Hasil untuk "History of France"

G. Aad, E. Aakvaag, B. Abbott et al.

Measurements of jet substructure in Pb+Pb collisions provide key insights into the mechanism of jet quenching in the hot and dense QCD medium created in these collisions.This Letter presents a measurement of the suppression of large-radius jets with a radius parameter of R=1.0 and its dependence on the jet substructure. The measurement uses 1.72 nb−1 of Pb+Pb data and 255 pb−1 of pp data, both at sNN=5.02 TeV, recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Large-radius jets are reconstructed by reclustering R=0.2 calorimetric jets and are measured for transverse momentum above 200 GeV. Jet substructure is evaluated using charged-particle tracks, and the overall level of jet suppression is quantified using the jet nuclear modification factor (RAA). The jet RAA is measured as a function of jet pT, the charged kt splitting scale (d12), and the angular separation (ΔR12) of two leading sub-jets. The jet RAA gradually decreases with increasing d12, implying significantly stronger suppression of large-radius jets with larger kt splitting scale. The jet RAA gradually decreases for ΔR12 in the range 0.01−0.2 and then remains consistent with a constant for ΔR12 ≳ 0.2. The observed significant dependence of jet suppression on the jet substructure will provide new insights into its role in the quenching process.

Eloi Lindas, Yannig Goude, Philippe Ciais

In a growing renewable based energy system, accurate and reliable wind power forecasts are crucial for grid stability, balancing supply and demand and market risk management. Even though short-term weather forecasts have been thoroughly used to provide up to 3 days ahead renewable power predictions, forecasts involving prediction horizons longer than a week still need investigations. Despite the recent progress in subseasonal-to-seasonal weather probabilistic forecasting, their use for wind power prediction usually involves both temporal and spatial aggregation to achieve reasonable skill. In this study, we present a lead time and numerical weather model agnostic forecasting pipeline which enables to transform ECMWF subseasonal-to-seasonal weather forecasts into wind power forecasts for France for lead times ranging from 1 day to 46 days at daily resolution. By leveraging a post-processing step of the resulting power ensembles we show that these forecasts improve the climatological baseline by 15% to 5% for the Continuous Ranked Probability Score and 20% to 5% for ensemble Mean Squared Error up to 16 days in advance, before converging towards the climatological skill. This improvement in skill is jointly obtained with near perfect calibration of the forecasts for every lead time. The results suggest that electricity market players could benefit from the extended forecast range up to two weeks to improve their decision making on renewable supply

Naïm Célini, Jean-Paul Callot, Abdeltif Lahfid et al.

Evaporites have a strong impact on the structural and sedimentary evolution of sedimentary basins and fold-and-thrust belts. They also have a thermal conductivity that can be more important than other sedimentary rocks and are thus able to modify the thermal history of these sedimentary basins and fold-and-thrust belts. Even though this property is known and has been of interest for the oil and gas industry, no field examples have been studied trying to decipher how salt rock impacts temperature distribution in fold-and-thrust belts. In this paper, we use the Raman Spectroscopy on Carbonaceous Material (RSCM) to track the record of the peak thermal event around three salt structures from the southern sub-Alpine fold-and-thrust belt in SE France. These three salt structures are (1) the Astoin allochthonous salt sheet and the associated overturned megaflap, (2) the Rocher de Hongrie and (3) the Daluis diapir. Our results show that the resulting record of peak temperatures around the structures is different depending on the type of salt structure and its kinematic. The Astoin structure shows that salt tectonics during the Jurassic-Cretaceous has impacted the temperature distribution around the allochthonous salt sheet while at Daluis and the Rocher de Hongrie, the temperatures have overprinted an already existing salt-related structure. The impact of the salt structure on temperature distribution is always local but the interpretation of the RSCM temperatures may systematically be difficult without considering early salt tectonics in the structural evolution of the area.

Annet Konings, Mariia Marinichenko, Oleksii Mikulenko et al.

Primordial gravitational waves propagate almost unimpeded from the moment they are generated to the present epoch. Nevertheless, they are subject to convolution with a non-trivial transfer function. Within the standard thermal history, shifts in the temperature-redshift relation combine with damping effects by free streaming neutrinos to non-trivially process different wavelengths during radiation domination, with subsequently negligible effects at later times. Presuming a nearly scale invariant primordial spectrum, one obtains a characteristic late time spectrum, deviations from which would indicate departures from the standard thermal history. Given the paucity of probes of the early universe physics before nucleosynthesis, it is useful to classify how deviations from the standard thermal history of the early universe can be constrained from observations of the late time stochastic background. The late time spectral density has a plateau at high frequencies that can in principle be significantly enhanced or suppressed relative to the standard thermal history depending on the equation of state of the epoch intervening reheating and the terminal phase of radiation domination, imprinting additional features from bursts of entropy production, and additional damping at intermediate scales via anisotropic stress production. In this paper, we survey phenomenologically motivated scenarios of early matter domination, kination, and late time decaying particles as representative non-standard thermal histories, elaborate on their late time stochastic background, and discuss constraints on different model scenarios.

Cheng'an Wei, Yue Zhao, Yujia Gong et al.

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and Llama have become prevalent in real-world applications, exhibiting impressive text generation performance. LLMs are fundamentally developed from a scenario where the input data remains static and unstructured. To behave interactively, LLM-based chat systems must integrate prior chat history as context into their inputs, following a pre-defined structure. However, LLMs cannot separate user inputs from context, enabling chat history tampering. This paper introduces a systematic methodology to inject user-supplied history into LLM conversations without any prior knowledge of the target model. The key is to utilize prompt templates that can well organize the messages to be injected, leading the target LLM to interpret them as genuine chat history. To automatically search for effective templates in a WebUI black-box setting, we propose the LLM-Guided Genetic Algorithm (LLMGA) that leverages an LLM to generate and iteratively optimize the templates. We apply the proposed method to popular real-world LLMs including ChatGPT and Llama-2/3. The results show that chat history tampering can enhance the malleability of the model's behavior over time and greatly influence the model output. For example, it can improve the success rate of disallowed response elicitation up to 97% on ChatGPT. Our findings provide insights into the challenges associated with the real-world deployment of interactive LLMs.

Lars Hertel, Neil Daftary, Fedor Borisyuk et al.

We study user history modeling via Transformer encoders in deep learning recommendation models (DLRM). Such architectures can significantly improve recommendation quality, but usually incur high latency cost necessitating infrastructure upgrades or very small Transformer models. An important part of user history modeling is early fusion of the candidate item and various methods have been studied. We revisit early fusion and compare concatenation of the candidate to each history item against appending it to the end of the list as a separate item. Using the latter method, allows us to reformulate the recently proposed amortized history inference algorithm M-FALCON \cite{zhai2024actions} for the case of DLRM models. We show via experimental results that appending with cross-attention performs on par with concatenation and that amortization significantly reduces inference costs. We conclude with results from deploying this model on the LinkedIn Feed and Ads surfaces, where amortization reduces latency by 30\% compared to non-amortized inference.

Bruce Anderson, John Pannell, Sylvain Billiard et al.

Summary: Species diversity can vary dramatically across lineages due to differences in speciation and extinction rates. Here, we explore the effects of several plant traits on diversification, finding that most traits have opposing effects on diversification. For example, outcrossing may increase the efficacy of selection and adaptation but also decrease mate availability, two processes with contrasting effects on lineage persistence. Such opposing trait effects can manifest as differences in diversification rates that depend on ecological context, spatiotemporal scale, and associations with other traits. The complexity of pathways linking traits to diversification suggests that the mechanistic underpinnings behind their correlations may be difficult to interpret with any certainty, and context dependence means that the effects of specific traits on diversification are likely to differ across multiple lineages and timescales. This calls for taxonomically and context-controlled approaches to studies that correlate traits and diversification.

Vijeth Hebbar, Cedric Langbort

In many online sequential decision-making scenarios, a learner's choices affect not just their current costs but also the future ones. In this work, we look at one particular case of such a situation where the costs depend on the time average of past decisions over a history horizon. We first recast this problem with history dependent costs as a problem of decision making under stage-wise constraints. To tackle this, we then propose the novel Follow-The-Adaptively-Regularized-Leader (FTARL) algorithm. Our innovative algorithm incorporates adaptive regularizers that depend explicitly on past decisions, allowing us to enforce stage-wise constraints while simultaneously enabling us to establish tight regret bounds. We also discuss the implications of the length of history horizon on design of no-regret algorithms for our problem and present impossibility results when it is the full learning horizon.

A. Toumoulin, D. Tardif, D. Tardif et al.

<p>At the junction of greenhouse and icehouse climate states, the Eocene–Oligocene Transition (EOT) is a key moment in Cenozoic climate history. While it is associated with severe extinctions and biodiversity turnovers on land, the role of terrestrial climate evolution remains poorly resolved, especially the associated changes in seasonality. Some paleobotanical and geochemical continental records in parts of the Northern Hemisphere suggest the EOT is associated with a marked cooling in winter, leading to the development of more pronounced seasons (i.e., an increase in the mean annual range of temperature, MATR). However, the MATR increase has been barely studied by climate models and large uncertainties remain on its origin, geographical extent and impact. In order to better understand and describe temperature seasonality changes between the middle Eocene and the early Oligocene, we use the Earth system model IPSL-CM5A2 and a set of simulations reconstructing the EOT through three major climate forcings: <span class="inline-formula"><i>p</i>CO₂</span> decrease (1120, 840 and 560 ppm), the Antarctic ice-sheet (AIS) formation and the associated sea-level decrease. Our simulations suggest that <span class="inline-formula"><i>p</i>CO₂</span> lowering alone is not sufficient to explain the seasonality evolution described by the data through the EOT but rather that the combined effects of <span class="inline-formula"><i>p</i>CO₂</span>, AIS formation and increased continentality provide the best data–model agreement. <span class="inline-formula"><i>p</i>CO₂</span> decrease induces a zonal pattern with alternating increasing and decreasing seasonality bands particularly strong in the northern high latitudes (up to 8 <span class="inline-formula">^∘</span>C MATR increase) due to sea-ice and surface albedo feedback. Conversely, the onset of the AIS is responsible for a more constant surface albedo yearly, which leads to a strong decrease in seasonality in the southern midlatitudes to high latitudes (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>&gt;</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">40</mn><msup><mi/><mo>∘</mo></msup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="29pt" height="11pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="f5ce70a7b89233f368fd01443c7b0287"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="cp-18-341-2022-ie00001.svg" width="29pt" height="11pt" src="cp-18-341-2022-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> S). Finally, continental areas that emerged due to the sea-level lowering cause the largest increase in seasonality and explain most of the global heterogeneity in MATR changes (<span class="inline-formula">Δ</span>MATR) patterns. The <span class="inline-formula">Δ</span>MATR patterns we reconstruct are generally consistent with the variability of the EOT biotic crisis intensity across the Northern Hemisphere and provide insights on their underlying mechanisms.</p>

Eva Ortega-Paino, Eduardo Oliver

RAICEX (Red de Asociaciones de Investigadores y Científicos Españoles en el Exterior), the Network of Associations of Spanish Researchers and Scientist Abroad, consists of more than 4,000 Spanish researchers distributed in 18 countries in 5 different continents. RAICEX was established in July 2018 by 15 foundational members: the associations of Spanish Researchers in the USA, México, Ireland, Sweden, Denmark, France, Italy, Japan, Australia, China, UK, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, and Norway. Since then, 3 more associations have joined: Emirates, Netherlands and South Africa. RAICEX was born with the main goal: “promoting the exchange of experiences and knowledge between Spanish researchers and scientists abroad and all the stakeholders of the Spanish System of Science, Technology and Innovation (SECTI), serving as an advisory body, information channel and catalyst for international relations in scientific matters, contributing to the progress of science.” Their main objectives are: (1) to provide support to researchers and scientists in mobility and personal development, offering training, information and guidance, as well as providing contact with all the other associations that make up the global network; (2) to disseminate and give visibility to the value of Science and the work of researchers and scientists, promoting communication of the advances of knowledge in all areas of society; (3) to promote international relations and cooperation between researchers / scientists and public and private organizations, from a global perspective; (4) to share the acquired knowledge and experience in different research and science systems abroad to advise, provide feedback and contribute to the progress of the whole SECTI. In this Case Study a particular scenario of the Spanish scientific diaspora, including history, reasons for going abroad, and consequences for the Spanish R&amp;D system, shall be introduced to readers. The impact that RAICEX and its foundational members have had in the Spanish National System since the creation of the first community in the UK by 2012 will also be discussed. RAICEX's activities range from providing advice to newcomers and carrying out science dissemination, to becoming an advisory body to governments and institutions. The Spanish scientific diaspora is an extensive network committed to cooperation and brain connection.

J. Rieu, V. Beley, V. Beley et al.

<p>The École des Mines de Saint-Étienne possesses an important collection of wooden and terracotta crystallographic models (several hundreds). During the 2000s, enhancement and rehabilitation action was undertaken. Several series of Krantz models were identified by the logos and linked to catalogs. The relation of these models to the important work of Paul Heinrich von Groth, in cooperation with the Krantz company, is highlighted. An exceptional element was discovered: a polyhedron with 170 facets, from the cubic system. After a short description of the model, we report on the digitalization work, followed by a description of two duplication methods: 3D printing and precision lost-wax vacuum casting.</p>

Thomas Cucchi, Auriale Domont, Hugo Harbers et al.

Austin Lee, Mathew Wynn, Liam Quigley et al.

Additive manufacturing parameters of high-performance polymers greatly affect the thermal history and consequently quality of the end-part. For fused deposition modeling (FDM), this may include printing speed, filament size, nozzle, and chamber temperatures, as well as build plate temperature. In this study, the effect of thermal convection inside a commercial 3D printer on thermal history and crystalline morphology of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) was investigated using a combined experimental and numerical approach. Using digital scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized optical microscopy (POM), crystallinity of PEEK samples was studied as a function of thermal history. In addition, using finite element (FE) simulations of heat transfer, which were calibrated using thermocouple measurements, thermal history of parts during virtual 3D printing was evaluated. By correlating the experimental and numerical results, the effect of printing parameters and convection on thermal history and PEEK crystalline morphology was established. It was found that the high melting temperature of PEEK, results in fast melt cooling rates followed by short annealing times during printing, leading to relatively low degree of crystallinity (DOC) and small crystalline morphology.

Jatin Ganhotra, Samuel Thomas, Hong-Kwang J. Kuo et al.

End-to-end spoken language understanding (SLU) systems that process human-human or human-computer interactions are often context independent and process each turn of a conversation independently. Spoken conversations on the other hand, are very much context dependent, and dialog history contains useful information that can improve the processing of each conversational turn. In this paper, we investigate the importance of dialog history and how it can be effectively integrated into end-to-end SLU systems. While processing a spoken utterance, our proposed RNN transducer (RNN-T) based SLU model has access to its dialog history in the form of decoded transcripts and SLU labels of previous turns. We encode the dialog history as BERT embeddings, and use them as an additional input to the SLU model along with the speech features for the current utterance. We evaluate our approach on a recently released spoken dialog data set, the HarperValleyBank corpus. We observe significant improvements: 8% for dialog action and 30% for caller intent recognition tasks, in comparison to a competitive context independent end-to-end baseline system.

Domingo González Hernández

<p><strong>Resumen</strong></p><p>El Imperio ha sido, junto a la polis y el Estado, una de las grandes formas políticas de la historia occidental. Por su carácter misional y universalista, la idea de Imperio ha podido resultar problemática para el despliegue de las categorías propias al pensamiento político. Ninguna nación europea representa mejor que Francia la resistencia histórica e intelectual de la nueva forma política estatal frente al Imperio. A la sombra de la figura histórica de Richelieu, “fundador de la Europa moderna” en palabras de Hillaire Belloc, este trabajo explora los orígenes de la “razón católica de Estado” en las ruinas de la vieja Cristiandad.</p><p><strong><em>Palabras clave</em></strong>: Imperio, Estado, Francia, Richelieu, razón de Estado.</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The Empire has been, together with the polis and the State, one of the great political forms of Western history. Due to its missionary and universalist nature, the idea of Empire has been problematic for the deployment of the categories proper to political thought. No European nation represents better than France the historical and intellectual resistance of the new state political form against the Empire. In the shadow of the historical figure of Richelieu, "founder of modern Europe" in the words of Hillaire Belloc, this work explores the origins of the "Catholic reason of state" in the ruins of the old Christianity.</p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em>:</strong> Empire, State, Franc, Richelieu, reason of State.</p><p><strong>Orcid: </strong><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3344-230X">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3344-230X</a></p><p><strong>Doi:</strong> <a href="https://doi.org/10.17398/2340-4256.15.425">https://doi.org/10.17398/2340-4256.15.425</a></p>

Juliette Maridet

Sculptures form an important part of the Galeries Historiques, conceived by Louis-Philippe at the Palace of Versailles as a monumental book of French history. They include a collection of plaster casts of praying and recumbent figures made between 1834 and 1848 in the casting workshop of the Louvre under the direction of François-Henri Jacquet. Made from tombs, these casts illustrate sculpture history from the tenth to the nineteenth centuries, but their specific types and funerary nature set them apart from the statues and busts in the museum. The present study questions their true place within the museum’s sculpture collection: is the scope of these casts, as for the rest of the works in the museum, only iconographic and historical? The establishment of a catalogue, bringing together the 120 plaster casts of praying and recumbent figures that were exhibited in the château’s galeries de pierre (stone galleries), has also given them an aesthetic and museographic role to play in the edification of the citizen-visitor.

Tetsuya Hara, Anna Suzuki

We have investigated the possible evolutional history of the water ocean on Venus, adopting the one dimensional radiative-convective model,including the parameters as albedo and relative humidity. Under this model, it has the possibility that the habitable zone could include Venus. It could continue for $\sim 1$ Gy in faint young solar flux increasing, with modest parameters such as albedo = 0.3, relative humidity (RH=1), and $p_{n0}=10^5 $Pa. If we relax parameters considering the 3-Dimensional calculations, the ocean could exist there longer than $\sim$ 4.6 Gy. In such cases, we have to consider the cause of runaway other than just solar luminosity increasing. It is important to investigate Venus history for the coming future of Earth and observations of exoplanets for their historical habitable zones.

Nadejda Drenska, Jeff Calder

We study the problem of prediction of binary sequences with expert advice in the online setting, which is a classic example of online machine learning. We interpret the binary sequence as the price history of a stock, and view the predictor as an investor, which converts the problem into a stock prediction problem. In this framework, an investor, who predicts the daily movements of a stock, and an adversarial market, who controls the stock, play against each other over $N$ turns. The investor combines the predictions of $n\geq 2$ experts in order to make a decision about how much to invest at each turn, and aims to minimize their regret with respect to the best-performing expert at the end of the game. We consider the problem with history-dependent experts, in which each expert uses the previous $d$ days of history of the market in making their predictions. We prove that the value function for this game, rescaled appropriately, converges as $N\to \infty$ at a rate of $O(N^{-1/6})$ to the viscosity solution of a nonlinear degenerate elliptic PDE, which can be understood as the Hamilton-Jacobi-Issacs equation for the two-person game. As a result, we are able to deduce asymptotically optimal strategies for the investor. Our results extend those established by the first author and R.V.Kohn [13] for $n=2$ experts and $d\leq 4$ days of history. To appear in Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics.

Catherine Dominguès, Laurence Jolivet, Carmen Brando et al.

In 2008, the Network of Actors for the History and Memory of Immigration (RAHMI) launched an experimental gathering program to collect the forgotten memory of immigrant populations involved in the local community. Various groups of people were targeted by this collection, which made it possible to record life stories, including those of Spanish Republicans who went into exile in France between 1936 and 1939, and participated in the French Resistance. The MATRICIEL project (PEPS CNRS UPE 2016) focused on the migration of these Spanish Republicans in terms of the places mentioned in their stories, and the sentiments associated with these places. The project aimed to mainstream the migrants’ voices in the analysis; the objects of study chosen: the places, designated by a proper name: Barcelona, or a common name: internment camp, and the associated sentiments distinguished by their polarity: positive or negative, contribute to enhancing oral archives for the construction of an immigration memory. In this article, we present the approach implemented for a multidisciplinary analysis of the life story corpus, which combines methods and tools for natural language processing and mapping. The identification of common noun places mentioned in the stories was conducted through a supervised learning model. The identification and subsequent mapping of proper name places highlight the spatial distribution of the witnesses’ life courses, determined by the historical context and personal choices. The semi-automatic sentiment annotation adds polarity to the stories. In perspective, the analysis of common noun place types will make it possible to evaluate the granularity used by witnesses to describe their lived spaces; their location will help to specify the spatiality of the stories.

Pieter Verstraete

In this article we aim to contribute to the growing interest in disability history, the history of education for people having a disability, and the existing historiography of the Great War. We will focus on the rehabilitation of Belgian blind and physically disabled soldiers. The article will take the ceremony for the Unknown Soldier, which was organized in the early twenties, as a starting point. Although everyone is familiar with the Congress Column of Brussels and the eternal flame burning at the tomb of the unknown soldier, few people know that it was a war blinded man who played an important role in the burial ceremony and that it were eight physically disabled soldiers who carried the unknown soldier to its final resting place. At this ceremony, a successful image of rehabilitation and re-education was implicitly created, showing that disabled soldiers could play a meaningful role in society again. This image will be shattered by a close study of a variety of sources preserved in Flemish and Brussels archives, including the State Archives, the Archives of the Royal Palace, the archives of the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History, the archives of the Belgian National Institute for Veterans and Victims of War and, the archives of the London St. Dunstan’s Institute. By referring to photographic material and personal files of Belgian disabled soldiers we will demonstrate that rehabilitation was definitely not «a walk in the park» and that for a number of soldiers rehabilitation simply was not possible. More specifically our presentation will zoom in on the ways in which the concept of rehabilitation took form in Belgian rehabilitation institutes such as the one in Boschvoorde for blind soldiers and the school of Port-Villez (France) for all disabled soldiers.