Hasil untuk "Law of Europe"

R. Ottinger, N. Robinson, V. Tafur

M. Van Der Spiegel, M. Noordam, H. J. (. Van der Fels-Klerx

Markus Hirte

Karin van Leeuwen, Koen van Zon

EU legal scholarship’s recent ‘turn towards society’ demands new approaches to studying how EU law has been experienced and shaped both at present and in the past. Yet, there has been relatively little research on the engagement of societal actors with European law beyond a narrow focus on litigation. This article looks at a more indirect engagement with legal norms. Using the contested compliance with the EC’s 1982 Seveso directive on industrial safety as a case study, it uncovers the pivotal role that individuals and societal organisations played in procedures that have thus far been considered highly institutionalised: the infringement proceedings started by the European Commission. By tracing how the problem of preparing for disaster came to be regarded by societal actors in Italy and the Netherlands as both a legal and a European problem, it advances an approach showcasing that societal actors experienced EU law less as a separate category and more as part of a broader continuum of solutions to a societal problem.

Turkuler Isiksel

Christian Joerges is a scholar whose work spills over the conventional boundaries between public and private law, social science and legal theory, law and public policy, empirical inquiry and normative philosophy. This essay brings into focus Joerges’s under-appreciated role as a prescient, critical intellectual biographer of European integration. It argues that Joerges’s work has helped to diagnose, explain, and dismantle three misconceptions or myths with which European integration has been saddled from its formative decades. These misconceptions are (1) that the European integration project is ‘self-legitimating’ and therefore politically neutral; (2) that the delegation of decision-making authority to supranational institutions is constitutionally neutral; and (3) that there can be an epistemologically neutral, authoritative disciplinary perspective from which to comprehend European integration. Breaking the hold of these misconceptions is an essential step towards gaining a critical understanding of the promises and limitations of European integration today.

Zhidong Bai, Jiang Hu

Consider a complex random $n\times n$ matrix ${\bf X}_n=(x_{ij})_{n\times n}$, whose entries $x_{ij}$ are independent random variables with zero means and unit variances. It is well-known that Tao and Vu (Ann Probab 38: 2023-2065, 2010) resolved the circular law conjecture, establishing that if the $x_{ij}$'s are independent and identically distributed random variables with zero mean and unit variance, the empirical spectral distribution of $\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}{\bf X}_n$ converges almost surely to the uniform distribution over the unit disk in the complex plane as $n \to \infty$. This paper demonstrates that the circular law still holds under the more general Lindeberg's condition: $$ \frac1{n^2}\sum_{i,j=1}^n\mathbb{E}|x_{ij}^2|I(|x_{ij}|>η\sqrt{n})\to 0,\mbox{as $n \to \infty$}. $$ This paper is a revisit of the proof procedure of the circular law by Bai in (Ann Probab 25: 494-529, 1997). The key breakthroughs in the paper are establishing a general strong law of large numbers under Lindeberg's condition and the uniform upper bound for the integral with respect to the smallest eigenvalues of random matrices. These advancements significantly streamline and clarify the proof of the circular law, offering a more direct and simplified approach than other existing methodologies.

Gil Goffer, Be'eri Greenfeld, Alexander Yu. Olshanskii

We construct novel examples of finitely generated groups that exhibit seemingly-contradicting probabilistic behaviors with respect to Burnside laws. We construct a finitely generated group that satisfies a Burnside law, namely a law of the form $x^n=1$, with limit probability 1 with respect to uniform measures on balls in its Cayley graph and under every lazy non-degenerate random walk, while containing a free subgroup. We show that the limit probability of satisfying a Burnside law is highly sensitive to the choice of generating set, by providing a group for which this probability is $0$ for one generating set and $1$ for another. Furthermore, we construct groups that satisfy Burnside laws of two co-prime exponents with probability 1. Finally, we present a finitely generated group for which every real number in the interval $[0,1]$ appears as a partial limit of the probability sequence of Burnside law satisfaction, both for uniform measures on Cayley balls and for random walks. Our results resolve several open questions posed by Amir, Blachar, Gerasimova, and Kozma. The techniques employed in this work draw upon geometric analysis of relations in groups, information-theoretic coding theory on groups, and combinatorial and probabilistic methods.

Renata Veselá

The occupation of the Bohemian lands in 1939 led to establishing the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, resulting in the loss of democratic freedoms for Czechs. Different legal statuses were assigned to German Reich citizens, Czechs, and the disenfranchised population targeted by racist legislation. Family law was significantly affected by German regulations and the adoption of the Nuremberg Laws. The discriminatory measures included restrictions on intermarriage and sexual relations. The Catholic Church and international family law provisions also played a role. Further research is needed to fully understand these laws' impact on the Protectorate's societal reality.

C. Maier

BackgroundNurse prescribing of medicines is increasing worldwide, but there is limited research in Europe. The objective of this study was to analyse which countries in Europe have adopted laws on nurse prescribing.MethodsCross-country comparative analysis of reforms on nurse prescribing, based on an expert survey (TaskShift2Nurses Survey) and an OECD study. Country experts provided country-specific information, which was complemented with the peer-reviewed and grey literature. The analysis was based on policy and thematic analyses.ResultsIn Europe, as of 2019, a total of 13 countries have adopted laws on nurse prescribing, of which 12 apply nationwide (Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom (UK)) and one regionally, to the Canton Vaud (Switzerland). Eight countries adopted laws since 2010. The extent of prescribing rights ranged from nearly all medicines within nurses’ specialisations (Ireland for nurse prescribers, Netherlands for nurse specialists, UK for independent nurse prescribers) to a limited set of medicines (Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden). All countries have regulatory and minimum educational requirements in place to ensure patient safety; the majority require some form of physician oversight.ConclusionsThe role of nurses has expanded in Europe over the last decade, as demonstrated by the adoption of new laws on prescribing rights.

Kim Chol-jun

We checked that the distribution of words in text should uniform, which gives Heaps' law as natural result, that is, the number of types of words can be expressed as a power law of the number of tokens within text. We developed a ``superposition'' model, which leads to an asymptotic power-law distribution of the number of occurrences (or frequency) of words, that is, Zipf's law. The model is well consistent with observations.

Salvatore Puliatti

Abstract The paper aims to outline some relevant aspects of Franco Gnoli’s methodology and lines of interest with regard to the historical emersion and legal definition of the crimen expilatae hereditatis. Particular attention is devoted to the identification of the notion of this crime and its area of application.

Kaiyi Du, Yong Shi, Zhi-Yu Zhang et al.

We investigate the extended-Schmidt (ES) law in volume densities ($ρ_{\rm SFR}$ $\propto$ $(ρ_{\rm gas}ρ_{\rm star}^{0.5})^{α^{\rm VES}}$) for spatially-resolved regions in spiral, dwarf, and ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs), and compare to the volumetric Kennicutt-Schmidt (KS) law ($ρ_{\rm SFR}$ $\propto$ $ρ_{\rm gas}^{α^{\rm VKS}}$). We first characterize these star formation laws in individual galaxies using a sample of 11 spirals, finding median slopes $α^{\rm VES}$=0.98 and $α^{\rm VKS}$=1.42, with a galaxy-to-galaxy rms fluctuation that is substantially smaller for the volumetric ES law (0.18 vs 0.41). By combining all regions in spirals with those in additional 13 dwarfs and one UDG into one single dataset, it is found that the rms scatter of the volumetric ES law at given x-axis is 0.25 dex, also smaller than that of the volumetric KS law (0.34 dex). At the extremely low gas density regime as offered by the UDG, the volumetric KS law breaks down but the volumetric ES law still holds. On the other hand, as compared to the surface density ES law, the volumetric ES law instead has a slightly larger rms scatter, consistent with the scenario that the ES law has an intrinsic slope of $α^{\rm VES} \equiv$1 but the additional observational error of the scale height increases the uncertainty of the volume density. The unity slope of the ES law implies that the star formation efficiency (=$ρ_{\rm SFR}$/$ρ_{\rm gas}$) is regulated by the quantity that is related to the $ρ_{\rm star}^{0.5}$.

Jeremy Heng, Ajay Jasra, Kody J. H. Law et al.

In this article, we consider computing expectations w.r.t. probability measures which are subject to discretization error. Examples include partially observed diffusion processes or inverse problems, where one may have to discretize time and/or space, in order to practically work with the probability of interest. Given access only to these discretizations, we consider the construction of unbiased Monte Carlo estimators of expectations w.r.t. such target probability distributions. It is shown how to obtain such estimators using a novel adaptation of randomization schemes and Markov simulation methods. Under appropriate assumptions, these estimators possess finite variance and finite expected cost. There are two important consequences of this approach: (i) unbiased inference is achieved at the canonical complexity rate, and (ii) the resulting estimators can be generated independently, thereby allowing strong scaling to arbitrarily many parallel processors. Several algorithms are presented, and applied to some examples of Bayesian inference problems, with both simulated and real observed data.

Grzegorz Bryl

W XVI w. w polskich miastach zaczęły powstawać drukowane dzieła prawnicze oparte na prawie magdeburskim. W artykule przeanalizowano je pod kątem obecności odwołań do istotnego w tym prawie symbolu miecza. Użycia słowa miecz/gladius w pracach Cervusa-Tucholczyka, Jaskiera, Cerasinusa, Groickiego i Szczerbica poddano typologii według intensywności sensu symbolicznego („znaczenie dosłowne”, „język i obyczajowość”, „symbol pojęć abstrakcyjnych”). Przeanalizowano przypadki należące do poszczególnych kategorii. Zbadano także ich obecność w poszczególnych tekstach, co doprowadziło do wniosku o zależności intensywności (jakościowej i ilościowej) tych odwołań od stopnia bliskości danego tekstu do Zwierciadła saskiego i Weichbildu oraz od obecności w danym tekście glosy. Postawiono wniosek o nikłej recepcji ideowych treści prawa niemieckiego w miastach polskich. Propozycje wyjaśnienia tego zjawiska odwołują się do 1) braku w Polsce rozróżnienia między miastami dysponującymi i niedysponującymi iure gladii, 2) odmienności struktur politycznych Polski i obszaru niemieckojęzycznego, 3) zakorzenienia symbolu miecza na obszarach niemieckich, wyrażającego się i wtórnie wzmacnianego istnieniem figur Rolandów. Symbolika miecza była zatem w Polsce pozbawiona oparcia w przestrzeni miejskiej i w wyobrażeniach politycznych. Postawiono także tezę, że prawo magdeburskie nie służyło określaniu pozycji polskich miast w szerszej strukturze ani zapewnianiu ideowych podstaw ich funkcjonowania jako wspólnot politycznych.

Dawid Zdrójkowski

W artykule przedstawiono proces generała Stanisława Małka jako modelowy proces odbywający się na podstawie dekretu o odpowiedzialności za klęskę wrześniową i faszyzację życia państwowego. Wykorzystano w nim materiały archiwalne z Archiwum Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej w Warszawie. Krytyczna analiza tych materiałów oraz innych źródeł i literatury pozwoliła na odtworzenie przebiegu procesu oraz umiejscowienie go w ówczesnych realiach historycznoprawnych. W efekcie wykazano, że proces generała Małka był modelowym procesem represyjnym, którego celem było zakwestionowanie dorobku przedwojennego państwa polskiego oraz złamanie dawnego bohaterskiego żołnierza przez obciążenie go fałszywymi zarzutami. Znamienne jednak, że generał Małek został zrehabilitowany jeszcze w PRL w 1984 r.

Răzvan Anghel

The CJEU judgement in Sindicatul Familia case (C‑147/17) is a steppingstone for the working time Directive 2003/88 interpretation and application and  for the European debate regarding the foster carer for children statute, remuneration and working time. The article presents the national court decision fallowing the CJEU judgement accompanied by the author commentaries. The purpose of the article is to offer to legal professionals the information on the practical result of the dialog between CJEU and national courts and the way national courts uses the European legislation interpretations given in the preliminary ruling procedure that aims an uniform application of it in the EU member states.

H. Kelsen

Chi Yan Law, Hua Bai Li, Pokin Leung

By comparing cumulative linear mass profiles of 12 Gould Belt molecular clouds within 500 pc, we study how the linear mass distributions of molecular clouds vary with the angles between the molecular cloud long axes and the directions of the local magnetic fields (cloud-field direction offsets). We find that molecular clouds with the long axes perpendicular to the magnetic field directions show more even distributions of the linear mass. The result supports that magnetic field orientations can affect the fragmentation of molecular clouds (Li et al. 2017).

Andonović Stefan N., Radovanović Igor S.

The paper examines legal nature of electronic sports (e-sport) in the light of sports law. The authors sought an answer to the question whether the electronic sport could be qualified as a kind of sport. E-sport could be understood as a competitive playing of video games, but also as one of the fastest growing industry in the world. However, position of this massive social activity remains unclear because of its shady legal nature. The answer to the question of its legal nature will clarify whether e-sports players can be recognized as professional sport players, whether sports federations could be organized in area of e-sport, whether this sport could participate in international sports events, etc. In seeking the answer, authors analysed the most important international documents in the field of sports, with special emphasis on the definition of sport as a social phenomenon and the principles on which it is based. Also, the paper analyses the most important arguments for and against stance of e-sport as a special kind of sport. Authors used systematic approach, as well as comparative legal method.

Primavera De Filippi, Samer Hassan

"Code is law" refers to the idea that, with the advent of digital technology, code has progressively established itself as the predominant way to regulate the behavior of Internet users. Yet, while computer code can enforce rules more efficiently than legal code, it also comes with a series of limitations, mostly because it is difficult to transpose the ambiguity and flexibility of legal rules into a formalized language which can be interpreted by a machine. With the advent of blockchain technology and associated smart contracts, code is assuming an even stronger role in regulating people's interactions over the Internet, as many contractual transactions get transposed into smart contract code. In this paper, we describe the shift from the traditional notion of "code is law" (i.e. code having the effect of law) to the new conception of "law is code" (i.e. law being defined as code).