Hasil untuk "History of the Greco-Roman World"

Daniel Sutton

The origin of the name ‘Old Oligarch’ for the author of the Constitution of the Athenians has long been uncertain. This article argues that Gilbert Murray did, in fact, coin the name in A History of Ancient Greek Literature, paraphrasing an earlier remark in German by Adolf Kirchhoff, and that the name was supposed to be humorous.

Chaoda Zheng, Sean Li, Jinhao Deng et al.

Scalable and reliable evaluation is increasingly critical in the end-to-end era of autonomous driving, where vision--language--action (VLA) policies directly map raw sensor streams to driving actions. Yet, current evaluation pipelines still rely heavily on real-world road testing, which is costly, biased toward limited scenario coverage, and difficult to reproduce. These challenges motivate a real-world simulator that can generate realistic future observations under proposed actions, while remaining controllable and stable over long horizons. We present X-World, an action-conditioned multi-camera generative world model that simulates future observations directly in video space. Given synchronized multi-view camera history and a future action sequence, X-World generates future multi-camera video streams that follow the commanded actions. To ensure reproducible and editable scene rollouts, X-World further supports optional controls over dynamic traffic agents and static road elements, and retains a text-prompt interface for appearance-level control (e.g., weather and time of day). Beyond world simulation, X-World also enables video style transfer by conditioning on appearance prompts while preserving the underlying action and scene dynamics. At the core of X-World is a multi-view latent video generator designed to explicitly encourage cross-view geometric consistency and temporal coherence under diverse control signals. Experiments show that X-World achieves high-quality multi-view video generation with (i) strong view consistency across cameras, (ii) stable temporal dynamics over long rollouts, and (iii) high controllability with strict action following and faithful adherence to optional scene controls. These properties make X-World a practical foundation for scalable and reproducible evaluation.

Emre Erdan, Erkan Fidan

The paper examines an unexpected fibula find from the Bahçelievler (in Bilecik) site, notable for its Neolithic artifacts. A bronze fibula bearing a button attachment was discovered during salvage excavations at this small yet highly significant site in inland Northwestern Anatolia. The fibula, discovered beside a collection of pottery, an unidentified wall, and burnt soil, is among the few Rhodian fibulae recorded in literature. The fibula, deposited as part of a burial custom, is the earliest known instance in the area and signifies the northernmost location of this fibula type. The discovery of a Rhodian fibula in an area significantly inland from the shore indicates mobility between the two regions. Despite the Phrygian type being the predominant fibula group in the region, the presence of this particular type of fibula, significant for its representation of national identity, has been attributed to a woman buried in Bahçelievler who may have arrived through intermarriage.

Laura Buitrago Santana

Since the mid-19th century, traveling to Europe has become a common practice among Latin American elites. The city of Naples, renowned since the 18th century for the Roman sites of Pompeii and Herculaneum, became a must-visit destination. Travelers such as the Peruvian writer and diplomat Pedro Paz Soldán, Colombian politician Aquileo Parra, and Mexican artist Felipe Gutiérrez visited these ruins and left accounts of their experiences. This article aims to examine these testimonies and demonstrate how the experience – made possible by various factors – enabled these individuals to develop their own discourse on antiquity. Moreover, it allowed them to consolidate a cosmopolitan identity that legitimized their privileged social status and contributed to shaping the national identity narratives of their respective countries.

Roy Gibson

The story of Latin and its professors at the University of Liverpool (UK) is not only of intrinsic interest for its procession of prestigious figures and their scholarly achievements, but can also tell us much about the surprisingly slow emergence and gradual professionalization of Latin as a distinctive field of study in the UK, from the late Victorian wave of new university foundations to the late 20th century.

Ángel Ruiz Pérez

En la Segunda Parte de la Monarquía Mística, de fray Lorenzo de Zamora, destaca la presencia de la obra de Plutarco. Hay numerosas citas, de transmisión directa e indirecta, que son estudiadas, editadas e identificadas en este trabajo, donde se analiza las vías de acceso por las que el autor cisterciense accedió a las obras de Plutarco y se clasifica las obras más citadas. Ello permite llegar a conclusiones sobre el grado de conocimiento de la obra del autor de Queronea por parte de fray Lorenzo de Zamora.

Antonis Antoniou

In the 1960s and 1970s a series of observations and theoretical developments highlighted the presence of several anomalies which could, in principle, be explained by postulating one of the following two working hypotheses: (i) the existence of dark matter, or (ii) the modification of standard gravitational dynamics in low accelerations. In the years that followed, the dark matter hypothesis as an explanation for dark matter phenomenology attracted far more attention compared to the hypothesis of modified gravity, and the latter is largely regarded today as a non-viable alternative. The present article takes an integrated history and philosophy of science approach in order to identify the reasons why the scientific community mainly pursued the dark matter hypothesis in the years that followed, as opposed to modified gravity. A plausible answer is given in terms of three epistemic criteria for the pursuitworthiness of a hypothesis: (a) its problem-solving potential, (b) its compatibility with established theories and the feasibility of incorporation, and (c) its independent testability. A further comparison between the problem of dark matter and the problem of dark energy is also presented, explaining why in the latter case the situation is different, and modified gravity is still considered a viable possibility.

Qishuai Zhong, Zongmin Li, Siqi Fan et al.

Effective engagement by large language models (LLMs) requires adapting responses to users' sociodemographic characteristics, such as age, occupation, and education level. While many real-world applications leverage dialogue history for contextualization, existing evaluations of LLMs' behavioral adaptation often focus on single-turn prompts. In this paper, we propose a framework to evaluate LLM adaptation when attributes are introduced either (1) explicitly via user profiles in the prompt or (2) implicitly through multi-turn dialogue history. We assess the consistency of model behavior across these modalities. Using a multi-agent pipeline, we construct a synthetic dataset pairing dialogue histories with distinct user profiles and employ questions from the Value Survey Module (VSM 2013) (Hofstede and Hofstede, 2016) to probe value expression. Our findings indicate that most models adjust their expressed values in response to demographic changes, particularly in age and education level, but consistency varies. Models with stronger reasoning capabilities demonstrate greater alignment, indicating the importance of reasoning in robust sociodemographic adaptation.

Amirhosein Ghasemabadi, Muhammad Kamran Janjua, Mohammad Salameh et al.

One key challenge to video restoration is to model the transition dynamics of video frames governed by motion. In this work, we propose TURTLE to learn the truncated causal history model for efficient and high-performing video restoration. Unlike traditional methods that process a range of contextual frames in parallel, TURTLE enhances efficiency by storing and summarizing a truncated history of the input frame latent representation into an evolving historical state. This is achieved through a sophisticated similarity-based retrieval mechanism that implicitly accounts for inter-frame motion and alignment. The causal design in TURTLE enables recurrence in inference through state-memorized historical features while allowing parallel training by sampling truncated video clips. We report new state-of-the-art results on a multitude of video restoration benchmark tasks, including video desnowing, nighttime video deraining, video raindrops and rain streak removal, video super-resolution, real-world and synthetic video deblurring, and blind video denoising while reducing the computational cost compared to existing best contextual methods on all these tasks.

Diether Schürr

On his sarcophagus in Limyra, Khñtabura is shown standing naked between two old seated men designated as Araχa and Khinaχa. The second one could be the dynast Khinaχa, who minted coins at Limyra much earlier, because there are other cases of cultivating the memory of dynasts in inscriptions, also Greek inscriptions in Hellenistic times, and even of honouring the pillar tombs of dynasts in Byzantine times. Here Khinaχa is probably commemorated as an ancestor of Khñtabura.

Danko Georgiev, Eliahu Cohen

Quantum entanglement is a key resource, which grants quantum systems the ability to accomplish tasks that are classically impossible. Here, we apply Feynman's sum-over-histories formalism to interacting bipartite quantum systems and introduce entanglement measures for bipartite quantum histories. Based on the Schmidt decomposition of the matrix comprised of the Feynman propagator complex coefficients, we prove that bipartite quantum histories are entangled if and only if the Schmidt rank of this matrix is larger than 1. The proposed approach highlights the utility of using a separable basis for constructing the bipartite quantum histories and allows for quantification of their entanglement from the complete set of experimentally measured sequential weak values. We then illustrate the non-classical nature of entangled histories with the use of Hardy's overlapping interferometers and explain why local hidden variable theories are unable to correctly reproduce all observable quantum outcomes. Our theoretical results elucidate how the composite tensor product structure of multipartite quantum systems is naturally extended across time and clarify the difference between quantum histories viewed as projection operators in the history Hilbert space or viewed as chain operators and propagators in the standard Hilbert space.

Alejandro Gonzalez-Hevia, Daniel Gayo-Avello

Knowledge graphs have been adopted in many diverse fields for a variety of purposes. Most of those applications rely on valid and complete data to deliver their results, pressing the need to improve the quality of knowledge graphs. A number of solutions have been proposed to that end, ranging from rule-based approaches to the use of probabilistic methods, but there is an element that has not been considered yet: the edit history of the graph. In the case of collaborative knowledge graphs (e.g., Wikidata), those edits represent the process in which the community reaches some kind of fuzzy and distributed consensus over the information that best represents each entity, and can hold potentially interesting information to be used by knowledge graph refinement methods. In this paper, we explore the use of edit history information from Wikidata to improve the performance of type prediction methods. To do that, we have first built a JSON dataset containing the edit history of every instance from the 100 most important classes in Wikidata. This edit history information is then explored and analyzed, with a focus on its potential applicability in knowledge graph refinement tasks. Finally, we propose and evaluate two new methods to leverage this edit history information in knowledge graph embedding models for type prediction tasks. Our results show an improvement in one of the proposed methods against current approaches, showing the potential of using edit information in knowledge graph refinement tasks and opening new promising research lines within the field.

Leandro Polverini

Il 1938 è l’anno culminante della prima fase di esistenza dell’Istituto di Studi Romani (dalla fondazione, nel 1925, alla fine della seconda guerra mondiale). Le celebrazioni del bimillenario della nascita di Augusto, promosse dall’Istituto, in particolare la grandiosa Mostra augustea della romanità, furono infatti accompagnate dall’inizio della pubblicazione della Storia di Roma, che avrebbe caratterizzato un cinquantennio della seconda fase di esistenza dell’Istituto. La rassegna delle vicende delle due iniziative, sulla scorta della vasta docu­mentazione esemplarmente conservata nell’Archivio dell’Istituto, vuol servire ad una loro valutazione storiografica, specifica e comparativa, in funzione di un giudizio storico sull’Istituto di Studi Romani, nella duplice prospettiva della sua prima fase di esistenza: culturale e scientifica, da una parte, politica e ideologica, dall’altra. The peak in the first phase in the history of the Istituto di Studi Romani (from 1925, its foundation year, to the end of the Second World War) was 1938. The celebrations of the Augustan bimillenary promoted by the Institute, notably the lavish Mostra augustea della romanità, coincided with the early instalments of the Storia di Roma, which would then go on to mark the second phase of the history of the Institute. The overview of both initiatives, through a survey of the vast and admirably well-organised Archive of the Institute, can serve their proper historiographical assessment, with a view to an historical evaluation of the Institute’s impact and significance from a twofold standpoint: through a cultural and scholarly perspective, on the one hand, and through a political and ideological one, on the other.

Gaetano Arena

The paper intends to examine a specific area of research concerning the pollution of large rivers – the Tiber above all but not exclusively – and the resulting contamination of water and air as well as the depletion of fish fauna and related food risks. The data on the damage to fluvial (but also lake and marine) habitats are not presented by the intellectuals of the Flavian-Trajan and Antonine ages (Pliny the Elder, Pliny the Younger, Galen) in an ‘environmentalist’ perspective stricto sensu, but each time presented in terms of moral condemnation, or of political propaganda aimed at seeking consensus or even in terms of risk to health and/or possible economic damage. In spite of this, from a legal point of view, appears undeniable a concern of the State to introduce measures aimed at limiting environmental damages as well as protecting and conserving natural resources, although certainly not systematic, but dictated by completely pragmatic needs and by occasional or emergency circumstances.

Christopher E. Carr

An origin of Earth life on Mars would resolve significant inconsistencies between the inferred history of life and Earth's geologic history. Life as we know it utilizes amino acids, nucleic acids, and lipids for the metabolic, informational, and compartment-forming subsystems of a cell. Such building blocks may have formed simultaneously from cyanosulfidic chemical precursors in a planetary surface scenario involving ultraviolet light, wet-dry cycling, and volcanism. However, early Earth was a water world, and the timing of the rise of oxygen on Earth is inconsistent with final fixation of the genetic code in response to oxidative stress. A cyanosulfidic origin of life could have taken place on Mars via photoredox chemistry, facilitated by orders of magnitude more sub-aerial crust than early Earth, and an earlier transition to oxidative conditions. Meteoritic bombardment may have generated transient habitable environments and ejected and transferred life to Earth. The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover offers an unprecedented opportunity to confirm or refute evidence consistent with a cyanosulfidic origin of life on Mars, search for evidence of ancient life, and constrain the evolution of Mars' oxidation state over time. We should seek to prove or refute a Martian origin for life on Earth alongside other possibilities.

Finglass, Patrick J.

Ana Paula Pinto

Os Poemas Homéricos, incomparáveis referentes de cultura desde a Antigui-dade, concentram a sua força expressiva na temática da transgressão de fronteiras: na Ilíada, abandonada a pátria, os Gregos acampam muito tempo diante das muralhas inex-pugnáveis de uma nação estranha, a impor a sua determinação de vingança; na Odisseia desse limiar funesto da barbárie errará Ulisses pelos confins da terra, até vir a impor a paz, armado, no umbral da sua casa. Somando referências lexicais, narrativas e míticas, uma densa rede de significações simbólicas traduz a metaforização da itinerância em conflito — e das fronteiras.

Mrigank Rochan, Mahesh Kumar Krishna Reddy, Linwei Ye et al.

Recently, there is an increasing interest in highlight detection research where the goal is to create a short duration video from a longer video by extracting its interesting moments. However, most existing methods ignore the fact that the definition of video highlight is highly subjective. Different users may have different preferences of highlight for the same input video. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective framework that learns to adapt highlight detection to a user by exploiting the user's history in the form of highlights that the user has previously created. Our framework consists of two sub-networks: a fully temporal convolutional highlight detection network $H$ that predicts highlight for an input video and a history encoder network $M$ for user history. We introduce a newly designed temporal-adaptive instance normalization (T-AIN) layer to $H$ where the two sub-networks interact with each other. T-AIN has affine parameters that are predicted from $M$ based on the user history and is responsible for the user-adaptive signal to $H$. Extensive experiments on a large-scale dataset show that our framework can make more accurate and user-specific highlight predictions.

Michael Gref, Oliver Walter, Christoph Schmidt et al.

While recent automatic speech recognition systems achieve remarkable performance when large amounts of adequate, high quality annotated speech data is used for training, the same systems often only achieve an unsatisfactory result for tasks in domains that greatly deviate from the conditions represented by the training data. For many real-world applications, there is a lack of sufficient data that can be directly used for training robust speech recognition systems. To address this issue, we propose and investigate an approach that performs a robust acoustic model adaption to a target domain in a cross-lingual, multi-staged manner. Our approach enables the exploitation of large-scale training data from other domains in both the same and other languages. We evaluate our approach using the challenging task of German oral history interviews, where we achieve a relative reduction of the word error rate by more than 30% compared to a model trained from scratch only on the target domain, and 6-7% relative compared to a model trained robustly on 1000 hours of same-language out-of-domain training data.

Barbara Hartleb-Kropidło

The recent book by Elżbieta Starek and Grzegorz Kotłowski concerns Latin inscriptions collected in Archcathedral Basilica in Frombork. The Authors present Polish translations of all inscriptions accompanied by the extensive commentary and provide the ample information on historical background.