Hasil untuk "Petroleum refining. Petroleum products"

Xueqiang Guo, Mingzhe Dong, Qian Sang et al.

Laminated continental shale oil reservoirs have the potential for commercial development. In this paper, a new simulation method for interlayer and intra-layer coupled flow in laminated shale reservoirs is established. This method simulates the structural characteristics of shale-sandstone longitudinal interlayer distribution by dual-porositysystem, and combines with chemical reaction model to characterize the desorption process of ad-/absorbed oil from kerogen in shale layers. Then, the intra-layer and interlayer interfacial flow mechanism in the depletion process is investigated, and the contribution of interfacial flow and desorption is analyzed. The results indicate that the sandstone layer is the main oil-producing layer, accounting for over 90% of the total oil production. However, the interlayer flow and kerogen desorption in the shale layers make significant contributions, resulting in an enhancement of 13.41% and 42.64% in the total oil production, respectively. Additionally, the desorption of ad-/absorbed oil from kerogen enhances the energy of both the shale and sandstone layers, significantly increasing their production. Moreover, higher pressure drawdown, total organic carbon (TOC) content, desorption rate, and horizontal permeability of sandstone layers are advantageous for the exploitation of shale oil.

Zhongwen Dong, Bo Peng, Nantian Xiao et al.

The production of light olefins from polyethylene (PE) has significant industrial potential. Zeolites have been widely used in petroleum refining for their ability to cleave C–C/C–H bonds and facilitate light olefins selectivity, thanks to their adjustable acidity and pore structure. However, the interaction between zeolites and conventional hydrocarbons or polymer reactants is quite different, a distinction frequently overlooked but has great influence on their reaction. Based on this, we describe a PE self-confined cracking mechanism that can produce C3-C8 olefins with exceptional yields, surpassing 70% under mild conditions (300 °C). Interestingly, the product distribution is only dependent on the degree of self-confinement and melt mass-flow rate (MFR) of PE, regardless of the porous structure, metal content, and internal acid properties of zeolite. Most importantly, this process allows for flexible tandem catalytic reforming to yield more than 67% C2–C4 light olefins and 23% separable BTX, demonstrating great potential to promote chemical recycling of waste polyolefin plastics. Producing light olefins from polyethylene (PE) is challenging. This study reveals a PE self-confined cracking mechanism over zeolites, achieving exceptional olefin yields (>70%) independent of zeolite properties, enabling efficient plastic recycling.

SANG Shuxun, HE Junjie, HAN Sijie, KHADKA Kumar, ZHOU Xiaozhi, LIU Shiqi, UPENDRA Baral, SAUNAK Bhandari

Coal measure gas is an important type of unconventional natural gas, and its formation and accumulation are the result of the coupling configuration of tectonic sedimentation. The Lesser Himalayan orogenic belt in Nepal is a key area for studying the development and enrichment patterns of coal measure gas reservoirs in complex structural areas. In this study, the coal measure gas reservoirs of the Gondwana Group and Surkhet Group in the Tansen area of the Lesser Himalayan orogenic belt in Nepal were taken as the research objects. The types and combination characteristics of coal measure gas reservoirs in Gondwana and foreland basins were analyzed. The development of microscopic pore-fracture system morphology and pore structure characteristics of different coal measure gas reservoirs were analyzed. The evolution process of pore-fracture systems and the formation mechanisms of dominant pore-fracture systems in coal measure gas reservoirs under the action of thrust nappe were discussed. Finally, potential favorable reservoirs, favorable areas, and resource potential of coal measure gas were preliminarily predicted. The results showed that: (1) The combination types of coal measure gas reservoirs in the Lesser Himalayan orogenic belt of Nepal mainly included the “source-reservoir integration” type of coal-shale gas, the “lower source-upper reservoir” type of coal-tight sandstone gas and shale gas-tight sandstone gas, and the “source-reservoir adjacent” type of coal-shale gas-tight sandstone gas. (2) The mesopores and organic matter micropores related to shale minerals were well developed, accounting for 64.6% of total pore volume and 98.1% of total specific surface area. The coal seam mainly developed micropores, and the total specific surface area reached 8.22 m2/g. In tight sandstones, intergranular pores and microfractures were predominant, demonstrating the highest permeability among all types of reservoirs. (3) The shale pore-fracture system had the dual effects of destruction and regeneration. The evolution of pore-fracture system in coal measure gas reservoirs with different lithologies varied under the action of thrust nappe. The coal seam mainly experienced cataclastic deformation, resulting in the development of more micropores, while the tight sandstones were mainly characterized by the formation and propagation of structural fractures. (4) The coal-shale combination of the Bhainskati Formation of the Surkhet Group in the Tansen area was the dominant coal measure gas reservoir type. The Jhadewa mining area in the southeast of Tansen area was a potential favorable area for coal measure gas. It was preliminarily estimated that the coal measure gas resources in this area reached 5.04×108 m3. This study preliminarily identifies the potential favorable reservoirs and favorable areas of coal measure gas in the Lesser Himalayan orogenic belt of Nepal, providing direction for the evaluation and exploration of oil and gas resources in Nepal.

K. Rajesh, Chidambaranathan Bibin, G. Soundararajan et al.

Petroleum fuels are commonly used for automobiles. However, the continuous depletion and exhaust gas emission causes serious problems. So, there is a need for an alternative eco-friendly fuel. Biodiesel is a type of fuel manufactured through a process called transesterification, which involves converting vegetable oils into a usable form. The process parameters of the transesterification process were optimized using the Taguchi method to achieve maximum biodiesel yield. However, the main problem of biodiesel is its high cost which could be reduced by using low-cost feedstock. To address this challenge, biodiesel (BCFAD) is derived from coconut fatty acid distillate (CFAD), a by-product obtained from refining coconut oil. This work uses BCFAD and BCFAD with Alumina nanoparticles as fuels. Alumina nanoparticles in the mass fraction of 25 ppm, 50 ppm, and 100 ppm are dispersed in BCFAD. The investigation results reveal an increase of 6.5% in brake thermal efficiency for BCFAD with 100 ppm nanoparticles when compared to BCFAD. There is a reduction of 29.29% of hydrocarbon and 34% of Carbon monoxide emissions with BCFAD100 in comparison with diesel. However, there is a marginal increase in NOx emission with the increase in nanoparticles. The heat release rate and cylinder pressure of BCFAD100 are comparable to diesel fuel. It was concluded that the utilization of BCFAD with a nanoparticle dispersion of 100 ppm is suitable for direct use as fuel in diesel engines.

T. Yin, Taoli Huhe, Xueqin Li et al.

Bioethanol, as a renewable energy source, has been widely used in the energy sector, particularly in replacing traditional petroleum energy, and holds great potential. This study involves a whole life cycle assessment of bioethanol production and the co-production of high-value by-products—xylose, lignin, and steam—using three types of waste biomass: corn cobs, corn straw, and wheat straw as feedstocks by chopping, pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation methods. Secondly, the benefits of three raw materials are compared for preparing bioethanol, and their impact on the environment and energy production is analyzed. The comparison indicates that corn cobs offer the best overall benefits, with a net energy balance (NEB) of 6902 MJ/Mg of ethanol and a net energy ratio (NER) of 1.30. The global warming potential (GWP) is 1.75 × 10−2, acidification potential (AP) is 1.02 × 10−2, eutrophication potential (EP) is 2.63 × 10−4, photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) is 3.19 × 10−8, and human toxicity potential (HTP) is 1.52 × 10−4. This paper can provide a theoretical reference and data supporting the green refining of bioethanol and the high-value utilization of by-products, and broaden its application prospects.

Gaixia Cui, Shouyu Xu, Qinlian Wei et al.

Abstract The Longdong region is a recently discovered area for exploring natural gas in the Upper Paleozoic era within the Ordos Basin. The primary layer that produces gas in this area is the Shan1 member of the Permian Shanxi Formation. The research focused on analyzing the petrological characteristics, physical properties, pore structure, and diagenesis characteristics of the reservoir in the 13th member of the Permian Shanxi Formation in the Longdong area of the southwest Ordos Basin. The research was conducted by combining core observation, cast-thin members, physical properties, and other relevant data. Additionally, the study also discussed the primary factors that influence reservoir performance. The analysis indicates that the dominant sandstone types found in the 13th member of the mountain reservoir are primarily quartz sandstone and lithic quartz sandstone. These sandstone types originate from high-energy environments and are located far from the source. The predominant types of pores are intragranular pores and cutting-karst pores, with the pore size primarily falling within the microporous to mesoporous range. The sedimentary facies and diagenesis exert control over the physical qualities of the reservoir. Specifically, the sedimentary facies determines the fundamental physical conditions of the reservoir, while the structure of the sand body significantly influences its physical properties. Compaction is the primary cause of the increased density of the layer's physical properties. The presence of illite is the main factor contributing to the densification of the reservoir through cementation. The limited extent of reservoir dissolution has a minor effect on enhancing reservoir quality.

Jianguo Bao, Wenxiu Rao, Yi Zhou et al.

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is a production process that converts petroleum into petroleum products in the presence of catalysts. The performance of an FCC catalyst plays a decisive role in petroleum refining. An FCC catalyst mainly comprises a molecular sieve (catalytic cracking active center), a carrier, and a binder. The carrier can enable the precracking of the heavy oil in its large pore, which can improve the overall activity of the catalyst and the conversion rate of heavy oil. The surface area and pore structure of carrier materials with different microscopic morphologies differ, which significantly affects the precracking of heavy oil molecules. Therefore, here, FCC catalysts were prepared using flake kaolinite, tubular halloysite, natural flake-tube-combined kaolinite, and mixed kaolinite as support materials, respectively. The FCC catalysts were used in FCC-heavy oil, and the influence of the carrier material morphology on the comprehensive performance of the catalysts was studied. The strength and cracking performance of the catalyst prepared using flake Maoming (M) were poor, whereas the catalyst prepared using tubular halloysite exhibited a good strength, high activity, and a good cracking ability for heavy oil. The catalyst prepared using natural flake-tube combined with Suzhou (S) exhibited a good strength and cracking performance, and it has been widely used in the industrial production of FCC catalysts. When 40% tube-like halloysite was mixed into M, the attrition of the prepared catalyst decreased by 0.5 units, the microreactivity increased by 1.4 units, the gasoline + liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) yield increased by 3.09 percentage points, and the gasoline research octane number (RON) increased by 0.6 units. The comprehensive performance of the catalyst can reach or exceed that of the natural-lamp-tube-based kaolin carrier. The results can not only provide guidance for the stable quality control of kaolin, but they can also significantly alleviate the resource restrictions for FCC catalyst production enterprises.

SONG Dekang,LIU Xiaoxue,SHAO Zeyu,JIANG Zhenxue,HOU Lili,WANG Yuchao,HE Shijie,LIU Jipeng

The study of formation conditions and accumulation mode of biogenetic mudstone gas reservoir in Sanhu Depression is essential for understanding the accumulation mechanisms and enrichment rules of such gas reservoirs. It holds significant theoretical and practical implications for guiding the exploration and development of Quaternary mudstone gas reservoirs. This research focuses on the Quaternary mudstone in the Sanhu Depression as the main subject. To determine the reservoir formation conditions and establish the accumulation mode, various experiments were conducted, including soluble organic carbon analysis, porosity determination, and chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The results reveal that the presence of high levels of soluble organic carbon and herbaceous humic organic matter, along with cold and dry conditions, create favorable conditions for the generation of biogenetic mudstone gas. The Quaternary formation in Sanhu Depression has the characteristics of high porosity and low permeability with numerous micro-nano pores that provide ample space for the occurrence of biogenetic gas. Gas flow primarily occurs through Fick diffusion and slip flow. The self-sealing effect of mudstone leads to the in-situ accumulation of biogenetic gas. However, during the late Himalayan tectonic movement, the gas containment of mudstone is disrupted. As a result of buoyancy, the gas migrates upward and accumulates in high parts of the mudstone, which are adjacent to the gas-generating center, and are superimposed longitudinally with sandstone biogenetic gas reservoirs.

Zuhair AlYousef, Ayrat Gizzatov, Hana AlMatouq et al.

Abstract The use of foams is a promising technique to overcome gas mobility challenges in petroleum reservoirs. Foam reduces the gas mobility by increasing the gas apparent viscosity and reducing its relative permeability. A major challenge facing foam application in reservoirs is its long-term stability. Foam effectiveness and stability depends on several factors and will typically diminish over time due to degradation as well as the foam-rock-oil interactions. In this study, the effect of crude oil on CO2-foam stability and mobility will be investigated using in-house build microfluidics system developed for rapid prescreening of chemical formulations. Two-phase flow emulsification test (oil-surfactant solutions) and dynamic foam tests (in the absence and presence of crude oil) were conducted to perform a comparative assessment for different surfactant solutions. A microfluidics device was used to evaluate the foam strength in the presence and absence of crude oil. The assessment was conducted using five surfactant formulations and different oil fractions. The role of foam quality (volume of gas/total volume) on foam stability was also addressed in this study. The mobility reduction factor (MRF) for CO2-foam was measured in the absence and presence of crude oil using high salinity water and at elevated temperatures. The results indicated that foam stability has an inverse relationship with the amount of crude oil. Crude oil has a detrimental effect on foams, and foam stability decreased as the amount of crude oil was increased. Depending on the surfactant type, the existence of crude oil in porous media, even at very low concentrations of 5% can significantly impact the foam stability and strength. The oil can act as an antifoaming agent. It enters the thin aqueous film and destabilizes it. This resulted in a lower foam viscosity and less stable foams. Thus, the CO2 MRF dropped significantly in the presence of higher oil fractions. This study also demonstrated that in-house assembled microfluidics system allows for a rapid and cost-efficient screening of formulations.

Festus M. Adebiyi

Among the fossil fuels, petroleum is more valuable to several businesses due to the production of extensive assortments of finished products, making it a pivot natural resource in the development of the world's economic system via energy usage which are 32% for Europe and Asia, Middle East (53%), South and Central America (44%), Africa (41%), and North America (40%). The most apparent air pollution impediments of the petroleum industry are concentrated in its refining segment. Various pollutants are discharged from different phases of the petroleum refining process. This article intends at publicising dispersed information and also close the knowledge gap in the area. It offers an update on processes involved in petroleum refining, air pollution sources, impacts, reviews on findings, and highlights from different scientific reports on air quality and management. It is paramount that establishing as well as imposing environmental protocols in the petroleum refining industry are crucial for controlling air pollution to protect flora and fauna including human beings. Moreso, the ambient air quality should be managed methodically in developing countries where increased energy demands, industrialization, and overpopulation is leading to increased emissions and reduced air value.

S. S. Hassani, M. Daraee, Z. Sobat

Abstract Nowadays, energy supply is one of the most important issues due to limitation of oil, gas and coal sources. Because of rapid population, civilization and energy consumption growth, the improved technologies to make optimal use of the sources, solving related problems and finding new energy sources are important. More than 10 years ago, nanotechnology as one of the most important technologies has also been applied to progress in the oil and gas industry (upstream, midstream and downstream). The experience of these years has shown that application of nanotechnology in the oil industry improves the exploration of crude oil and natural gas (underground or deep water), drilling and bringing the crude oil or raw natural gas to the surface, as well as transportation, storage, processing and purifying methods. Nanoparticles with high specific surface area, pore volume and small size show unique physical and chemical properties, which could be applied in several applications. In this regard, many researchers have been focused on various nanoparticles for upstream industries and studied their potential in oil exploration, drilling, production and enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Also, in downstream and midstream which involve refining of crude oil, processing and purifying of raw natural gas, transportation and storage of crude or refined petroleum products, the nanomaterials have been used to improve the quality of oil and make it appropriate for the environment. Lowering sulfur gasoline, enhancing the octane number and coating the transportation system are among the goals that have been achieved successfully using nanotechnology. In this work, various types of nanoparticles such as metallic, metal oxide, hybrid nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, nano-composites and their applications in oil upstream industry are reviewed. Also, their usage in different types of oil upstream processes is discussed.

Rusul M. Khazaal, Zainab Z. Ismail

Anaerobic biotreatment of real field petroleum refinery oily sludge (PROS) was investigated under using four different organic loads (OLs) in the order of OL4 > OL3 > OL2 > OL1, in bench-scale bioreactors. The bioremediation of raw PROS was carried out using mixed culture biocatalyst without chemicals addition or any type of pretreatment. The results revealed a potential performance of the used biocatalyst dominated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (class: Gammaproteo) and Staphylococcus spp. (class: Bacilli) achieving significant removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). The highest organic removal rate was recorded in OL4 followed by OL3, OL2, OL1, respectively indicating a positive relationship between the percentage removal of organics and their content. Maximum removal efficiencies of 96.7% and 90% were observed for COD and TPH, respectively in OL4 within 14 days only. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) demonstrated that acenaphthylene and phenanthrene exhibited the maximum removal efficiency (almost complete) among the 8-priority PAHs tested in this study. However, the overall degradation of PAHs in the oily sludge was 83.3%.

Chen Haoyu, Wang Yuning, Lin Jianguo

In order to explore the sand erosion law of sand laden annular flow in oil and gas pipelines, by means of taking a normal bend as the research object, the STAR CCM+ software was used to conduct numerical simulation, the VOF model was used to calculate the flow field of oil and gas continuous phase, the Lagrange multiphase model was used to calculate the movement of discrete phase particles, and the DNV model was used to calculate the erosion of particles on the bent pipe. The research results show that secondary flow occurs in the elbow region, the oil film is no longer a regular annular distribution, the oil film thickness on the outer side is greater than that on the inner side, and the oil and gas phases are mixed; pipeline erosion is closely related to particle movement, and is affected by the factors such as mass flux, impact speed and impact angle of particles on the wall; the impact of particles concentrates on the outer wall of the elbow, the erosion area is also concentrated here, the erosion morphology is round, the maximum erosion rate occurs at the top of the outer wall of the elbow at 41.5°, where the particle mass flux is high, the impact speed is large, and the function value related to the impact angle approaches the maximum value; and the oil film on the pipe wall can slow down the particle movement speed and protect the pipeline from erosion. The research results have a certain guiding role for the safe operation of oil and gas field development projects.

T. Valeev, Y. Rakhmanin, R. A. Suleimanov et al.

Introduction. Wastewater contaminated with oil, demulsifiers, hydrogen sulfide, ammonium sulfide, phenol, sulfates, aromatic hydrocarbons, alkali, fatty acids, various solutes, etc. is formed at oil refining and petrochemical enterprises. Runoff entering surface and underground water sources can harm water quality, sanitary conditions of life, and water use of the population. Taking this into account, further improvement of scientific approaches to ensure the safety of water bodies that are sources of drinking and recreational use, assessment, and prevention of public health risks caused by water factors is of particular importance. Material and methods. To assess the degree of influence of industrial enterprises on the quality of water sources, we studied the sanitary condition of the Belaya River and its tributaries, as well as underground water lying in the area of oil refining and petrochemical industries. The analysis of the water quality of surface and underground water sources according to the data of laboratory studies of departmental laboratories; the results of scientific and practical research and publications on the studied problem for 1999-2019. Results. Materials of observation data show that wastewater from changes of industrial enterprises the sanitary condition of surface reservoirs: there is a decrease in the content of ammonium nitrogen and biological oxygen consumption indices and a significant increase in the content of nitrates, chlorides, sulfates, and petroleum products. Surface water sources are characterized by unfavorable organoleptic characteristics, high organic pollution, and the presence of specific compounds (petroleum products, surfactants, alpha-methylstyrol, benzene, toluene, isopropylbenzene, and hydrogen sulfide) in concentrations higher than their hygiene regulations. Underground waters located on the territories of the main industrial complexes are characterized by high mineralization, extremely high hardness, high content of iron, nitrates, and petroleum products. Conclusion. Refineries and petrochemicals affect the pollution of surface and underground water sources. The water quality of the surveyed water bodies does not meet sanitary and hygienic standards. The priority indices of the influence of the enterprises of branch on water bodies include organoleptic indices of organic pollution indices of total salts composition of water, the content of specific ingredients: oil, benzene, toluene, isopropyl, alpha-methyl styrene, xylene, cresol, kerosene, gasoline, fuel oil, ethylene, propylene, 3,4-benzo(a)pyrene, phenols (volatile), methyl mercaptan, nonionic and anion-active surfactants, biological oxygen consumption indices and others. The research made it possible to assess the level of pollution of water bodies located in the zone of industrial enterprises and develop measures to reduce the man-made impact on the environment and public health.

Dawei ZHU, Yongle HU, Mingyue CUI et al.

Using current Embedded Discrete Fracture Models (EDFM) to predict the productivity of fractured wells has some drawbacks, such as not supporting corner grid, low precision in the near wellbore zone, and disregarding the heterogeneity of conductivity brought by non-uniform sand concentration. An EDFM is developed based on the corner grid, which enables high efficient calculation of the transmissibility between the embedded fractures and matrix grids, and calculation of the permeability of each polygon in the embedded fractures by the lattice data of the artificial fracture aperture. On this basis, a coupling method of local grid refinement (LGR) and embedded discrete fracture model is designed, which is verified by comparing the calculation results with the Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) method and fitting the actual production data of the first hydraulically fractured well in Iraq. By using this method and orthogonal experimental design, the optimization of the parameters of the first multi-stage fractured horizontal well in the same block is completed. The results show the proposed method has theoretical and practical significance for improving the adaptability of EDFM and the accuracy of productivity prediction of fractured wells, and enables the coupling of fracture modeling and numerical productivity simulation at reservoir scale. Key words: hydraulic fracturing, grid refinement, embedded discrete fracture method, reservoir numerical simulation, productivity prediction, parameters optimization

Xiugang PU, Xianzheng ZHAO, Jiahao WANG et al.

High-yielding oil wells were recently found in the first member of Paleogene Shahejie Formation, the Binhai area of Qikou Sag, providing an example of medium- and deep-buried high-quality reservoirs in the central part of a faulted lacustrine basin. By using data of cores, cast thin sections, scanning electron microscope and physical property tests, the sedimentary facies, physical properties and main control factors of the high-quality reservoirs were analyzed. The reservoirs are identified as deposits of slump-type sub-lacustrine fans, which are marked by muddy fragments, slump deformation structure and Bouma sequences in sandstones. They present mostly medium porosity and low permeability, and slightly medium porosity and high permeability. They have primary intergranular pores, intergranular and intragranular dissolution pores in feldspar and detritus grains, and structural microcracks as storage space. The main factors controlling the high quality reservoirs are as follows: (1) Favorable sedimentary microfacies of main and proximal distributary gravity flow channels. The microfacies with coarse sediment were dominated by transportation and deposition of sandy debris flow, and the effect of deposition on reservoir properties decreases with the increase of depth. (2) Medium texture maturity. It is shown by medium-sorted sandstones that were formed by beach bar sediment collapsing and redepositing, and was good for the formation of the primary intergranular pores. (3) High content of intermediate-acid volcanic rock detritus. The reservoir sandstone has high content of detritus of various components, especially intermediate-acid volcanic rock detritus, which is good for the formation of dissolution pores. (4) Organic acid corrosion. It was attributed to hydrocarbon maturity during mesodiagenetic A substage. (5) Early-forming and long lasting overpressure. A large-scale overpressure compartment was caused by under-compaction and hydrocarbon generation pressurization related to thick deep-lacustrine mudstone, and is responsible for the preservation of abundant primary pores. (6) Regional transtensional tectonic action. It resulted in the structural microcracks.

ZHANG Xiaojing, LU Jun, ZHANG Zhuo et al.

In order to solve the problems of serious heterogeneity, breakthrough of injected water along high permeability zone, low recovery percent of reserves and limited EOR capability of water flooding in the middle and low permeability fault-block reservoir of Wang-17 Block in Wangji Oilfield, the EOR technology of chemical flooding has been studied, and polymer and preformed particle gel（PPG） have been evaluated and screened. The slug structure, oil displacement efficiency and diversion rate of heterogeneous oil displacement system formed by compounding have been evaluated by physical simulation technology. And the slug volume and structure have been optimized by numerical simulation technology. It is confirmed that multi-stage heterogeneous profile control and slug polymer flooding can improve the recovery rate in Wang-17 Block by 8.25 percentage points. The field application has achieved initial results. This technology has been used for reference and popularized in the polymer flooding project of B238 Block in Xiaermen Oilfield.

B. Young, Troy A Hottle, Troy R. Hawkins et al.

This study updates the Petroleum Refinery Life Cycle Inventory Model (PRELIM) to provide a more complete gate-to-gate life cycle inventory and to allow for the calculation of a full suite of impact potentials commonly used in life cycle assessment (LCA) studies. Prior to this update, PRELIM provided results for energy use and greenhouse gas emissions from petroleum refineries with a level of detail suitable for most LCA studies in support of policy decisions. We updated the model to add criteria air pollutants, hazardous air pollutants, releases to water, releases to land, and managed wastes reflecting 2014 reported releases and waste management practices using data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program, National Emissions Inventory, Discharge Monitoring Reports, and Toxic Release Inventory together with process unit capacities and fuel consumption data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (U.S. EIA). The variability of refinery subprocess release factors is characterized using log-normal distributions with parameters set based on the distribution of release factors across facilities. The U.S. EPA Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Environmental Impacts life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) method is used together with the updated inventory data to provide impact potentials in the PRELIM dashboard interface. Release inventories at the subprocess level enable greater responsiveness to variable selection within PRELIM, such as refinery configuration, and allocation to specific refinery products. The updated version also provides a template to allow users to import PRELIM inventory results into the openLCA software tool as unit process data sets. Here we document and validate the model updates. Impact potentials from the national crude mix in 2014 are compared to impacts from the 2005 mix to demonstrate the impact of assay and configuration on the refining sector over time. The expanded version of PRELIM offers users a reliable, transparent, and streamlined tool for estimating the effect of changes in petroleum refineries on LCIA results in the context of policy analysis.

Ahmed M. Shafeek, Hamdy Salah, Nabila Shehata et al.

This paper studied the influence of the different water types on clinker properties. It concern with cement plants which are using the water for cooling the clinker (El-Minia white cement plant). The water types are Nile, ground and deionized water. The cooling was mad suddenly for clinker by three water types at the same time. The paper discusses the physical and chemical analysis and algal detection of all water types. It also discusses the chemical and physical analysis for kiln feed, clinker. The analysis of water showed that the concentration of dissolved salts in groundwater is higher than Nile water. The concentration of algae gave opposite direction; the algae concentration in Nile water is higher than groundwater. While the deionized is completely free from dissolved salts and algae. The cement tests for clinker which treated by the different water types showed that the cement strength was reducing when used the Nile water with high algae count. From another side, the high concentration of dissolved salts in groundwater does not affect on strength. The water contained the algae prevent the complete crystallization of calcium silicate for clinker. The results also showed that the best type of water, which improved cement compressive strength ranged according to algae count by the sequence deionized water > groundwater > Nile water. Keywords: Cement, Nile River, Groundwater, Clinker, Compressive strength