Hasil untuk "Human evolution"

Y. Bar-Yam

Overview: The Dynamics of Complex Systems-Examples, Questions, Methods and Concepts Introduction and Preliminaries Neural Networks I: Subdivision and Hierarchy Neural Networks II: Models of Mind Protein Folding I: Size Scaling of Time Protein Folding II: Kinetic Pathways Life I: Evolution-Origin of Complex Organisms Life II: Developmental Biology-Complex by Design Human Civilization I: Defining Complexity Human Civilization II: A Complex(ity) Transition.

Nicole M. Gaudelli, Alexis C. Komor, H. Rees et al.

The spontaneous deamination of cytosine is a major source of transitions from C•G to T•A base pairs, which account for half of known pathogenic point mutations in humans. The ability to efficiently convert targeted A•T base pairs to G•C could therefore advance the study and treatment of genetic diseases. The deamination of adenine yields inosine, which is treated as guanine by polymerases, but no enzymes are known to deaminate adenine in DNA. Here we describe adenine base editors (ABEs) that mediate the conversion of A•T to G•C in genomic DNA. We evolved a transfer RNA adenosine deaminase to operate on DNA when fused to a catalytically impaired CRISPR–Cas9 mutant. Extensive directed evolution and protein engineering resulted in seventh-generation ABEs that convert targeted A•T base pairs efficiently to G•C (approximately 50% efficiency in human cells) with high product purity (typically at least 99.9%) and low rates of indels (typically no more than 0.1%). ABEs introduce point mutations more efficiently and cleanly, and with less off-target genome modification, than a current Cas9 nuclease-based method, and can install disease-correcting or disease-suppressing mutations in human cells. Together with previous base editors, ABEs enable the direct, programmable introduction of all four transition mutations without double-stranded DNA cleavage.

P. Bauer, A. Thorpe, G. Brunet

M. Fisher, Daniel A Henk, C. Briggs et al.

E. Shorter

Jennifer Y. Lin, D. Fisher

W. Steffen, P. Crutzen, J. McNeill

Abstract We explore the development of the Anthropocene, the current epoch in which humans and our societies have become a global geophysical force. The Anthropocene began around 1800 with the onset of industrialization, the central feature of which was the enormous expansion in the use of fossil fuels. We use atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration as a single, simple indicator to track the progression of the Anthropocene. From a preindustrial value of 270–275 ppm, atmospheric carbon dioxide had risen to about 310 ppm by 1950. Since then the human enterprise has experienced a remarkable explosion, the Great Acceleration, with significant consequences for Earth System functioning. Atmospheric CO2 concentration has risen from 310 to 380 ppm since 1950, with about half of the total rise since the preindustrial era occurring in just the last 30 years. The Great Acceleration is reaching criticality. Whatever unfolds, the next few decades will surely be a tipping point in the evolution of the Anthropocene.

E. Fehr, S. Gächter

Human cooperation is an evolutionary puzzle. Unlike other creatures, people frequently cooperate with genetically unrelated strangers, often in large groups, with people they will never meet again, and when reputation gains are small or absent. These patterns of cooperation cannot be explained by the nepotistic motives associated with the evolutionary theory of kin selection and the selfish motives associated with signalling theory or the theory of reciprocal altruism. Here we show experimentally that the altruistic punishment of defectors is a key motive for the explanation of cooperation. Altruistic punishment means that individuals punish, although the punishment is costly for them and yields no material gain. We show that cooperation flourishes if altruistic punishment is possible, and breaks down if it is ruled out. The evidence indicates that negative emotions towards defectors are the proximate mechanism behind altruistic punishment. These results suggest that future study of the evolution of human cooperation should include a strong focus on explaining altruistic punishment.

M. Tomasello, M. Carpenter, J. Call et al.

G. Becker

Preface to the Enlarged Edition Introduction 1. Single-Person Households 2. Division of Labor in Households and Families Supplement: Human Capital, Effort, and the Sexual Division of Labor 3. Polygamy and Monogamy in Marriage Markets 4. Assortative Mating in Marriage Markets 5. The Demand for Children Supplement: A Reformulation of the Economic Theory of Fertility 6. Family Background and the Opportunities of Children 7. Inequality and Intergenerational Mobility Supplement: Human Capital and the Rise and Fall of Families 8. Altruism in the Family 9. Families in Nonhuman Species 10. Imperfect Information, Marriage, and Divorce 11. The Evolution of the Family Supplement: The Family and the State Bibliography Index

J. Barkow, L. Cosmides, J. Tooby

Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium

R. Schmidt, Timothy D. Lee

A. Kondrashov

C. Birchmeier, W. Birchmeier, E. Gherardi et al.

P. Hines, M. Holweg, Nick Rich

W. Brown, E. M. Prager, Alice Wang et al.

Xinyuan Li, Samuel Bickel, Wisnu Adi Wicaksono et al.

Abstract Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) naturally serve ecological and adaptive functions in microorganisms, yet human activities have disrupted this balance, accelerating their enrichment and spread in the soil–plant system. As a key ARG transmission interface across One Health sectors, the soil–plant system warrants greater attention. This review synthesizes emerging evidence on the distribution and transmission of resistomes in the rhizosphere, phyllosphere, and endosphere, revealing the potential risk of soil–plant ARGs to human, animal, and plant health. However, major gaps remain, particularly in horizontal and vertical ARG transmission associated within the plant endosphere and across plant generations. Moreover, we summarize key factors shaping soil–plant ARG dynamics, including soil conditions, plant evolution and traits, and anthropogenic influences. Among these, climate change emerges as a global, long-term, and largely irreversible driver, altering soil properties, plant physiology, and microbial activity through drastic environmental shifts. We discuss the risks of climate-driven ARG dissemination and its broader ecological and agricultural implications. Addressing these challenges requires advanced monitoring methods, integrated data sources, and policy innovations. In this review, we highlight climate change as an emerging driver of ARG selection and dissemination, emphasizing its impact on soil–plant resistome and the need for future One Health research on climate-driven resistome shifts.

Jin Rui, Mao Junjie, Deng Yuhang et al.

This study was aimed at analyzing the pathogenic characteristics of Bordetella hinzii ( B. hinzii ), and elucidating its antibiotic resistance mechanisms, virulence gene distribution, and vaccine development potential. Genomes of 38 global strains were downloaded from the NCBI database. After quality control with CheckM, pan-genome analysis was performed with Roary, SNP-based phylogenetic trees were constructed with snippy, and antibiotic resistance genes (CARD database) and virulence genes (VFDB database) were predicted with abricate. Bioinformatics tools were integrated to screen candidate vaccine proteins. All strains carried intrinsic resistance genes, including efflux pumps ( MexAB-OprM ) and the β-lactamase HBL-1 , which conferred resistance to ten antibiotic classes. Core virulence genes ( bplA-L , bvgAS , and flagella-associated genes) were highly conserved (detection rate >92.1%). SNP analysis classified the strains into six clades, and human-derived isolates showed host-specific clustering. The pan-genome was open (7,530 genes; Heaps’ law parameter B = 0.35). Two outer membrane proteins, LptD and BamD, were identified as vaccine candidates (antigenicity scores >0.4; no host homology). B. hinzii exhibits cross-host transmission risks, driven by conserved virulence genes and an open genome enabling adaptive evolution. LptD and BamD represent potential vaccine targets requiring further validation. This study provides a theoretical basis for clinical management and prevention strategies.