This paper examines and conceptualizes the economic aspect of young people's activities on the network, focusing on YouTube. We will present YouTube activity and explore how the young population active on the platform perceives it: Is the dominant element in this context play and self-expression for its own sake or generating financial gain? Or is it a hybrid form of activity that embodies both elements? Are there distinct characteristics that define the play/labor of girls on YouTube and if so, are specific protections needed? We will argue that, YouTubers' activities resemble a type of platform work that indeed involves an aspect of potential exploitation of minors, and has a gendered dimension – a situation that calls for reforming existing child labor norms to address it. We propose that two principles must be recognized to promote a solution. First, it is important to acknowledgee that YouTuber activity is not just leisure but also work, even when the participants are children and youth below the legal employment age. Second, since this is a form of work, children should not be excluded from participating in these platforms, but should be provided with fair employment conditions and wages. This two-staged recognition could not only address the economic exploitation of children and youth on platform work, but also untangle the connections these platforms create between the economic aspirations of girls and traditional gender norms.
Mayra Varginha Viegas, Jeferson Miguel Melo Antunes, Ana Flávia Gomes de Faria
et al.
O uso de mídias digitais na infância de forma precoce, prolongada e não supervisionada prejudica o desenvolvimento saudável das crianças. É importante realizar orientações adequadas e acessíveis sobre os riscos dessa exposição. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo relatar as experiências de um projeto de extensão voltado à criação de um livro infantil sobre a segurança das crianças no meio digital. O trabalho é desenvolvido de forma multidisciplinar e tem como objetivo construir um livro infantil que seja capaz de promover segurança digital por meio de orientações para os pais e de ensino para as crianças, de forma lúdica. Para isso, os participantes pesquisaram, discutiram e adaptaram o conteúdo científico para uma forma acessível ao público-alvo. Percebemos que o trabalho multidisciplinar trouxe resultados positivos, pois maximizou a acessibilidade do conteúdo técnico e o seu potencial interativo ao utilizar recursos visuais. Os discentes puderam desenvolver habilidades de pesquisa, de escrita, de trabalho multidisciplinar e de conhecimentos específicos relacionados ao tema. Esperamos que a distribuição do livro promova conscientização sobre os riscos da exposição infantil às mídias digitais e sirva de ferramenta para a educação e a interação familiar.
Social Sciences, Labor in politics. Political activity of the working class
Article 30 (5a) of the UNCRPD states that participation in mainstream sport should be a right for all individuals. However, many disabled people still face barriers to participation, and provision remains segregated and/or determined, at least in part, by the nature and degree of impairment. This paper explores the Mixed Ability (MA) model as an innovative approach to facilitating disabled people’s participation in, and engagement with, mainstream sport. It outlines findings from an evaluation of the Sport England-funded Mixed Ability Sport Development Programme, which saw the MA model trialed in a variety of sports. A participatory research design was employed to generate data with key stakeholder groups involved in the design and delivery of programme activities, as well as with MA participants. Analysis of the data identified three core themes: (i) defining MA sport; (ii) the impacts of MA sport; and (iii) challenges and enablers of MA sport. In discussing these, it is argued that the MA model can be a powerful approach to inclusion and help to shape meaningful change. Indeed, the data suggest that the impacts of MA activities can extend beyond the individual level and influence shifts in both sports club culture and wider perceptions around disability. The paper closes by considering the implications of the research and outlines recommendations for future practice in this area.
Vocational rehabilitation. Employment of people with disabilities
A few years ago, the global consulting firm McKinsey and Company began issuing a series of increasingly urgent reports concerning “automation” and the future of work. Defining automation broadly as artificial intelligence and “other digital technologies,” the company promised in its reports that it could advise companies how they might prepare. Amidst this flurry of publication, McKinsey produced several articles specifically on the theme of “The Future of Work in Black America.” With “a new and proprietary data set”—a data set so proprietary readers were not privileged to see it—McKinsey claimed that “automation” would hurt the job prospects of Black Americans, and in particular Black men, more deeply and more broadly than any other demographic group in the United States. The jobs Black people held, McKinsey seemed to believe, were precisely those best performed by robots. For McKinsey's analysts, this conclusion was all but obvious when one considered, first, the racist exclusion of Black Americans from the resources of society, and second, the levels of education required to obtain the jobs Black people in America disproportionately hold, like “truck drivers, food service workers, and office clerks.”
Gemma Diaz Garolera, María Pallisera Díaz, Montserrat Vilà Suñé
et al.
Las relaciones interpersonales influyen de forma significativa en la inclusión social durante los procesos de tránsito a la vida adulta de las personas con discapacidad intelectual. Disponer de una red social de apoyo se considera la cima de la inclusión social. Con el objetivo de explorar el papel de las relaciones de amistad en los procesos de vida independiente de las personas con discapacidad intelectual, así como el papel de los profesionales de apoyo, se han llevado a cabo grupos de discusión tanto con personas con discapacidad intelectual como con profesionales. Los resultados de este estudio muestran la visión que unos y otros tienen de la amistad, así como el
papel que consideran que desarrollan las amistades en los procesos de vida independiente
de las personas con discapacidad intelectual y el rol que desempeñan los profesionales de apoyo con relación a la promoción del establecimiento y mantenimiento de relaciones de amistad de las personas con discapacidad intelectual. Se considera necesario el diseño y desarrollo de acciones específicas que permitan a las personas con discapacidad identificar y/o ampliar su red natural de apoyo.
Psychology, Vocational rehabilitation. Employment of people with disabilities
In her first book, anthropologist Elana Buch provides a long overdue and thoughtful analysis of the American home care system. What makes Inequalities of Aging: Paradoxes of Independence in American Home Care unusual is that it examines the intersection between home care workers and their elderly clients, underscoring the commonalities of their existence and interdependence. Buch traces the interaction between paid home care workers, specifically home health aides, and their clients through two home care agencies in Chicago. One is ‘‘Plusmore,’’ a public agency with a contract from the State of Illinois, and the other is ‘‘Belltower,’’ a private agency. Buch sets the stage for her book by detailing the commonalities between the clients and workers. Both workers and clients are predominantly women, are working poor or low-income, and rely significantly on government benefit programs such as Medicaid and food stamps, and, for most clients, Social Security. Buch uses this commonality to connect her work to theories of reproductive labor from critical feminist scholars. Building on reproductive labor, Buch introduces the concept of generative labor, which she defines as the ‘‘wide range of moral imaginings, practices, processes, and relations through which people work together to generate life in all its forms’’ (p. 6). Buch uses multiple ethnographic methods to construct themes related to generative labor, including participant observation, interviews, and life histories. The themes emerge around care relationships in practice and the meanings and consequences of the relationships for the home care workers and clients. The book is organized around several thematic chapters that explore the relationships between the home care workers, the home care agency supervisors, and the clients, each of whom has important life issues that often contradict the needs of others in what Buch describes as the triangle of care (client, home care worker, and agency). In Chapter One (‘‘Generating Independence’’), Buch focuses on the histories of several elderly clients, such as Harriet Cole and Hattie Meyers, both of whom are black women, to illustrate how older adults’ cultural constructions of personhood and independence translate into efforts to maintain control over their home. Mrs. Cole, for example, shared the same ethnic background as Virginia, her home care worker, but presented herself to Buch as a generous patron of Virginia, describing Virginia as the equivalent of a domestic servant. Buch observes that Mrs. Cole’s construction of her relationship to Virginia allowed Mrs. Cole to maintain her self-conception of being an independent middle-class woman despite the reality of the multiple financial, physical, and social vulnerabilities that threatened her fac xade of independence. In Chapter Two (‘‘Inheriting Care’’), Buch shifts her focus to the lived experience of the home care workers. Using a historical perspective, she relates the lives of the predominantly low-income women of color and immigrants who staff the home care agencies to the overrepresentation of women and people of color in the domestic, lowwage workforce caused by racism and discrimination in the United States. In Chapter Three (‘‘Making Care Work’’), Buch addresses the impact of the home care agency organizational framework on the client-work relationship. She argues that organizational constraints, such as codes of ethics, professional standards, and policies and procedures, create a unidirectional relationship and one that aggravates inequality between home care workers and their clients, particularly the more affluent clients. Buch 400 Reviews
Інтенсивний розвиток військової автомобільної техніки висуває підвищені вимоги до рухомих засобів технічного обслуговування та ремонту військової автомобільної техніки під час їх застосування за призначенням. Необхідно розуміти, що закупівля однієї номенклатури військової автомобільної техніки тягне за собою потребу у створенні в Збройних Сил України ремонтних комплектів для ремонтно-відновлювальних підрозділів (військових частин) різного рівня ієрархії, які будуть застосовуватись для обслуговування та ремонту даних зразків військової автомобільної техніки. Крім того необхідно враховувати, що існуючі на озброєні рухомі засоби технічного обслуговування та ремонту військової автомобільної техніки не в повній мірі пристосовані до виконання робіт на нових зразках через відсутність технологічного обладнання. Отже, на даний час виникають протиріччя між можливостями ремонтних підрозділів на озброєнні, яких знаходяться морально та фізично застарілі рухомі засоби технічного обслуговування та ремонту, і потребами у технічному обслуговуванні та ремонті нових зразків військової автомобільної техніки, прийнятих на озброєння за останні роки, в яких завершився гарантійний термін експлуатації. Застаріле обладнання існуючих рухомих засобів технічного обслуговування та ремонту, відсутність засобів діагностики, сучасних засобів зв’язку, інструменту та спеціальних приладів, які призначені для ремонту прийнятих на озброєння нових зразків військової автомобільної техніки, знижують виробничі можливості ремонтних підрозділів (військових частин), а інколи взагалі унеможливлюють повернути до строю військової автомобільної техніки, яка потребує технічного обслуговування або ремонту.
Тому, в статті на основі порівняльного аналізу можливостей рухомих засобів технічного обслуговування та ремонту і потреби в технічному обслуговуванні і ремонті нових зразків військової автомобільної техніки, характеру бойових та експлуатаційних пошкоджень військової автомобільної техніки у локальних війнах та збройних конфліктах, операції Об’єднаних сил на території України, проведене порівняння якісних та кількісних характеристик. Сформульовано наукове завдання щодо принципів побудови раціональної структури рухомих засобів технічного обслуговування та ремонту військової автомобільної техніки та їх елементів на різних рівнях ієрархії.
Abstract Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has become part of the livelihood strategy for a large section of the rural population in Burkina Faso. In some areas of the country, two out of three households have at least one family member working at an artisanal or small-scale mine. Whether this leads to a de-agrarianization of the rural area or rather to a diversification of livelihood strategies is debated. Using a mixed research methods approach, we analyze the interaction between agriculture and ASGM at the household level at four mining sites in the Center-North and North Regions of Burkina Faso. We focus, in particular, on how labor and capital are allocated, and how mine workers reinvest their eventual revenues. We find that both mine characteristics and time devoted to mining influence the extent to which livelihood strategies change over time. Mineworkers who fully engage with mining and choose to pursue work at productive mines are the most likely to step up their livelihoods or discontinue agricultural activities. Others who work on less productive mines to complement their income during the dry season are more likely to stagnate or even see their situation worsen. Our findings suggest that ASGM fosters a socio-economic differentiation and the formation of an ASGM-based upper class in rural areas.
ABSTRACT Young people’s processes of forming identities, linked to the work of anticipating futures, involve significant labors of thought, feeling, ethics and imagination. These labors proceed across both life-worlds and school-worlds, often in tension, especially for those from marginalized positions in social-structural power relations. This paper explores such identity labors, drawing on rich ethnographic data from research, during 2013–2014, that engaged students in Years 9 and 10, from working-class, immigrant and refugee backgrounds, who attended an inner-suburban school in Melbourne, Australia. We investigate two student groupings: (a) selected by the school for “accelerated” curriculum paths; and (b) the “others” we label written off by the school in terms of academic potential (a division we diagnose as driven by policy measures of institutional “performance”). In different ways among students in each grouping, we find their identity labors to reflect historical conditions for what Berlant calls “cruel optimism” about futures. Yet their identity dynamics also draw on rich funds of knowledge from their life-worlds that our research shows to offer resources – funds of identity – for more viable future imaginaries. We argue for curriculum and pedagogy that supports young people in their identity labors to live from their present into emergent, new-generational futures.
Directive 2014/104/EU has been implemented also in Italy, thus reinforcing the effectiveness of competition law at national level too. Through a “two point” system, therefore public and private enforcement qualify today for complementary means towards the same end.
Within such binary system, different issues and topics have been addressed so far by the academic community: from the binding nature of competition authorties decisions to the introduction of the powerful system of assumptions, to the alleviation of the burden of allegation, to the “passing on” rules, to the new role given to competition authorities in general, etc.. The provision devoted to the legal privilege covering the attorney-client communications, instead, has been almost neglected. In the following, the legal privilege will be analyzed in depth, since, thanks to the implementing provision, it will be able to acquire in Italy a renewed relevance in terms of both legal framework and scope of application.
instead gives meaning to paid labor. The sharp difference between middle-class and working-class immigrant women is one that Rosenbaum traces to their varying constitutions of self, with the former giving equal credence to motherhood and careers and the latter “defining themselves as mothers first” (117). For working-class immigrant women, the challenges of securing stable productive labor as domestic workers and the difficulties that these challenges impose on their ability to fulfill their reproductive labor responsibilities define their overall experience in the labor market. We do not learn of the labor conditions of domestic workers until chapters four and five. Overall, the book establishes that labor conditions do not seem to have improved as the informal structure of employment continues to haunt domestic workers in the twentyfirst century. As described by Rosenbaum, this is despite the rise of worker cooperatives and growth in advocacy efforts. Mistreatment, degradation, and humiliation define labor standards, despite the presence of some good employers. Aggravating this is the challenge of securing employment, which often leaves domestic workers dependent on unscrupulous agencies that overcharge for their services. Tolerance of domestic workers for substandard labor conditions also increases due to their absence of choice. Domestic Economies provides a novel angle for examining domestic work through its focus on the identities of those who hire and do domestic work, rather than on employer-employee relations, as do most other studies. But what if the narratives presented by employers and domestic workers disagree with each other? In Domestic Economies, we learn that employers attempt to equalize their relationship with domestic workers so as to minimize their privilege, but we also learn from domestic workers that the job remains sub-standard and oppressive. These two contradictory findings still beg explanation as they remain unresolved in the book.
AbstractLouise Audino Tilly, who died on March 2, 2018, enjoyed a relatively short twenty-five year career as a historian. But Tilly left an enduring imprint through her example and through her scholarship on the history of women and work, on the social and economic circumstances affecting collective action, and on the connections between demographic changes and family life. In more recent decades, several generations of historians have benefitted from the road maps she left pointing the way for emerging work on the connections between micro-level analysis and national and international histories of social change.
Abstract Background Epidemiological studies have shown that ambient air pollution is closely associated with increased respiratory inflammation and decreased lung function. Particulate matters (PMs) are major components of air pollution that damages lung cells. However, the mechanisms remain to be elucidated. This study examines the effects of PMs on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and the related mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. Result The cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and monocyte adherence to A549 cells were more severely affected by treatment with O-PMs (organic solvent-extractable fraction of SRM1649b) than with W-PMs (water-soluble fraction of SRM1649b). We observed a significant increase in ICAM-1 expression by O-PMs, but not W-PMs. O-PMs also induced the phosphorylation of AKT, p65, and STAT3. Pretreating A549 cells with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, attenuated O-PMs-induced ROS generation, the phosphorylation of the mentioned kinases, and the expression of ICAM-1. Furthermore, an AKT inhibitor (LY294002), NF-κB inhibitor (BAY11–7082), and STAT3 inhibitor (Stattic) significantly down-regulated O-PMs-induced ICAM-1 expression as well as the adhesion of U937 cells to epithelial cells. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was the most significantly changed cytokine in O-PMs-treated A549 cells according to the analysis of the cytokine antibody array. The IL-6 receptor inhibitor tocilizumab (TCZ) and small interfering RNA for IL-6 significantly reduced ICAM-1 secretion and expression as well as the reduction of the AKT, p65, and STAT3 phosphorylation in O-PMs-treated A549 cells. In addition, the intratracheal instillation of PMs significantly increased the levels of the ICAM-1 and IL-6 in lung tissues and plasma in WT mice, but not in IL-6 knockout mice. Pre-administration of NAC attenuated those PMs-induced adverse effects in WT mice. Furthermore, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) had higher plasma levels of ICAM-1 and IL-6 compared to healthy subjects. Conclusion These results suggest that PMs increase ICAM-1 expression in pulmonary epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo through the IL-6/AKT/STAT3/NF-κB signaling pathway.
Background: The predominance of neck pain in all exclusive community has been expanding and women having more problems related to neck like neck pain. Muscukoskeletal neck pain is usually caused by myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in neck and shoulder muscles. MTrPs are overly sensitive point in palpable taut bands of skeletal muscle fibers, that is painful on pressure.
Objective: This study was conducted to see work related neck pain due to MTrPs in different muscle group around neck and shoulder in female computer users.
Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in which self-administered questionnaire along with Visual analogue scale (VAS) was used. Basic instruction and information about study was given to participants. Total 50 participants were included in this study with myofascial triggers point in different muscles around neck and shoulder.
Result: Neck pain was more significant due to active MTrPs in levator scapulae and trapezius 17 (34%). Moderate and severe type neck pain occur due to active MTrPs in different muscle group. In majority of the participants neck pain was bilateral 34 (68%). Pillow was hard 35 (70%) with height greater than 5 inches 35 (70%). These participants having greater working hours >38hr/wk 39 (78%) with using mouse frequently 27 (54%).
Conclusion: Neck pain were more significant in patients using hard and high pillow (>5inches). Neck pain increased with having high working hours of computer use. Active MTrPs was more associated with hard and high pillow. Significant active MTrPs was found in levator scapulae and trapezius. Active MTrPs are more common in participants having mechanical neck pain.
Keywords: Neck pain, trigger points, prevalence, Myofascial release
Vocational rehabilitation. Employment of people with disabilities, Therapeutics. Psychotherapy
The lexicon of the U.S. food movement has expanded to include the term 'food justice.' Emerging after approximately two decades of food advocacy, this term frames structural critiques of agri-food systems and calls for radical change. Over those twenty years, practitioners and scholars have argued that the food movement was in danger of creating an 'alternative' food system for the white middle class. Alternative food networks drew on white imaginaries of an idyllic communal past, promoted consumer-oriented, market-driven change, and left yawning silences in the areas of gendered work, migrant labor, and racial inequality. Justice was often beside the point. Now, among practitioners and scholars we see an enthusiastic surge in the use of the term food justice but a vagueness on the particulars. In scholarship and practice, that vagueness manifests in overly general statements about ending oppression, or morphs into outright conflation of the dominant food movement's work with food justice (see What does it mean to do food justice? Cadieux and Slocum (2015), in this Issue). In this article, we focus on one of the four nodes (trauma/inequity, exchange, land and labor) around which food justice organizing appears to occur: acknowledging and confronting historical, collective trauma and persistent race, gender, and class inequality. We apply what we have learned from our research in U.S. and Canadian agri-food systems to suggest working methods that might guide practitioners as they work toward food justice, and scholars as they seek to study it. In the interests of ensuring accountability to socially just research and action, we suggest that scholars and practitioners need to be more clear on what it means to practice food justice. Towards such clarity and accountability, we urge scholars and practitioners to collaboratively document how groups move toward food justice, what thwarts and what enables them.