mundo público e a criança enquanto recém-chegada nele. Analisa-se o lugar que as crianças ocupam no mundo, enfocando três aspectos: elas são ainda estrangeiras nesse espaço cujas linguagens não falam; em segundo lugar, são inocentes, isto é, ainda incapazes de deliberar sobre os rumos do mundo público; e, finalmente, são novas no mundo e, ao mesmo tempo, uma novidade para ele. Por fim, indaga-se sobre possíveis contribuições da educação para que as crianças possam fazer desse lugar, seu mundo.
Palavras-chave: Filosofia da educação. Hannah Arendt. Mundo público. Criança.
Abstract
This article approaches the concept of education of the philosopher Hannah Arendt, discussing two key elements of her understanding: the relevance of the public world and the child as a newcomer in it. The place that children occupy in the world is analyzed, focusing three aspects: they are still strangers in a world whose languages they do not speak; secondly, they are innocent, that is, still unable to decide on the course of the public world; and, finally, they are new in the world and, at the same time, new to this place. Lastly we ask about possible contributions of education so that children can make that place, their world.
Keywords: Philosophy of education. Hannah Arendt. Public world. Child.
Trata-se de um percurso transdisciplinar de uma professora universitária que se inicia como professora de matemáticas, mas que há anos dedica-se à orientação de pesquisadores no campo das ciências da educação a partir da psicanálise. O percurso é marcado pela descoberta da psicanálise na elaboração da própria relação com o saber. O texto apresenta os remanejamentos epistemológicos implicados no trabalho de pesquisa. Em particular são desenvolvidos dois eixos: o lugar singular que ocupa a clínica psicanalítica no campo da pesquisa em educação frente à psicologia de um lado, e as questões relativas à produção e validação da investigação assim orientada, desenvolvida pela autora e pelos pesquisadores sob sua orientação.