Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

يوسف علي أحمد صالح النهدي, يَاجُوَانْ لِي

This study compares the educational values rooted in Islamic and Confucian traditions, aiming to identify parallels that shape educational practices within these profound cultural and religious contexts. The methodology involves textual analysis and contextual evaluations, with primary references drawn from Islamic sources (the Holy Quran and Hadith) and Confucian texts (Analects, Mencius, Great Learning). It examines the comparative textual content and identifies core values, teachings, and morals defined by Islamic and Confucian principles. The findings reveal that both traditions emphasize moral and ethical development, disciplined learning, and the essential role of education in fostering societal harmony and effective governance. However, they differ in their emphasis, the roles of teacher, and the interplay between religious and secular knowledge. This comparative analysis highlights how foundational philosophical and spiritual texts influence educational paradigms and inform contemporary educational practices in societies shaped by Islam and Confucianism. The study underlines the moral and spiritual grounding of both values systems, particularly within multicultural and multi-religious contexts.

Ihwan Mahmudi, Luthfi Muhyiddin, Moh Ismail et al.

This study aims to analyze the quality of Arabic language online test items at the University of Darussalam Gontor using the standards of the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) as a reference for item quality analysis. The item analysis was conducted on three main Arabic language skills: listening, reading, and writing. The University of Darussalam Gontor was selected as it is one of the Islamic higher education institutions in Indonesia that is committed to the development of Arabic language. This study employed a descriptive quantitative method. Data were collected through student score documents from Arabic online tests at the University of Darussalam Gontor, consisting of 20 items for the listening test, 29 for the reading test, and 29 for the writing test. The sample was selected using random sampling: 135 students for writing, 127 for listening, and 129 for reading. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results revealed that in terms of validity, the reading skill test showed the highest validity rate at 86%. In terms of reliability, the writing skill test demonstrated the highest reliability. The discrimination index analysis showed that the writing test had the best quality, while the difficulty index analysis indicated that the listening test had a fairly balanced distribution: 50% of items at a medium level, 33% easy, and 17% difficult. Furthermore, the analysis of test items based on ACTFL standards showed that items at the intermediate level still predominated.

Nadia Freij Faraj Al-Qurashi

يتناول هذا البحث تعدد التّعليل للشاذّ الصرفي من خلال شذوذ القلب والإبدال لأحرف العلة، ومما يلفت الانتباه اختلاف الصرفيين في التّعليل لذلك الشذوذ، مما يدعو إلى جمع ماعُدّ شاذا مع اختلافهم في تعليله، والوقوف على أسباب ذلك الاختلاف من حيث تفاوتهم في مقياس الخفة الصوتية في المبنى، والعلم باللغات، وثبوت السماع عند بعضهم بالجذر اللغوي، واويًا كان أو يائيًا للمبنى، وعدم ثبوته عند الآخر، أو افتراض بعضهم لوجوده بناء على القسمة المنطقية لتقاليب تلك المادة اللغوية، أو التعليل من منظور دلالي، أو من خلال حال المتكلم بالتّوهم والاضطرار، ويهدف هذا البحث إلى بيان أنواع التعليل لشذوذ القلب بين أحرف العلة، والكشف عن أنواع التعليل لشذوذ الإبدال لأحرف العلة، والوقوف على أسباب تعليله عند الصرفيين، وقد انتظم البحث في مقدمة ومبحثين، الأول تناول: التّعليل لشذوذ القلب بين أحرف العلة، والثاني تناول التّعليل لشذوذ الإبدال لأحرف العلة، وقد توصل البحث إلى أن تعدد التعليل يعود إلى اختلاف الصرفيين في تفسير الحركة اللسانية؛ لإرادة التخفيف، وهي من المسائل النّسبية المحضة؛ لكونها عادة مكتسبة في حركة النّطق ومتنوعة بتنوع لغات القبائل ولهجاتها، وأن تفاوت السماع عند الصرفيين يعود إلى تعدد التعليل للشاذ.

Ivan Aulia Trisnady, Dhiyaurrahman Dhiyaurrahman, Anshar Zulhelmi et al.

Pondok Pesantren Gontor 8 Aceh is one of the Islamic educational institutions in Indonesia that implements an Arabic learning system using modern or direct methods. The teacher at Pondok Gontor 8 is assigned to impart the Arabic language with the best possible foundation. The efforts of teachers to improve the ability to speak Arabic to students are very important. Researchers take the type of research based on field studies, or the type of research used for this research is analytical and descriptive research, which is a method that describes the condition of information and conditions related to certain problems with a qualitative approach, to get data on theoretical values, not numbers from statistics. The data in this study are analytical and descriptive, consisting of written and spoken words, as well as from observational behavior. The data needed and their sources in this study are: An overview of Arabic language learning at Pondok Pesantren Gontor 8. Among the teachers' efforts to improve the Arabic language of the Gontor 8 Islamic boarding school students are as follows: bringing teaching aids and explaining their meaning, giving and memorizing new vocabulary and arranging them into sentences, holding conversations while studying and practicing speaking Arabic in front of students. imitate new sentences and words from the teacher with the correct pronunciation of Arabic words.

Arife Eray, Muammer Sarıkaya

Idioms play an important role in cultural formation and are also an indispensable part of a language. These phrases usually have different unique meanings and cause much confusion in the translation process. Idioms carry the semantic values of each society and contain the customs, traditions, and lifestyles of that geography; thus, they may not have a direct equivalent in the target language.Therefore, the translation with the closest meaning to the desired expression in the source language is preferred in the translation process. As with every kind of translation, idioms are frequently observed in audio-visual translation products as well. Just as the importance of audio-visual translations has increased these days in the communications between different societies, so has the interest of translation scholars in this field also increased. This brings up dubbing and subtitle translation studies, which are the two basic types of audio-visual translation. This study analyzes the types of English idioms used in Ice Age: The Meltdown, produced by Blue Sky Studios in 2006 as the second in the series of animated Ice Age movies, and the translation strategies used for the Turkish and Arabic subtitle translations of the idioms encountered in this movie. The data analysis section of this study utilizes Chitra Fernando’s idiom typology, Henrik Gottlieb’s subtitle translation strategies, and Mona Baker’s idiom translation strategies. Within this scope the analyses evaluate whether the idioms in question are source- or target language-oriented. In this context, the study has determined that the analyzed translations are closer to the target language.

Mohamed Salah-Eddine Madiou

<p class="first" id="d57943e72">The debate on Mohsin Hamid's <i>The Reluctant Fundamentalist</i> has, over the years, built what Stanley Fish calls an “interpretive community” which dictates how a work should be read and discussed. The quite tedious yet all-pervading claim that Hamid, in his novels, concerns himself with globalization, economy, neoliberalism, politics, multiculturalism, identity, and whatnot is today <i>so</i> fashionably common among Hamid critics that it feels like this is all what Hamid's literature has to offer. This article engages in a critical discussion with Hamid's <i>The Reluctant Fundamentalist</i> and its critics and suggests a new alternative to reading the novel and, by implication, Hamid's other novels. It argues that a significant aspect of <i>The Reluctant Fundamentalist</i> has been left undiscussed: art. Hamid's text, I submit, not only reflects on its own footprints, which makes it metafictional, but also revolves around Hamid's own artistic pursuits, experiences, and intimacies which, I suggest, are represented through Erica, herself a novelist in the story, whom Hamid artistically uses to speak his name. </p>

حسان بن عبد الله الغنيمان

يتناول هذا البحثُ دراسةَ وتحقيقَ مسائلِ الاشتغال التي أوردها ابنُ عصفورٍ (669 ه) في آخر باب الاشتغال من كتابه المقرِّب، وشَرَحَهَا ابنُ هشامٍ الأنصاري (761 ه) في هذه الرسالة.وتضمَّنَ قسمُ الدراسة فيها دراسةً موجزةً لمؤلفَيْهَا: ابنِ عصفور، وابنِ هشام، ودراسةً مفصَّلة للرسالة.تَشْرَحُ هذه الرسالةُ الصُّوَرَ التي يأتي عليها الشاغلُ وما ينتُجُ عنها من تغيُّرٍ في حكمِ حَمْلِ المشغول عنه على الشاغل، وما يترتَّب عليه من حكمٍ إعرابيٍّ للمشغول عنه، مُبتدِئَةً بما كان فيه الشاغلُ شيئًا واحدًا، ثم ما كان فيه الشاغل شيئين، على تنوُّعهما بين سَبَبَيْنِ أو ضميرَيْنِ أو ضميرٍ وسَبَبِيٍّ، وعلى تنوُّع الضمير ما بين متصل ومنفصل، وما بين مرفوع ومنصوب. وانتظمت هذه الصور في عشر مسائل، تضمُّها -بحسب حكم الحمل على الشاغل- مجموعتان متساويتان: خمسٌ لك الخيار في الحمل على أي الشاغلَيْنِ المذكورَيْنِ على اختلافهما، وخمسٌ يجب فيها الحمل على أحد الشاغلَيْنِ المذكورَيْنِ.

Galina M. Yarmarkina

Introduction. Being an important stratum of the vocabulary of any language that conveys ethnolinguistic specifics of texts, household vocabulary attracts attention of linguists. Khan Ayuka’s letters to Astrakhan Chief Commandant M. I. Chirikov are traditionally referred to as samples of the 18th-century Kalmyk official epistolary genre. The lexical composition of the examined texts is characterized by diversity since the latter contain essentially different types of vocabulary (military terms, titles, anthroponyms, toponyms, etc.). Goals. The article seeks to analyze the functioning of household vocabulary in Khan Ayuka’s letters in comparison to synchronic Russian translations. The 18th-century sources comprise historical/lexicological materials and provide an opportunity to clarify if there is a correspondence between the use of household vocabulary — and genre/stylistic and substantial features traced in source and translated texts. Methods and Materials. The paper investigates Khan Ayuka’s letters dated to 1714 and simultaneous Russian translations stored at the National Archive of Kalmykia. The research primarily employs contextual analysis and the descriptive, comparative methods. The involved texts were transliterated, adapted (from Old to Modern Kalmyk), and translated (literally) into Russian by D. B. Gedeeva. Results. The analysis reveals peculiarities that characterize a particular fragment within early 18th-century Kalmyk and Russian vocabularies. So, the source texts contain not only common Mongolic lexemes but also Russian loanwords. There is a correspondence between the use of household vocabulary and the implied intentions: household vocabulary is used to articulate the request / demand to deliver a certain part of the annual salary which was not limited to money. Thus, acting as enumerative elements, household vocabulary units emerge in a periphery of the vast sociopolitical lexicon. Unlike texts with imperative subgenres, informative letters confirming receipt of the submitted objects are more precise: such messages routinely use words that denote measures of weight or volume paired with cardinal numerals. Besides, there are examples confirming a dependence between a token used — and the described situation and essence of the request. Our comparison of household vocabulary units chosen by translators as equivalents explicitly delineates the ethnolinguistic specifics inherent to Kalmyk official letters and their synchronous Russian translations.

Maria Grazia Proli

This paper examines the implementation of e-learning and blended learning strategies in training programmes for teachers as an innovation in online learning. Indeed, blended learning is an approach to education that combines online educational materials with traditional place-based classroom methods. Referring to research literature, some of the characteristics of the above mentioned methods are here highlighted. Moreover, the training program for teachers and managers of secondary schools in multicultural contexts, financed by the FAMI National Program and implemented in blended learning mode at the University of Florence, is also presented.

Abdul Wahab Abdul Muhaimin

In response to the dynamics of society and the development of modern science and technology, there is a necessity to develop the values of Islamic sharia based on the Qur'an and Hadith by interpreting the verses of the Qur'an, explaining the hadith of the prophet and paying attention to the purposes of Sharia. This paper, therefore, intends to describe and demonstrate some development of Islamic values in worship field and medical treatment field. The article specifies on performing the prayers in travelling and pilgrim ritual for the former, and artificial insemination and human cloning for the later.

M. Abdul Hamid, Danial Hilmi, M. Syaiful Mustofa

Teaching materials are very important in the process of learning Arabic; therefore, the teaching and learning process requires motivation to increase student language competence. With regard to the material taught in higher education, the urgency of constructivism theory has not yet fulfilled in the success of learning. As a result, the theory becomes a necessity for the development of teaching material to strengthen their interest in developing language competencies. This study intended to develop Arabic teaching materials for students in Islamic Religious Colleges so that they do not depend on books sourced from Arab countries that have different cultures than local cultures. Based on the results of the needs analysis, the textbook product was produced, which is named al-Arabia li al-Hayah along with inputs from experts. The results of this book trial showed that this book was effective to meet the needs of students in improving Arabic competence through mastery of vocabulary in their environment.

Huzaemah Tahido Yanggo

E. N. Badmaeva

The article identifies the main concepts of Russia’s cotton policy during the Soviet and post-Soviet periods and provides a comparative analysis of implementation of cotton production development programs in one of the peripheral regions - Kalmykia. The first attempts to introduce cotton cultivation in Kalmykia had been made in the 1920s. From the perspective of local authorities, cotton production could become one of Kalmykia’s export industries, and the then political leaders believed that this could serve as a means of transforming Kalmykia into a world cotton market participant. But the key problem was that there were few qualified specialists, which was aggravated by lack of decent water supply and special financial support. In the pre-war period, cotton planting in Kalmykia was underproductive and got no widespread use. During the first ‘five-year plans’ at the turn of the 1920s-1930s, the Soviet agrarian policy forcibly introduced cotton cultivation programs within the steppe region which was traditionally inhabited by cattle breeders. In 1997-1999 and 2007-2012, the regional authorities made additional attempts to participate in cotton planting ‘pilot’ projects: experimental cotton seeds were sowed in test fields of the republic. The second short-lived experiment proved far less productive and was not developed properly since there was no special federal target program and, thus, no full-scale state financial support. The conducted analysis reveals achievements and shortcomings of cotton production arrangements in the region during the periods under consideration and suggests further prospects for the development of cotton cultivation in Kalmykia.

Valentin I. Rassadin, Svetlana M. Trofimova, L. . Chuluunbaatar

The article examines - from the comparative and historical perspectives - names of traditional homes in Khalkha Mongolian, Buryat, Kalmyk, and Old Written Mongolian with a view to identify the common Mongolian terms as well as regional and specific ones typical for one of the mentioned languages. In Mongolic languages there is no unity in terms of naming different types of dwellings. Only few of such words can be viewed as common Mongolian, namely: ger ‘house/yurt’, esgiy ger ‘felt yurt’, names of frame elements, felt coverings and binding straps, baishing ‘building’, ӧrgӧӧ ‘yurt of a khan, prince, high-ranked official’, ord, kharsh ‘palace’. Other terms are either territory-specific, such as Kalmyk-Mongolian jolom ‘yurt of rafters only’, chachir ‘tent’, Buryat-Mongolian tur ‘fortress; town’ (Western Bur. tura ‘house, izba’), maikhan ‘tent’, urts ‘chum’, or typical for a certain Mongolic languages: Western Buryat dialects - sool ‘house, izba’, bulgaaγan ‘wooden yurt’, otog ‘bivouac with a bonfire’, Khalkha Mongolian - altsag ‘summer remote shepherd dwelling’. It is noteworthy that almost all territory- and culture-specific terms have Turkic parallels, their etymology being traced to Turkic languages just like the case of the common Mongolic term denoting a palace. This signifies that every Mongolic people kept communicating with neighboring Turkic populations, thus borrowing different elements of material culture, including those related to dwellings.

Gulgina G. Shamsutdinova, Anita Sh. Ishmukhametova, Liliya A. Buskunbaevа

The article discusses one of the aphoristic genres in Bashkir folklore - the riddle. The riddle is a widespread aphoristic genre to be found in all languages worldwide. Riddles generalize historical, social and everyday life experiences of a people. In Bashkir folklore, riddles exist as separate genre but to a certain extent can be also included into other genres. Riddles consist of two parts: a riddle ass such (a question) and a solution (an answer). Such expressive means as metaphor, metonymy, comparison, antithesis, epithet, alliteration, and onomatopoeia are used in riddles. When solving riddles, people learn to see and understand the beauty of the world, as well as learn about the past and present of their nation. Taking into account the importance of studying and saving folklore materials in electronic format and opening free access to the information provided for the public, employees of the Laboratory of Linguistics and Information Technologies of the Institute of History, Language and Literature (Ufa Scientific Center of the RAS) established the Folklore Corpus as part of the Machine Fund of the Bashkir Language comprising various folklore materials. Riddles take an important place among them, being divided into thematic sections as follows: 1. The earth and sky, natural phenomena - riddles about celestial bodies and other natural phenomena, 2. The plant world - riddles about plants, trees, vegetables and fruit, 3. The animal world - riddles about domestic and wild animals, 4. The man and human life - riddles about human life and all the objects used by human beings in everyday life. As a result, as of today over 3900 Bashkir riddles have been introduced into the Folklore Corpus.

S. Bachaeva

The article is devoted to describing clichés-interpretations of color adjectives in the Kalmyk language. Since the explanatory dictionary is the first of its kind in the history of Kalmyk lexicography, there is no previous experience in making definitions by a group of authors, which is why it is necessary to implement the initial stage with understanding how to develop a system for word defining and show their connections within the language, presenting them in a unified and consistent way. The clichés-formulas obtained will allow providing the fullest and most accurate definitions to head words in ‘The explanatory dictionary of the Kalmyk epic ‘Dzhangar’, as well as create the environment for a more systematic definition process when describing lexical units of one theme group following the same formulas. Definitions of adjectives denoting color are presented in the explanatory dictionary in comparison with an object that is suitable and comprehensible for all Kalmyk speakers: хар - көөһин, нүрснә өңгтә ‘black - soot or coal-colored’; цаһан - цасна, үснә өңгтә ‘white - snow or milk-colored’; улан - цусна өңгтә ‘red - blood-colored’. Secondary colors, which are referred to as composite colors, include light blue, orange, gray, and brown: цеңкр - чилгр теңгрин өңгтә, цәәвр көк ‘light blue - color of a clear sky’; оошк - цәәвр улан ‘pink - light red’; күрң - чииктә һазрин өңгтә ‘brown - color of wet soil’. Besides the key adjectives with one-part structure, the epic also features color entities which consist of two equitable colors or shades (compound color adjectives), which specify their combination: 1) шар өңгин деер олн зүсн өңгтә толв ‘mottled yellow - yellow with multicolored spots’ 2) нег өңгтә биш ‘non-uniform yellow’; 3) сәәхн эрәтә шар өңгтә ‘flamboyant, bright, extravagant yellow’. The epic features words, traditionally found in folklore, which denote a color figuratively, for instance, lexical units with the primary meaning of natural material: алтн - гилвкр шар өңгтә, алтн өңгтә ‘gold -shiny yellow, color of gold’; мөңгн - өңгәрн эс гиҗ гилвкәрн цаһан мөңг дурасн, гилвкр цаһан ‘silver - resembling silver in color or in shine; shiny white’. The presented interpretation formulas for adjectives denoting color provide a basis for improving the practices for adequate interpretation and further development of clichés-interpretations for other groups in the explanatory dictionary of the Kalmyk epic ‘Dzhangar’.

Eduardo Wassim Aboultaif

There is an established literature which argues that the Druze of Palestine were either neutral during the Colonial period or supportive of the Zionist Agency and its plans. The aim of this research is to counter the Zionist narratives that promote the concept of Druze–Zionist cooperation. I argue that the Druze were supportive of the Palestinian-Arab cause, and they heavily participated in the anti-colonial activities of the Palestinians, politically and militarily. Their military participation was manifested in their participation in the events of 1929, 1936, and 1948. Politically, Sheikh Amin Tarif led the community in their stance against Zionism. This research will provide a new account and narrative for the Druze role in the events in mandatory Palestine, revealing their supportive stance to the Palestinian national struggle.

Khalil F. Osman

José Julio García Arranz

Dorit Lemberger