Hasil untuk "History of Poland"

Suryanarayana Sankagiri, Jalal Etesami, Pouria Fatemi et al.

The contextual duelling bandit problem models adaptive recommender systems, where the algorithm presents a set of items to the user, and the user's choice reveals their preference. This setup is well suited for implicit choices users make when navigating a content platform, but does not capture other possible comparison queries. Motivated by the fact that users provide more reliable feedback after consuming items, we propose a new bandit model that can be described as follows. The algorithm recommends one item per time step; after consuming that item, the user is asked to compare it with another item chosen from the user's consumption history. Importantly, in our model, this comparison item can be chosen without incurring any additional regret, potentially leading to better performance. However, the regret analysis is challenging because of the temporal dependency in the user's history. To overcome this challenge, we first show that the algorithm can construct informative queries provided the history is rich, i.e., satisfies a certain diversity condition. We then show that a short initial random exploration phase is sufficient for the algorithm to accumulate a rich history with high probability. This result, proven via matrix concentration bounds, yields $O(\sqrt{T})$ regret guarantees. Additionally, our simulations show that reusing past items for comparisons can lead to significantly lower regret than only comparing between simultaneously recommended items.

Joanna Miśkiewicz, Aleksandra Ciuła, Anna Jakubiak et al.

Introduction and purpose: These days, thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine cancer. According to ,,Cancer in Poland in 2022” thyroid cancer affected 47800 women in 2022. A better understanding of the illness will help develop more potent treatment and prevention strategies. The goal of our work is to classify and describe risk factors [RF] for TC. Review Methods: A systematic search of the ‘’PubMed’’ database was conducted, focusing on studies published within the last 10 years. The search strategy used relevant key words related to TC and RF. Studies were included if they provided information on RF associated with TC in the adult population. The articles that are most relevant to the topic have been selected. State of knowledge: It is known that TC has several RF. According to recent research, female sex, radiation, low physical activity, obesity, metabolic syndromes and lifestyle choices are the most significant RF. Other elements that raise the chance of TC include, for example family history of thyroid cancer, iodine deficiency, inadequate sleep, hormonal and genetic factors, eating meals high in sugar. Adequate physical activity, getting enough good sleep, eating dairy products, oranges and persimmons and a healthy lifestyle are associated with a lower risk of thyroid cancer; nevertheless, smoking and drinking alcohol, also reduces the disease's likelihood. Summary: Many medical, genetic, and environmental factors are believed to be linked to a higher risk of TC. Research into RF for the disease could be useful in the development of prevention facilitating the application of suitable screening programs, diagnostic and treatment techniques. Further study is required to fully understand the etiopathology of TC, identify all RF, and verify whether they can be used for the procedure of treatment, as they are not well enough recognized.

Karolina Maciejewska, Małgorzata Latałowa, Dominika Kunicka et al.

During the archaeological exploration of two Lusatian Urnfield Culture settlements, dated to the Early Iron Age and located in north-central Poland, 11 well-preserved clay vessels filled with waterlogged botanical remains were discovered. Their position and context led archaeologists to suggest a possible function of these vessels as foundation offerings. Accordingly, the results of archaeobotanical analyses were discussed within this context. The qualitative and quantitative richness of the subfossil samples collected from these vessels also offered an opportunity to provide data on the vegetation that developed in the vicinity of both settlements. This study focuses on grassland vegetation as a contribution to the broader history of grasslands in different European regions. The potential and limitations of reconstructing ancient vegetation and land use from archaeobotanical material of complex origin are also discussed.

Aleksandra Ziober, Pavel Marek, Jiří Kubeš

Ewa Grin-Piszczek

FROM SOURCE MATERIALS ON THE HISTORY OF ARMENIANS. IN THE RESOURCE OF THE STATE ARCHIVE IN PRZEMYŚL: CITY AND COURT RECORDS Abstract, The Resource of the State Archive in Przemyśl includes source materials from 16th and 17th centuries, concerning the history of Armenian culture. Among these sources, mentions are valuable written down in city and court records preserved in the records of archive sets no 129 (Records of the city of Przemyśl) and no 132 (Records of the city of Jarosław). Set no 143 (Greek Catholic Chapter in Przemyśl) includes the court record of the Armenian law of Saint John jurydyka with entries from 1600-1605 (ref. no 490).

Marcin Jewdokimow, Stefania Palmisano, Marco Castagnetto et al.

The paper characterizes four Polish and Italian Catholic organizations that operate within the ecological field. The study of these organizations zooms in on the process of “greening of Catholicism” in Poland and Italy taking place. Studied Catholic organizations in Poland and Italy operate within different social and religious contexts. They face challenges, including resistance from traditionalists who view ecology as a leftist notion. To overcome this, the organizations studied frame ecological issues as religious duties, drawing on diverse traditions within Catholicism and emphasizing figures like John Paul II. They use religious resources such as Catholic identities, values, and symbols to appeal to a broader audience beyond traditional activists. Yet, their emphasis on Catholicism hinders cooperation with secular environmental groups and limits engagement with left-wing environmental politics.

Monika Bobako

Celem artykułu jest polemika z tezami Kacpra Pobłockiego zawartymi w jego tekście „Jak Polacy stali się biali”, który ukazał się w tomie zbiorowym Halka/Haiti. 18°48’05”N 72°23’01”W. Tom ten towarzyszył projektowi artystycznemu o tym samym tytule, zaprezentowanemu w pawilonie polskim podczas Biennale w Wenecji w 2015 roku. Autorka krytycznie analizuje podjętą przez Pobłockiego próbę nałożenia kategorii „czarni” i „biali” na relacje między chłopami pańszczyźnianymi a szlachtą i pokazuje nieuwzględnione przez autora, problematyczne implikacje takiego zabiegu. Swoją analizę umieszcza w kontekście współczesnych „studiów nad białością”.

Magdalena Ślusarczyk

Mateusz Krępa, Natalia Judzińska

Kristīne Beķere

During the beautifully snowy days of December 2023, we are preparing the second issue of this year’s journal for publication. This issue is almost entirely devoted to the historical problems of the first half of the 20th century: developments in society and the armed forces during the Latvian War of Independence, the ideas gaining momentum amongst the ethnic minorities in Latvia in interwar period, and also international trade. We present four scholarly articles and several reviews of recent research. In his article, Professor of the University of Latvia Ēriks Jēkabsons discusses at length the  activities of Herbert Adolphus Watson, an unofficial representative of the British Foreign Office in Latvia during the first half of the War of Independence, from November 1918 to the summer of 1919  – a  time when hostilities were active and conditions in Latvia particularly difficult. The author traces the circumstances of Grant-Watson’s arrival and endeavours in Latvia, providing a  broad insight into his perception of the events in Latvia at the time. Grant-Watson’s reports on the situation in Latvia provide a wealth of information on the domestic political situation, public sentiment, political and military developments in Latvia, as well as Latvia’s international relations, particularly with Great Britain. The  same period, 1918–1920, is also addressed in the  next article, a  study by Estonian researcher Toivo Kikkas on the  surveillance reports compiled by the political departments of the Red Army’s national units, also called political summaries – politsvodki. The author analyses the instructions for drafting surveillance reports, the  implementation of these instructions and the content of the reports, i.e. what was actually reported by the political departments of the Estonian and Latvian national units of the Red Army. In this issue of the  journal, we continue our tradition of publishing one article based on a recently defended master’s thesis. In this issue, it is an article by Milana Drugoveiko on the political thought of the Belarusian intelligentsia in Latvia in the period 1920–1934. Based on the example of the Belarusian activist Konstantin Jezovitov, the author describes the main political ideas of the Belarusian minority in Latvia in the interwar period, the attitude of Belarusians towards the Latvian state and its minority policy. The study by Romanian scholar Andreea Dahlquist, on the other hand, focuses on international trade during the  Second World War, analysing the  trade relations linking two seemingly very distant and unrelated countries, namely, Romania and Sweden, between 1939 and 1944. Tracing the  development of economic relations connecting Sweden and Romania, and the  obstacles thereof, the  author concludes that it was the  war that prompted the  two countries to establish closer economic cooperation. Although trade between the two countries was relatively restricted in volume, its significance lay precisely in the types of merchandise exchanged, with both sides gaining access to the goods and raw materials that were of key importance to each of them. The  journal concludes with reviews of several books: a  collection of documents on the  final phase of the  War of Independence by Professor Ē.  Jēkabsons; a  monograph on political activities in exile written by the  author of these lines, as well as a study dedicated to the history of Eastern Christianity in the region, published in Poland.

Bhargav Kumar Kakumani, Suman Prabha Yadav

In this article, we consider a viscoelastic plate equation with past history, nonlinear damping, and logarithmic nonlinearity. We prove explicit and general decay rate results of the solution to the viscoelastic plate equation with past history. Convex properties, logarithmic inequalities, and generalised Young's inequality are mainly used to prove the decay estimate.

Sourav Sinha

I study the effects of US salary history bans which restrict employers from inquiring about job applicants' pay history during the hiring process, but allow candidates to voluntarily share information. Using a difference-in-differences design, I show that these policies narrowed the gender pay gap significantly by 2 p.p., driven almost entirely by an increase in female earnings. The bans were also successful in weakening the auto-correlation between current and future earnings, especially among job-changers. I provide novel evidence showing that when employers could no longer nudge candidates for information, the likelihood of voluntarily disclosing salary history decreased among job applicants and by 2 p.p. more among women. I then develop a salary negotiation model with asymmetric information, where I allow job applicants to choose whether to reveal pay history, and use this framework to explain my empirical findings on disclosure behavior and gender pay gap.

Mark Baum, Minmin Fu

Over its multibillion-year history, Earth has exhibited a wide range of climates. Its history ranges from snowball episodes where the surface was mostly or entirely covered by ice to periods much warmer than today, where the cryosphere was virtually absent. Our understanding of greenhouse gas evolution over this long history, specifically carbon dioxide, is mainly informed by deterministic models. However, the complexity of the carbon cycle and its uncertainty over time motivates the study of non-deterministic models, where key elements of the cycle are represented by inherently stochastic processes. By doing so, we can learn what models of variability are compatible with Earth's climate record instead of how exactly this variability is produced. In this study, we address why there were snowballs in the Proterozoic, but not the Phanerozoic by discussing two simple stochastic models of long-term carbon-cycle variability. The first, which is the most simple and represents CO2 concentration directly as a stochastic process, is instructive and perhaps intuitive, but is incompatible with the absence of snowballs in the Phanerozoic. The second, which separates carbon source from sink and represents CO2 outgassing as a stochastic process instead of concentration, is more flexible. When outgassing fluctuates over longer periods, as opposed to brief and rapid excursions from a mean state, this model is more compatible with the snowball record, showing only modest increases in the probability of snowball events over Earth history. The contrast between these models illustrates what kind of variability may have characterized the long-term carbon cycle.

J. R. Pieńkowska, G. Manganelli, M. Proćków et al.

Populations of Monacha atacis from southern Occitania in France and of M. samsunensis from northern Anatolia in Turkey (Atakum/Samsun and Kastamonu) were investigated by an integrative approach based on morphological (shell and genitalia) and molecular (mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences) features. Morphological examination revealed a complex pattern of variation within and between geographically separated populations, while molecular analysis showed strong similarity between the two species, confirming earlier suggestions that the species are conspecific. Pfeiffer’s name Helix samsunensis introduced in 1868 has priority over the name M. atacis given by Gittenberger & de Winter in 1985.

Dominika Cora

William Pether (1739–1821) was a painter and skilled draftsman, whose abilities led to his becoming a master of engraving in the mezzotint technique—his prints reproducing works not only by the Dutch masters, such as Rembrandt van Rijn and his pupils Gerrard Dou and Willem Drost, but also by English artists such as Joseph Wright of Derby, Edward Penny, and Richard Hurlstone. An eminent British mezzotint engraver, he was also an underrated painter of miniatures. His artistic activity in this domain has been overlooked by scholars, who have focused on his print production; this study considers all extant miniatures produced by the artist during the period 1760–1820. The aim of this article is to present as many as possible known miniatures painted by this artist and to determine their proper attribution and dates through the use of stylistic analysis, the graphical-comparative method and handwriting research using available works of art and archival materials in the form of letters written by Pether.

Keping Bi, Pavel Metrikov, Chunyuan Li et al.

An effective email search engine can facilitate users' search tasks and improve their communication efficiency. Users could have varied preferences on various ranking signals of an email, such as relevance and recency based on their tasks at hand and even their jobs. Thus a uniform matching pattern is not optimal for all users. Instead, an effective email ranker should conduct personalized ranking by taking users' characteristics into account. Existing studies have explored user characteristics from various angles to make email search results personalized. However, little attention has been given to users' search history for characterizing users. Although users' historical behaviors have been shown to be beneficial as context in Web search, their effect in email search has not been studied and remains unknown. Given these observations, we propose to leverage user search history as query context to characterize users and build a context-aware ranking model for email search. In contrast to previous context-dependent ranking techniques that are based on raw texts, we use ranking features in the search history. This frees us from potential privacy leakage while giving a better generalization power to unseen users. Accordingly, we propose a context-dependent neural ranking model (CNRM) that encodes the ranking features in users' search history as query context and show that it can significantly outperform the baseline neural model without using the context. We also investigate the benefit of the query context vectors obtained from CNRM on the state-of-the-art learning-to-rank model LambdaMart by clustering the vectors and incorporating the cluster information. Experimental results show that significantly better results can be achieved on LambdaMart as well, indicating that the query clusters can characterize different users and effectively turn the ranking model personalized.

Guangzhao Cheng, Siliang Tang

In many real-world games, such as traders repeatedly bargaining with customers, it is very hard for a single AI trader to make good deals with various customers in a few turns, since customers may adopt different strategies even the strategies they choose are quite simple. In this paper, we model this problem as fast adaptive learning in the finitely repeated games. We believe that past game history plays a vital role in such a learning procedure, and therefore we propose a novel framework (named, F3) to fuse the past and current game history with an Opponent Action Estimator (OAE) module that uses past game history to estimate the opponent's future behaviors. The experiments show that the agent trained by F3 can quickly defeat opponents who adopt unknown new strategies. The F3 trained agent obtains more rewards in a fixed number of turns than the agents that are trained by deep reinforcement learning. Further studies show that the OAE module in F3 contains meta-knowledge that can even be transferred across different games.

Tomasz Kalicki, Rafał Kozłowski, Paweł Przepióra et al.

The research area is located in central Poland, in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (Kielce-Sandomierz Upland). Once heavily industrialized as the former Old Polish Industrial District area, there were many forges and iron furnances developed here. For this purpose, on many rivers of this area the industrial ponds were built. They functioned mainly until the collapse of the metallurgical industry and the water mills as well. Built in 1974 on the Kamionka River in Suchedniów, the water reservoir was use for retention and recreational purposes. Since its construction, the reservoir has never been thoroughly dredged. In 2017, large-scale hydrotechnical works on the reservoir began, aimed at its deepening. Draining the Suchedniów water reservoir made it possible to carry out detailed sedimentological and morphological analyzes of its bottom. A large differentiation of the sedimentary environment types in the reservoir basin has been recognized. The collected samples also provided material for geochemical analyzes. The analysis was made for the content of such trace elements as Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn, Sr, As, Al and Fe. The known industrial history of this area and the use of the modern reservoir, allows to attempt explain the content changes in the lacustrine sediments.

Barbara Osterloff

This article discusses the volume Było, minęło... Wspomnienia [Gone is gone... Memoirs] (Warsaw 2020), comprising twelve texts by Bohdan Korzeniewski, with a foreword by Anna Kuligowska-Korzeniewska and an afterword by Andrzej Kruczyński. Open to the generic diversity of autobiographical writing, the book arranges individual texts according to the chronology of the events they recount. Its great meta-theme is the genealogy of Polish intelligentsia: the image of a generation for whom World War I, the revolution, and Poland’s regaining of independence were formative experiences, one that entered adulthood in independent Poland and was raised with a sense of mission. Bohdan Korzeniewski (1905–1992) describes his younger years in the interwar period, his experiences during the war and occupation (in the outstanding “Auschwitz diptych”), and the post-war years. Although it brings together known texts, written in the second half of the last century, the volume shows that they are worth re-reading, especially for their literary value. Korzeniewski’s memoirs read like a fascinating autobiography (and self-creation) of a Polish intellectual, an eyewitness to the history of the 20th century, who gives us an account of his struggles with the world and with himself that together form a record of human existence.

Y. Musa, S. Joshua

DOI: 10.9734/AJPAS/2020/v6i230157 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Monika Hadas-Dyduch, Lecturer, Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods in Economics, University of Economics in Katowice, Poland. Reviewers: (1) Celil Nebiyev, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. (2) A. N. Chavan, Shivaji University, India. (3) Arya Kumar, Biju Patnaik University of Technology Rourkela Odisha, India. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/53807