En este artículo me propongo indagar en los alcances de la limitación de la responsabilidad en Levinas como la operación que —siguiendo la sugerencia de Miguel Abensour— hace posible el pasaje de la ética a la política en su obra y permite pensar el vínculo comunitario. A tal fin, entiendo que algunas figuras de la alteridad que aparecen descriptas en la literatura de Mariana Enríquez permiten reflexionar sobre la complejidad de la responsabilidad en una comunidad que se pretenda inclusiva.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Social sciences (General)
It is noted that today it is relevant to study the methods of concealing crimes, in particular thefts, since offenders actively use various methods to destroy, falsify or mask traces at the scene of the crime. In particular, gloves are used, palms are treated with varnish or degreasing substances, shoes of an unusual size or type (for example, women’s), changing the appearance of stolen items or their purpose. As established by practice, the main elements of the forensic characteristics of thefts (Article 185 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) are: a) the method of committing thefts; b) the subject of the criminal offense; c) a typical trace pattern; d) the identity of the criminal; e) the identity of the victim. However, it can be noted that the methods of committing thefts, as a rule, can be introduced, that the concept of «theft» covers a significant range of crimes that differ from each other in the subject of the criminal offense, the method of committing and concealing, the place of implementation of the criminal plan, etc. Typical actions of criminals in preparation for committing theft include: choosing the object of theft, including the future victim; studying the object of theft and the situation in which the criminal will have to act; selection of the most effective method of direct seizure of property, as well as preparation of the necessary technical means that facilitate the implementation of the criminal intent; selection of a method of concealing traces of theft, including concealing or selling stolen items; preliminary collusion between accomplices in the theft, distribution of roles and determination of the role of each in the future crime, as well as, if necessary, provision of an «aliby». It was found that in practical work the most common are thefts from premises. They have much in common: the similar nature of traces and tools of burglary, similarity of circumstances of commission, and so on, which allows us to group the methods of direct penetration into the premises: the first group of methods of committing thefts from premises consists of actions committed with the use of technical means that facilitate the implementation of the criminal intent: the second group consists of methods of committing thefts of property, material values from premises, access to which is relatively free. The directions of procedural actions for the purpose of concealing thefts by criminals are proven: measures are taken to mask, destroy and falsify traces at the crime scene.
Within the European Union property law is, for the most part, governed by the laws of the member states, where property law is foremost state law. Only in certain areas fragments of “european” (i. e., European Union) property law can be found. The European Union only has limited competences to legislate, and if it legislates in the field of property law, member states try to limit this by invoking article 345 of the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union (TFEU), which on its face even seems to exclude property law completely from any EU interference. EU law, so it looks like, is not seen by member states as a tool to effectively protect property rights, but as undesirable interference in their national systems of property law. Particularly when it comes to effective protection of property rights, it frequently is not the European legislator who is the most important actor, but the Court of Justice of the European Union, by invoking the principle of “effet utile”: EU law should be given full effect by courts to protect, for instance, the rights which consumers have on the basis of both primary (treaty based) and secondary (EU directives and regulations based) law. The European acquis communautaire in the field of property law is to a large extent still unexplored. This study has aimed to shine a light on EU member states property law. It provides an overview of the existing acquis communautaire in property law and presents a proposal for the future development of this field of law. It deals with the influence of the EU’s four freedoms – of goods, persons, services and capital – on national property law and discusses whether or not the EU would have the competence to actively create property law, and the extent to which it has already done so. Having conducted a thorough search on the basis of several key terms of property rights, the author was able to determine the numerus clausus in the development and formation of the system of European property law. The resulting picture of EU member states property law is a fragmented one. National legal systems generally operate on the basis of a closed system of property rights (a numerus clausus). Existing European Property Law research looks into the rise of European property law and the existence of principles such as the numerus clausus, in European legislation. This article focuses on the Court of Justice of the European Union and investigates whether EU law has its own numerus clausus: a list of property rights defined autonomously in European case law and legislation.
On the basis of a generalization of those dominant viewpoints on objectives of administrative law that are developed within Ukrainian administrative legal science, the author determined that they are united by the recognition of the following to be objectives of administrative law: (1) specifying and ensuring the implementation of human rights and freedoms in the public-legal sphere through the introduction of mechanisms administrative legal regulation and protection in the public administration domain; (2) determination of the standards for the exercise of public management functions by administrative authorities and the provision of administrative services by them, as well as the establishment and improvement of substantive and procedural tools for activities of administrative authorities, including the means of legal protection against violations on their part as well as mechanisms of civil control over their activities. According to the outcomes of the study of approaches to understanding of the tasks of administrative law in world scientific community, the article notes that according to the national tradition of the common law countries, which was adopted by many states that represent the civil law legal tradition, the fundamental objective of administrative law is recognized to be the determination of optimal (from the point of view of the rule of law and good governance) limits of the margin of appreciation of administrative authorities and providing private individuals with legal protection against abuse of administrative power. Moreover, it is particularly noticeable that a special emphasis is placed on guaranteeing the transparency and accountability of administrative authorities to civil society. Less important is the task of administrative law, which consists in establishing the principles, substantive rules and procedures for the performance of administrative functions by government authorities, as well as the accumulation in administrative practice and judicial case-law of the potential for increasing the effectiveness of administrative law.
У статті проводиться науково-практичне дослідження соціально-правових аспектів щодо захисту українських біженців у Польщі. Одним із найважливіших аспектів цієї допомоги є надання житла та інших соціальних потреб для українців, які отримали правовий статус PESEL UKR у Польщі. Українці з PESEL UKR мають право на безкоштовне медичне обслуговування, а в галузі освіти діти шкільного віку мають право на отримання безкоштовної освіти в польських школах. Однак, з’ясована наявність серйозних проблем у доступі до соціальних послуг та пільг. Багато біженців стикаються з перешкодами у їх отриманні, такими як: бюрократичні перепони, недостатній інформаційний супровід та непрозорі процедури отримання гарантій, що ставить під сумнів їхню реальну доступність та ефективність. Крім того, біженці часто стикаються зі складнощами влаштування на роботу або отриманнянеобхідної допомоги у зв’язку з недостатнім рівнем фінансової підтримки у наданні соціальних послуг. На жаль, несвоєчасний доступ до здобуття цих можливостей стає великою вадою в інтеграції біженців у нове суспільство.
Проаналізовано міжнародно-правові документи у сфері захисту біженців, зокрема Женевськуконвенцію про статус біженців та інші відповідні нормативно-правові акти, які встановлюють права та обов’язки держав щодо захисту осіб, які шукають притулок. Країни-підписанти Женевської конвенції зобов’язані надавати біженцям не лише притулок, а й забезпечувати їхні права, включаючи соціальні.
Констатовано, що механізм та політика забезпеченнясоціальних прав біженців у Польщі потребує подальшого як нормативного так і практичного вдосконалення. Запропоновані шляхи вирішення: спрощення процедури отримання статусу біженця та соціальних пільг, шляхом організаційно-правової реформи; забезпеченняадекватної фінансової підтримки на важливі соціальні потреби біженців, таких як житло; посилення інформаційної підтримки та інформованості біженців.
Визначено, що тільки комплексний та системний підхід може забезпечити гідне та безпечне існування для українських біженців у Польщі з урахуванням міжнародних стандартів прав людини та свобод людини.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Testing of evidence in an alleged sexual assault case not only seeks to address the question of who was involved, but also looks to answer the question of what biological source provided the DNA. It can be difficult to obtain positive serological data on challenging samples such as laundered items, low-level DNA samples, or sexual assault kit swabs obtained after a prolonged interval from the time of assault. In the absence of confirmatory serological results, an expert witness often cannot speak to the biological source of the DNA. In order to determine quantitation thresholds which could be used to deduce the presence of spermatozoa (sperm) within a sample, we evaluated the fractionation of male DNA utilizing our laboratory’s differential extraction method. Study samples included serial dilutions of semen and semen/saliva mixtures, post-coital and laundered samples as well as casework data from 1,729 samples that were processed using a differential extraction. Based on this data, it was determined that a sample which had at least 200 picograms of male DNA and at least 10% of the total male DNA in fraction 2 (F2, also known as the sperm-enriched or sperm fraction) could be reported as positive for the presence of sperm. No false positive results were obtained from the study-generated samples when using these thresholds to infer the presence of sperm. Additionally, samples that contained sperm, but were negative using traditional serological methods, could be detected. However, not all sperm-containing samples fractionated above both thresholds; therefore, serological testing may still be necessary to minimize false negative results. The thresholds developed here, proved reliable to deduce the presence of sperm in real casework samples.
The article highlights the legal aspects and the role of particular provisions of the simplified taxation system, which were introduced for the period of martial law in Ukraine with the aim of easing the tax burden on business entities and preserving the financial stability of the country. The excessive liberality of the legislator towards taxpayers of the first and second groups of the single tax, who are required to pay the single tax at their discretion, is emphasized. It is indicated that the economic feasibility of the transition to the application of particular provisions of the simplified taxation system, which provide the opportunity to pay taxes at the rate of 2 percent of turnover and which have become available even to representatives of large businesses, should be evaluated in each specific case separately, taking into account the factors of marginality and loss the right to a tax credit for goods purchased during the period of application of the special provisions of the simplified taxation system. Problematic issues related to the transition and stay of economic entities on the simplified taxation system with the application of those features introduced for the period of martial law are highlighted, and suggestions for their improvement at the legislative level are provided.
The article is devoted to the analysis of doctrinal approaches to the concepts of "legal collision" and "legal conflict" and their reflection in ecological law. In the context of it the theoretically legal characteristics of the category "legal conflict" were carried out. It is concluded that a broad understanding of this concept, which is proposed in the theory of law, covers a variety of legal phenomena and entails the threat of substitution by other concepts similar in content and functional loads. For this purpose, a comparative analysis of legal collision and legal conflicts in a scientific publication which based on a general feature that is inherent in both phenomena, namely, legal contradictions. It is convincingly well-proven that it is not necessary to identify these concepts, because the plane of their functioning is different: legal collision operates in the system of positive law whereas legal conflict - in the legal sphere during the social interaction of concrete subjects. In the context of this issue, the question of dialectical intercommunication is reflected between legal collision and legal conflict. This was facilitated by the analysis of legal conflict from the positions of legal theory. In the context of research of ecologically legal conflicts from position of environmental law theory has been installed the impact of environmental law norms on the emergence, development of conflict relations in the field of environmental protection and nature management. An estimation of the effectiveness was carried out of ecologically legal regulation of ecological conflict and the mechanism for resolving ecological conflicts. It is proved that high-quality legal regulation of ecological relations is an effective preventive mechanism of adjusting ecological conflicts, and, conversely, its imperfection complicates law enforcement practice. It is concluded that in the case of legal collusion application, the existing contradictions between the norms of law will lead to a legal conflict as a contradiction between the subjects of legal relationships in connection with the realization of collision norms. At what such a determinant always generates rise to the actual ecologically legal conflicts, in contrast to other ecological conflicts, the preconditions for which may exist out of limits of ecological law.
Salsabilla Deniesa, Dela Rinanda Putri, Arqam Amrullah
et al.
The development of digital technology can be a double-edged knife for the creative industry. It is undeniable that the ease of obtaining anything from internet can lead to a new problem, one of which is copyright infringement. Copyright of digital artworks should be protected since without which it will harm the rights of art workers who upload their works in the internet. The purpose of this research is to discuss and understand the copyright protection for digital artworks as well as some legal remedies that can be taken against infringement of the exclusive rights of the creators. This normative legal research employs statutory and comparative approach. The study shows that although legal protection for digital artworks has been governed under the Copyright Act 2014 (Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright), however its implementation but is still lacking and therefore improvement is necessary. In addition, the awareness of art workers about their rights should also be encouraged.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The concept of person, which is the main subject of all branches of law, has an important place in the world of law. Because the person is the owner and subject of the rights and obligations regulated by the rules of law. A human being is accepted as a person by birth and depending on this aspect, he has the capacity to have rights. In the ordinary course of life, the rights that depend on the person may be terminated in various situations. Person and personality related rights, their beginning and end are expressed in the context of the Turkish Civil Code. In this respect, the person who is determined as the inheritor with the termination of the personality in the form and/or situations specified in the laws cannot establish new legal transactions in the legal order. However, following the termination of the personality, some legal actions may need to be completed. One aspect of the legal proceedings within this scope is the effects of death (termination of personality) on the Turkish Tax System. In other words, in case of death, the tax transactions of the deceased will have to be carried out for the heirs whose refusal has not been inherited, for the new liability that will occur after death. The article was examined in a purposive, complementary and descriptive framework, and the death of the taxpayer and the features that emerged in the Turkish Tax System were emphasized, and the effects of the termination of the personality on the current legislation were revealed. In this context, the effects of the termination of personality within the framework of natural persons will be evaluated in the eyes of the laws within the scope of the Turkish Tax System.
The rules that govern succession to the office of King in Lesotho are largely customary. The Constitution of Lesotho, 1993 provides that succession to the office of King shall be regulated in terms of customary law; the Constitution itself does not provide for the substantive and procedural rules governing succession. The zenith of customary rules is that succession to kingship in Lesotho is based on the principle of primogeniture. The primogeniture rule has always presented problems of application in Lesotho; more so in the era of equality and democracy. This paper critiques the rules of succession to the office of King. It contends that by leaving the regulation of succession exclusively to customary law without clear articulation in the Constitution, the Constitution is unduly yielding to a system of law (customary law) which is not only subservient to the Constitution but also based on a different set of values. The paper recommends that the rules of succession must be codified in the Constitution and must be realigned with contemporary notions of constitutionalism and equality.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Kristina Daugirdas offers a different vantage point from most scholarship on the accountability of international organizations (IOs) by examining whether a focus on reputation can address accountability deficits. In this regard, reputational concerns could pressure international organizations to act by, for example, waiving immunity. In this essay, I explore the relationship between reputation and accountability through the prism of new technologies. Koettl, Murray, and Dubberley highlight four technological developments—“satellite imagery, camera-enabled portable phones, digital social networks and publicly accessible data”—that underpin “human rights investigations in the digital age.” This essay focuses on two of these technologies in particular: the use of new technologies to capture voice and image recordings of potential violations and the role of social media in amplifying allegations. I suggest that they can open routes to accountability in three ways. First, they expose and document claims of wrongdoing. Second, they provide corroborating evidence and thereby encourage victims to come forward. Third, they amplify claims and build public pressure and campaigns for accountability through social media. All three routes, individually or collectively, may lead to direct accountability as well as a structural analysis of how to prevent violations in the future. I then identify the factors that may elevate or reduce the levels by which an IO deems its reputation to be at risk and therefore responds, rather than deciding to “ride out” damage stemming from allegations of wrongdoing and a failure to act on them.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Private international law. Conflict of laws
O presenteartigopropõeuma indagaçãosobreascondiçõessociaisdemobilizaçõesda leiedodireito,por meio da apresentação de trabalhosteóricoseempíricos.Dasociologia dodireitodeMaxWeber às mais recentes análises sociojurídicasamericanas, são postas em relevo as possibilidades de pesquisas relativas às percepções e ao exercíciode seus direitos pelas pessoas
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Este artigo propõe uma reflexão acerca da exploração de atividades econômicas por meio de empresas estatais, incluindo as situações de exploração em regime de monopólio, para investigar se o espaço da função empresarial estatal perante o contexto de evolução de desenvolvimento da economia brasileira se mostra adequado, a partir do viés construído pela Teoria da Escolha Pública (Public Choice).
Palavras-chave: Administração Pública. Eficiência. Empresa Estatal. Escolha Pública. Intervenção. Lucro. Monopólio.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
El principal objetivo de este trabajo es analizar ciertos aspectos legales derivados de la implementación y gestión de Responsabilidad Social Corporativa (en adelante RSC) en las Sociedades Cooperativas.
Para ello, he dividido el texto en cuatro secciones comenzando por un análisis introductorio de las normas, textos o documentos básicos en materia de RSC. A continuación abordo la relación entre los principios que informan la RSC y aquellos que son promulgados por la Alianza Cooperativa Internacional. Finalmente, estudiaré si el incumplimiento de los principios -de RSC o cooperativos- asumidos voluntariamente por la sociedad puede generar algún tipo de consecuencia desde el punto de vista legal.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
<p>L'última reforma de la Llei orgànica d'educació acull una nova fórmula de suport a l'ensenyament privat sostingut amb fons públics a Espanya: la cessió de sòl públic per a la construcció i gestió de centres docents concertats. Aquesta operació sembla respondre a diverses tendències. En primer lloc, a la redistribució de tasques entre Estat i societat, per a una major racionalització del sector públic. En segon lloc, a una major tutela de la llibertat d'ensenyament reconegut a l'article 27 de la CE. Amb tot, aquesta evolució des de l'Estat prestacional a l'Estat garant requereix observar certes cauteles derivades de la naturalesa jurídica dels concerts escolars, en especial la igualtat de tracte en l'accés a aquests.</p>
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
A partir de la Carta de Ottawa de Promoción a la Salud, El Estado colombiano ha desarrollado un marco normativo extenso que busca garantizar el derecho al desarrollo humano y en consecuencia el derecho a la salud y educación integral. Sin embargo, una vez llega el momento de la implementación de las respectivas políticas públicas, intervienen actores cuya participación en su formulación o diseño fue nula. Para efectos de este trabajo, se realizó el estudio de la implementación de la promoción de la salud en el ámbito escolar a través de la estrategia Escuelas Saludables desde la perspectiva de los actores responsables en el departamento de Santander, a través de la aplicación de técnicas de investigación cualitativa que permitieron identificar el conocimiento que tienen estos sobre normas, leyes, políticas nacionales, las fortalezas y falencias que identifican los sectores involucrados y los ejecutores de la política territorial, así como sus planteamientos para mejorar el proceso de implementación.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Social sciences (General)