In the 1960s and 1970s a series of observations and theoretical developments highlighted the presence of several anomalies which could, in principle, be explained by postulating one of the following two working hypotheses: (i) the existence of dark matter, or (ii) the modification of standard gravitational dynamics in low accelerations. In the years that followed, the dark matter hypothesis as an explanation for dark matter phenomenology attracted far more attention compared to the hypothesis of modified gravity, and the latter is largely regarded today as a non-viable alternative. The present article takes an integrated history and philosophy of science approach in order to identify the reasons why the scientific community mainly pursued the dark matter hypothesis in the years that followed, as opposed to modified gravity. A plausible answer is given in terms of three epistemic criteria for the pursuitworthiness of a hypothesis: (a) its problem-solving potential, (b) its compatibility with established theories and the feasibility of incorporation, and (c) its independent testability. A further comparison between the problem of dark matter and the problem of dark energy is also presented, explaining why in the latter case the situation is different, and modified gravity is still considered a viable possibility.
Ecocide—the large-scale destruction of ecosystems by the human agent—has gained increasing prominence as an ethical and legal concern in the Anthropocene era. In this paper we explore ecocide at the intersection of moral philosophy and international law, examining how the ethical imperatives of environmental management have faced the limitations of codification and legal application. Drawing on conceptual and doctrinal analysis, in this paper we analyze the normative evolution of ecocide as an emerging international crime, tracing its roots in moral discourse, post-war humanitarian law, and contemporary climate governance. By integrating ethical theories – such as ecological justice, utilitarian environmental ethics, and deontological duty to non-human life – with legal developments from the Rome Statute to the amendments proposed by the Group of Independent Experts (2021), this study identifies a growing gap between ethical aspiration and legal achievement. Comparative and policy analyses show that, despite the growing recognition of environmental damage as a cross-border moral error, international law remains hampered by sovereignty, evidence and political barriers. Through illustrative case studies, including deforestation in the Amazon, oil pollution in the Niger Delta, and environmental damage during the war in Ukraine, this paper elucidates how moral outrage often outweighs legal responsibility. The conclusion calls for a more ethically grounded jurisprudence that reconciles human and ecological rights, transforming ecocide from an aspirational ideal into a concrete legal norm. The concept of ecocide — literally, "killing the house" (from Greek) — emerged in the 1970s amid debates about the environmental devastation of the Vietnam War. However, despite decades of moral support, ecocide remains largely absent from binding international law.
Abstract: This paper discusses the application of sharia principles in Islamic banking products. The author begins by explaining the laws and regulations relating to Islamic banking. The guidance and supervision of Islamic Banking is supervised by Bank Indonesia as the Central bank, and specifically supervised by the National Sharia Council and Sharia Supervisory Board. In carrying out its operations, it is guided by sharia principles based on the DSN MUI fatwa. Islamic Banking in conducting its business activities is based on Sharia Principles, economic democracy, and prudential principles that do not contain usury, maisir, gharar, haram, and zalim. Business activities include savings and investment. Distributing funds through mudharabah, musyarakah, murabahah, salam, istisna, ijarah, and alian contracts such as hawalah and kafalah based on sharia principles. It also explains the differences in philosophy, operations, social and organizational aspects between conventional banks and Islamic banks. The writing method used is literature research supported by an empirical normative approach to a case. Keywords: Shariah principles, Islamic Banking products Abstrak: Tulisan ini membahas tentang penerapan prinsip syariah dalam produk perbankan syariah. Penulis mengawalinya dengan menjelaskan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berkaitan dengan perbankan syariah. Pembinaan dan pengawasan Perbankan Syariah diawasi oleh Bank Indonesia dalam sebagai bank Sentral, dan secara khusus pengawasnnya dilakukan oleh Dewan Syariah Nasional dan Dewan Pengawas Syariah. Dalam menjalankan operasinya berpedoman kepada prinsip syariah berdasarkan fatwa DSN MUI. Perbankan Syariah dalam melakukan kegiatan usahanya berasaskan Prinsip Syariah, demokrasi ekonomi, dan prinsip kehati-hatian yang tidak mengandung riba, maisir, gharar, haram, dan zalim. Kegiatan usaha meliputi simpanan dan investasi. Menyalurkan dana melalui akad mudharabah, musyarakah, murabahah, salam, istisna, ijarah, dan akad alian seperti hawalah dan kafalah berdasarkan prinsip syariah. Dijelaskan juga perbedaan falsafah, operasional, aspek sosial dan organisasi antara bank konvensional dengan bank syariah. Metode penulisan yang digunakan adalah penelitian kepustakaan yang didukung oleh pendekatan normatif empiris terhadap suatu kasus. Kata kunci: Prinsip Syariah, Produk Perbankan Syariah
The scientific article presents the results of socio-philosophical study of one of the unresolved problems in many evaluation-value theories, namely, the problem of creating a unified classification of values and evaluations. In this context, the problem of classification of legal values and legal evaluations is not an exception. Classification of legal values as opposed to the classification of legal evaluations is a sufficiently researched topic in modern philosophy of law and jurisprudence. However, in social philosophy the issue of classification of the concepts of “legal values” and “legal assessments” has not been the subject of a separate study. In order to conduct this classification, it is necessary to thoroughly understand the content of these concepts. Legal values and legal assessments are defined by means of the generic concepts of “social values” and “social assessments”. In addition to the classical definition in the socio-philosophical study of legal values and legal assessments, contextual definition and comparative analysis are applied. As a result, the problem of classification of legal assessments and legal values is solved through social-philosophical understanding of existing classifications of these concepts and proposing their own variants of classification.
The realm of virtual environments has introduced novel challenges to the legal landscape, particularly concerning the phenomenon of virtual rape. This paper delves into the intricate legal dimensions surrounding virtual rape, exploring contemporary issues and the challenges they pose. Through a comprehensive analysis, it examines the evolving nature of virtual interactions, the complexities of consent in digital spaces, and the legal frameworks governing such offenses. By scrutinizing law, theories, philosophy, and jurisprudence, this study sheds light on the multifaceted nature of virtual rape and offers insights into navigating its legal complexities in modern society.
The article shows the nature and evolution of theoretical and legal sciences in Russia. In the 21st century, a feature of the sciences of fundamental jurisprudence is the comparative method of research, manifested in a combination of ideographic (individualizing) and nomological (generalizing) approaches to the study of law and state. It is noted that it is not enough to consider law and the state only from the perspective of the science of the general theory of law — understanding their meaning and essence involves studying the genesis, ontology and axiology of these social phenomena. The contribution of the Department of Theory of State and Law and Political Science of the Law Faculty of Moscow State University named after M.V. is shown. Lomonosov into modern theoretical and legal science. The complex interdisciplinary nature of the works prepared by teachers of the Department of Theory of State and Law and Political Science is emphasized, which demonstrates the results of many years of methodological developments in the areas of general theory of law, history of political and legal doctrines, comparative law, philosophy of law and sociology of law.
: Criminal law is one of the philosophical laws that includes a vast amount of legal terms and theories that have gone through different stages. The idea of probability in criminal law is one of the difficult and controversial topics. Probability is a philosophical idea that derives its logical basis from philosophical theories and establishes the relationship between them and the nature of human behavior and legal logic. The theory of probability in philosophy and logic is the direction taken by legal scholars in criminal philosophy. The theory of criminal intent is one form of criminal intent based on integrating the theory of intent with the theory of probability and is one of the important theories in criminal law, especially for distinguishing between intentional and unintentional crimes and the basis of holding the offender criminally responsible. Considering that there is a psychological link between the offender and the crime's materials, and that the basis for criminalizing probabilistic intent is based on probability, it is one of the important and ambiguous topics where there are many theories proposed in this field to determine the relationship between them and probability. Also, the stance of Western jurisprudence and Arab countries differs, and although each faction of jurists has its justifications, the main goal remains the protection of rights and interests protected by the law and not allowing the offender to escape criminal responsibility.
Background: This article examines Thomas Hobbes' rationalist philosophy and its influence on contemporary legal frameworks, particularly the evolution from positivism to the conception of fundamental rights. Hobbes' theory of "calculative reasoning" is central to understanding the role of reason in law, marking a shift from religious and traditional rationalism to a logic-based approach that applies scientific methods to social organization and individual rights. Materials and Methods: This study employs a bibliographic approach, using a literature review to trace Hobbes' philosophical roots and their evolution in legal thought. Comparisons are made with thinkers like Aristotle, Montesquieu, and Locke, analyzing how classical theories informed Hobbes' concept of reason as calculation. A deductive method is used to assess Hobbes' impact on legal positivism and modern legal rationality. Results and Conclusions: Hobbes' concept of calculative reasoning significantly influenced the legal system by establishing reason as a tool for logical and precise decision-making within jurisprudence. This theoretical evolution supports the structure of modern states and democratic systems, with rationality as a guiding principle for laws protecting individual rights, including property and freedom. Hobbes’ rationalism contributed to transforming legal philosophy by grounding it in logical assessment, moving away from metaphysical and theological interpretations, thereby shaping contemporary legal doctrines regarding the social contract and fundamental rights.
This paper delves into the intricate legal and ethical issues surrounding duty to rescue laws, scrutinizing their implications through the lens of legal philosophy. By examining the theoretical foundation of utilitarianism and the social construction of norms, it elucidates the moral imperative and societal benefits of mandating assistance in emergency situations. Drawing upon seminal works in ethical theory and jurisprudence, such as Peter Singer’s renowned thought experiment and the concept of the collective action problem, the paper navigates the intricate balance between individual autonomy and communal wellbeing. Moreover, it engages with practical considerations regarding the enforceability and efficacy of such laws, addressing concerns regarding personal autonomy and potential unintended consequences. Through thorough analysis and argumentation, this paper seeks to contribute to the ongoing discourse surrounding the legal and ethical contours of duty to rescue laws, shedding light on both their merits and potential limitations in promoting a more just and compassionate society, finally coming to the conclusion that the arguments for the implementation of duty to rescue laws outweigh the arguments against.
The article examines the functions of the norms of administrative law, which are presented in the modern theory of administrative law. It has been established that one of the key components of the goal-setting mechanism are the functions of the norms of administrative law. It has been found that over the past ten years, the functions of administrative law and the functions of administrative law norms have become the subject of research in many complex works, however, in the doctrine of administrative law, unified approaches regarding the definition of the content and classification of the functions of administrative law norms have not been formed. It is emphasized that the study of legal norms is limited to several blocks of questions: a) comparative characteristics of legal norms with other social rules of behavior; b) analysis of the structural elements of the legal norm with an indication of the peculiarities of the interaction between hypotheses, dispositions and sanctions; c) determination of the features of the rule of law, which allows for the formulation of an appropriate definition; d) classification of legal norms. Meanwhile, the content and classification of the functions of the norms of administrative law remain little-researched issues in the science of administrative law, which require special attention from lawyers, especially from the standpoint of the mutual influence and interrelationship of the functions of all elements of the national law system and the goal-setting of the norms of administrative law. It has been established that law is a systemic phenomenon, and therefore every element of this system affects its functionality. Therefore, it is possible to enrich and deepen the scientific understanding of the functions of law only through a systematic analysis of manifestations of law at the primary level (norm of law), at the level of legal institutions, at the level of branches of law, etc. Each level may have its own functional features, which are not always taken into account during the general characterization of law as one of the types of social rules of behavior. It was concluded that the functions of the norms of administrative law are the purposeful influence of the norms of administrative law on social relations, which is ensured by the appropriate set of legal means, and its effectiveness by comparing the obtained result with the goals set before the norm of administrative law. It was found that the following functions are basic for the norms of administrative law: 1) orientation function; 2) evaluation function; 3) target function; 4) motivational function.
El artículo analiza los hechos jurídicamente relevantes en la subjetividad de los personajes de “El juicio de los siete de Chicago”, una película de Aaron Sorkin producida en el año 2020. El filme relata las revueltas contra la guerra de Vietnam que se realizaron en Chicago en agosto de 1968 con ocasión de la Convención Demócrata y el juicio en el que fueron acusados los líderes de las manifestaciones. A través del artículo se facilita la comprensión de la construcción subjetiva de los hechos jurídicamente relevantes a partir de contextos históricos y sociopolíticos específicos. Metodológicamente se planteó como resultado de una investigación exploratoria cualitativa que buscó evidenciar las relaciones entre cine y derecho y su capacidad para comprender el papel del sujeto y la subjetividad en la construcción de los hechos jurídicamente relevantes, complementariamente se contó con el análisis de contenido como herramienta. Se concluye que el cine y el derecho son construcciones que facilitan comprender los elementos causales de los acontecimientos de Chicago de agosto del 68. Además, que el cine es una herramienta que facilita realizar acercamientos hipotéticos a las formas cómo son construidos los hechos jurídicamente relevantes y, en este caso en particular, a las formas cómo se construyeron los hechos en la acusación del juicio a los líderes del movimiento de protesta.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Focalizado en la filosofía social, política y jurídica de Denis de Rougemont, el artículo parte de su antropología relacional, que comunica la moral social, la política y el derecho en el espacio público, y de su consecuente propuesta de una cultura políitca federalista. En ese marco, se estudian las aportaciones del autor suizo relevantes para el debate contemporáneo sobre la crisis del Estado-nación, la ciudadanía, las identidades y la diversidad cultural, con el propósito de iluminar nuestra realidad actual marcada por el fenómeno de una globalización ahora fracturada.
Rizky Amalia, Muhammad Amirul Alfan, Maghfirah Aliefia
et al.
The Indonesian government carries out goods/services procurement activities in the framework of the welfare of its people. From time to time the procurement of goods/services has developed and, in the current digital era, it has begun to switch to electronic-based procurement. To answer the challenges of these developments, as well as to prevent fraud or violations of the law, a solid system is needed that can accommodate all of this. The blockchain concept can be an alternative to answer this issue because the blockchain system has advantages in terms of security and transparency. The research method used in this article is legal research with a statute and conceptual approach. The purpose of this article is to become a reference regarding the probability of using the blockchain system in the law of procurement of goods and services in Indonesia. The findings of this study are that no country has yet implemented a blockchain system for the procurement of goods/services. Blockchain technology has been implemented by the private sector, namely by Walmart, Nestle, and Unilever who use blockchain technology as the basis of their supply chain management which, with this system, can increase effectiveness and efficiency as well as afford a good level of security. Thus the blockchain system for procuring goods/services in Indonesia can be a method that can be applied to increase efficiency and aspects of transparency to reduce misuse in the procurement of goods/services.
Private international law. Conflict of laws, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
In this paper, we generalize the log-Sobolev inequalities to Rényi--Sobolev inequalities by replacing the entropy with the two-parameter entropy, which is a generalized version of entropy and closely related to Rényi divergences. We derive the sharp nonlinear dimension-free version of this kind of inequalities. Interestingly, the resultant inequalities show a transition phenomenon depending on the parameters. We then connect Rényi--Sobolev inequalities to contractive and data-processing inequalities, concentration inequalities, and spectral graph theory. Our proofs in this paper are based on the information-theoretic characterization of the Rényi--Sobolev inequalities, as well as the method of types.
In late 2021, the Constitutional Court of Thailand issued a decision concerning the constitutionality of Section 1448 of the Thai Civil and Commercial Code. Due to the decision, same-sex marriage remains unregulated. The Court implemented natural-law doctrines as their reasons. Natural-law theories are the primary opponents of same-sex marriage within the jurisprudential debate. This paper explores the natural-law doctrines used and presents an analysis of this constitutional decision by way of legal philosophy. Hume’s Law is helpful in discerning natural-law theories. The citation of Cicero’s “true law" proves to help analyse other doctrines and comment on some of the contradictions from the natural-law applications. One contradiction is the citation of Cicero’s text itself, another, from the simultaneous reference of nature and tradition. Another apparent reference of natural-law doctrines the Court used is the preservation argument. Upon the subjects of marriage, natural law, and procreation, it is worthy of exploring some of John Finnis’s natural-law theory and its similarity with this decision’s rationales. This constitutional decision is significant from the philosophical perspective and an excellent opportunity to explore the role of the legal philosophy of the ancient Greek to the contemporary period in Thai jurisprudence.
Es un honor escribir estas líneas que sirven para presentar a los lectores de la Revista Ius Comitiãlis el número 9 de esta publicación especializada en temas electorales.
De manera ininterrumpida Ius Comitiãlis ha propiciado la difusión de los grandes debates en materia electoral y en esta ocasión, se incluyen diez trabajos que analizan diversas cuestiones de hondo calado y significativa repercusión.
En el presente artículo mostramos los hallazgos iniciales sobre la diversidad de tipos de órganos jurisdiccionales que existen hoy en el Poder Judicial peruano, sus primeras características, así como lo que nos puede revelar la creación de una compleja diversidad de categorías de órganos jurisdiccionales respecto a la respuesta que puede tener el Estado peruano frente a la conflictividad social a la que debe atender.
Public law, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
O presente trabalho pretende analisar qual é o efetivo papel da prisão provisória para a persecução penal e para o próprio Estado Democrático de Direito, já que os dados referentes aos indivíduos que estão sendo presos provisoriamente no país evidenciam que, por detrás de um discurso legalista e de garantia de direitos, existe uma verdadeira seleção daqueles que devem estar encarcerados mesmo sem condenação definitiva. Nesse sentido, busca-se analisar os números fornecidos pelas instituições de controle e fiscalização sobre o tema, verificar quais teorias criminológicas estão por detrás desses dados, bem como compreender de que forma é possível superar o uso inadequado da prisão cautelar como fonte de seletividade social no Sistema de Justiça brasileiro, compreendendo o verdadeiro sentido de cautelaridade para o processo penal. Considerando que a maioria dos presos provisórios do país são pretos, pardos, pobres, de baixa escolaridade e capturados pela prática de crimes patrimoniais, torna-se fundamental reconhecer que o encarceramento provisório não possui somente um viés processual, mas também político, econômico e social.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Political institutions and public administration (General)