Hasil untuk "Microbiology"

M. B. Allen, D. I. Arnon

S. Liau, D. C. Read, W. Pugh et al.

R. Rappuoli

B. Atkins, N. Athanasou, J. Deeks et al.

Seda Cetinkaya Karabekir, Burcu Gultekin, Hasan Basri Savas et al.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with vascular complications that increase morbidity and mortality. Natural antioxidants play a vital role in reducing diabetes-related damage. This study investigated the protective effects of the phenolic monoterpene carvacrol (CAR) against diabetic complications. Thirty-two male Wistar Albino rats (4 months, 250–300 g) were divided into four groups: control, DM, DM + DMSO, and DM + CAR. Type 1 diabetes was induced via intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). The DM + CAR group received 20 mg/kg CAR daily for four weeks. Body weight and blood glucose levels were regularly monitored. At the end of the study, aortic tissues were examined using hematoxylin–eosin (H&E), Verhoeff–Van Gieson, and immunohistochemical staining, while cardiac tissues were analyzed with H&E and Masson’s trichrome. Serum levels of ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were measured. In the DM group, IMA and CHOL levels were increased (<i>p</i> = 0.0208 and <i>p</i> = 0.0207, respectively), apoptosis was elevated (caspase-3 expression, <i>p</i> = 0.0001), and marked tissue damage was observed. In contrast, in the DM + CAR group, IMA levels (<i>p</i> = 0.0228) and caspase-3 expression (<i>p</i> = 0.0457) were reduced, and notable improvements were detected in vascular and cardiac tissues. These results suggest that CAR protects against diabetic complications by modulating oxidative stress, inhibiting apoptosis, and preventing tissue injury.

D. Petrin, K. Delgaty, Renuka H. Bhatt et al.

A. Wieser, L. Schneider, J. Jung et al.

Marketa Benkova, O. Soukup, J. Marek

Rapid identification of pathogen and its resistance to antimicrobial drugs, and subsequent appropriate antimicrobial treatment are essential for correct patient outcomes. Conventional detection methods of bacterial resistance, such as disc diffusion, broth microdilution and automated instruments, are constantly widely used and primarily standardized. Nevertheless, the results cannot be obtained earlier than 48 h after receiving a sample, which may lead to prolonged use or overuse of broad‐spectrum antibiotics. Hence, there is a drive to develop and introduce novel, faster, standardized, sensitive and specific methods with reliable results into routine microbiological laboratory practice. Recently developed matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) has been introduced in recent years into laboratory practice, and methods based on microfluidics and microdroplets might be introduced in the near future. This review is focused on the methods and instruments in use both currently and in the foreseeable future, applicable to determine antimicrobial efficacy in clinical microbiology laboratories.

Xue Jiang, Qian Liu, Dongkun Xu et al.

Abstract Background Differentiated Thyroid carcinoma (DTC) is the most prevalent endocrine malignancy. The identification of novel biomarkers for thyroid carcinoma is essential for enhancing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying DTC development. Notably, gut microorganisms and their metabolites play a role in the development of DTC, although their influence is modulated by the host’s genetic background and environmental factors. Our study aimed to identify and classify gut microbiota and metabolites associated with DTC. Methods 90 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of DTC and 33 healthy volunteers donated stool samples for our analysis. To examine the gut microbiota, we utilized 16 S rRNA gene sequencing, a technique that allows for the identification and classification of microorganisms. Additionally, we employed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to investigate the alterations in metabolites present in thyroid carcinoma patients compared to healthy individuals. Results The Venn diagram visualized the distribution of bacterial species, with 926 species shared by both groups and 12,225 species unique to DTC patients. Notably, the gut microbiota of DTC patients exhibited higher species richness and diversity compared to healthy individuals. LDA Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis identified Faecalibacterium and Prevotella_9 as more abundant in healthy individuals, while Oscillospiraceae, Subdoligranulum, and Actinobacteriota were significantly more prevalent in DTC patients. We successfully characterized 3255 metabolites in both groups, which were primarily associated with biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites, neomycin, kanamycin, and gentamicin biosynthesis, bile secretion, and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Among these metabolites, 550 were differentially expressed, with 402 metabolites being highly expressed in DTC patients. Six metabolites exhibiting an area under the curve (AUC) value exceeding 0.87 were identified as potential clinical diagnostic markers for DTC. Furthermore, Spearman’s rank correlations were utilized to explore the potential functional relationships between the 10 distinctive microbial species and the top 10 differential metabolites. Conclusions The gut microbiota and its associated metabolites may play a crucial role in the development of DTC. The identification of altered metabolites and microbiota in DTC patients suggests their potential as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. This offers new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of DTC, providing opportunities for early diagnosis and improved treatment strategies. Clinical trial number Not applicable.

U. Szewzyk, R. Szewzyk, W. Manz et al.

John A. Crump, Maria Sjölund-Karlsson, M. Gordon et al.

Zhong-wang Zhang, Jian-liang Lv, Li Pan et al.

N. Durán, G. Nakazato, A. Seabra

P. Proksch, R. Edrada, R. Ebel

P. Meganathan, I. Rejitha

The triad of problem leading on the diabetic foot is neuropathy, vascular changes and infections, which constitute the diabetic foot syndrome 3 . Infection complicates the pathological picture of diabetic foot and plays a main role in development of moist gangrene. This study was done to detect the prevalence of diabetic foot, to know the risk factors for developing diabetic foot ulcers, microbial profile in diabetic wound, common susceptibility pattern to antibiotics and presence of multiple drug resistant organisms in diabetic foot.

Minin Vladislav, Zakharov Anton, Murzaev Evgeniy

Crop Rotation Experiment was established on experimental facilities of the Institute for Engineering and Environmental Problems in Agricultural Production – branch of Agro-Engineering Centre VIM, Saint-Petersburg. The objective of the study was to consider the requirements for growing organic potatoes. In an experiment with potatoes (Solánum tuberosum) variety Udacha, the influence of 3 factors was studied: the effect of organic fertilizers; action of bio-fungicide; row spacing depth. The compost studied was produced in the Institute from chicken manure using an aerobic fermentation unit. Doses of composts corresponded to 0; 80; 110, 160 kg N/ha. Potato tubers were treated with a bio-fungicide using a sprayer installed on a potato planter, and the leaves were treated during the growing season. Organic technology for cultivating potatoes was developed at the institute and used in experiment. The experiment has been equipped with automated tools for collecting information. Weather conditions differed from each other during the experiment. In 2021, conditions were dry during the potato development period. Weather conditions in 2020 and 2022 were similar. Monitoring shows that deep cultivation of row spacing contributed to better absorption of precipitation. This created more convenient conditions for potato development. Compost helped to increase the content of mineral forms of nitrogen in the soil. Due to high soil fertility, the yield of standard potato tubers in the variant without compost and bio-fungicide reached the level of 20.3 – 20.5 t ha-1 in 2020 and 2022 and 13.4 tha-1 in 2021, a dry year. Compost provided a significant increase in potato yield from 4 to 9 tha-1, depending on the dose of compost and year. The array of experimental data was generated for 2017-2022. After mathematical processing, the dependence of potato yield on the hydro-temperature coefficient in May and the dose of compost used was obtained.

M. Cuenca‐Estrella, P. Verweij, M. Arendrup et al.

Sascha Sauer, Magdalena Kliem

Yawen Hu, Hang Gong, Ziyang Lu et al.

ABSTRACT Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring of proteins is a conserved posttranslational modification in eukaryotes. GPI-anchored proteins are widely distributed in fungal plant pathogens, but the specific roles of the GPI-anchored proteins in the pathogenicity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a devastating necrotrophic plant pathogen with a worldwide distribution, remain largely unknown. This research addresses SsGSR1, which encodes an S. sclerotiorum glycine- and serine-rich protein named SsGsr1 with an N-terminal secretory signal and a C-terminal GPI-anchor signal. SsGsr1 is located at the cell wall of hyphae, and deletion of SsGSR1 leads to abnormal cell wall architecture and impaired cell wall integrity of hyphae. The transcription levels of SsGSR1 were maximal in the initial stage of infection, and SsGSR1-deletion strains showed impaired virulence in multiple hosts, indicating that SsGSR1 is critical for the pathogenicity. Interestingly, SsGsr1 targeted the apoplast of host plants to induce cell death that relies on the glycine-rich 11-amino-acid repeats arranged in tandem. The homologs of SsGsr1 in Sclerotinia, Botrytis, and Monilinia species contain fewer repeat units and have lost their cell death activity. Moreover, allelic variants of SsGSR1 exist in field isolates of S. sclerotiorum from rapeseed, and one of the variants lacking one repeat unit results in a protein that exhibits loss of function relative to the cell death-inducing activity and the virulence of S. sclerotiorum. Taken together, our results demonstrate that a variation in tandem repeats provides the functional diversity of GPI-anchored cell wall protein that, in S. sclerotiorum and other necrotrophic pathogens, allows successful colonization of the host plants. IMPORTANCE Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is an economically important necrotrophic plant pathogen and mainly applies cell wall-degrading enzymes and oxalic acid to kill plant cells before colonization. In this research, we characterized a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell wall protein named SsGsr1, which is critical for the cell wall architecture and the pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum. Additionally, SsGsr1 induces rapid cell death of host plants that is dependent on glycine-rich tandem repeats. Interestingly, the number of repeat units varies among homologs and alleles of SsGsr1, and such a variation creates alterations in the cell death-inducing activity and the role in pathogenicity. This work advances our understanding of the variation of tandem repeats in accelerating the evolution of a GPI-anchored cell wall protein associated with the pathogenicity of necrotrophic fungal pathogens and prepares the way toward a fuller understanding of the interaction between S. sclerotiorum and host plants.

G. Cangelosi, J. Meschke