One of the most famous architectural monuments of Bakhchisarai – the Yesil Jami Mosque, after the events of the 80s of the 18th century, was abandoned, without parishioners, and needed repairs. Archival documents of the Tauride Muslim Spiritual Board for the 30–40s of the 19th century, published statistical data and indicated that one of the probable reasons for the desolation of the Jami was the emigration of a significant number of Muslim residents from Bakhchisarai and the settlement of the city by the Christian population, as a result, the absence of a jamaat at the mosque, responsible for maintaining the Yesil Jami building in proper condition.
This paper deals with the beginnings of Czech academic lexicography in the context of contemporary international lexicography. When work on the first dictionary covering the contemporary Czech vocabulary commenced, many other lexicographic projects were under way in Europe, frequently not comparable in terms of staffing and funding. The authors of the Czech dictionary were able to learn from the experience of their colleagues abroad, which helped them understand what could be useful in the context of the Czech language, what sources of inspiration could be drawn on, and where greater account should be taken of specific local circumstances. The compilation of the Reference Dictionary of the Czech Language was also substantially influenced by the establishment of the independent Czechoslovak Republic in 1918. In light of its multi-national population, in particular the numerous German and Hungarian minorities, the republic conceived the compilation of an extensive dictionary of the Czech language as a project with significant potential for state formation.
History of Eastern Europe, Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
This article aims to verify the reliability in the historiographic narration regarding investiture of the podestà in sixteenth-century Koper-Capodistria with an analytic tool predicated on anthropology, the historical genesis of entry rituals and the universally valid protocol prescription for cities under Venetian rule. This tool has made possible to broadly qualify civic ritual wherewith the podestà was publicly invested with his powers, revealing the underlying social relationships and allowing for a comprehensive understanding of its historiographical reconstruction. The obtained results represent a novelty in the panorama of historical research and bring forth new and stimulating interpretative hypotheses in the case of the Koper-Capodistrian entry ritual.
ARCHITECTS OF THE CULTURAL BORDERLAND: JULIAN AND ALFRED ZACHARIEWICZS, IVAN LEVYNSKYI, TADEUSZ OBMIŃSKI
This text has been dedicated to the four most prominent architects of the city of Lviv in the late 19th and early 20th centuries – the architectural «quartet» whose members are: Julian Octawian Zachariewicz (1837-1898), Alfred Zaсhariewich Jr. (1871-1937), Ivan Levynskyi (1851-1919), and Tadeusz Obmiński (1874-1932). These four carried out the most important architectural and construction projects of Lviv in the age of the greatest construction boom in the city’s history. The role of the «elder» in this group was played by Julian Zachariewicz – a professor at Lviv Polytechnic, the founder of Lviv’s architectural school of the latter half of the 19th century, its leader during the era of historical styles. The creative work of Julian Zachariewicz impresses with its style metamorphoses, which can be traced from the neo-Renaissance building of the Polytechnic (1874-1877), oriented to the Ringstrasse, up to the Julietka villa (1891-1893), its design reflecting the influence of the English concept of a reformed singlefamily house. In addition, Professor Zachariewicz devoted much of his time and effort to various projects outside of practical architecture, acting as a theorist, restorer, archaeologist, museum curator and public figure. His son Alfred left his mark in history as an outstanding builder of Lviv in the first third of the last century, a highly gifted representative of the local architectural school during the periods of Art Nouveau, early modernism, and Neoclassicism of the early 20th century, the initiator of promoting the reinforced concrete in the construction industry of Galicia. Alfred Zachariewicz became famous, in particular, for the projects of the buildings for the Lviv Chamber of Commerce and Industry (1907-1910) and the Land Credit Society (1911-1916). Ivan Levynskyi was a leading construction entrepreneur of Galicia in the late 19th – early 20th centuries whose firm erected the largest objects of Lviv architecture of the period, such as the Civic Theater (1897-1900), or the Main Railway Station (1901-1904). During the 1880s-1910s, Levynskyi, being a brilliant specialist in architectural planning, built numerous complexes of residential architecture – both single-family and multi-apartment. He also effectively served architectural and construction orders received from a number of Ukrainian institutions in Lviv. Tadeusz Obmiński entered the history of architecture as a researcher of folk wooden construction, and at the same time as a leading architect of Art Nouveau style, taking part in designing such objects as Segal’s house (1904-1905) or the Dnister insurance company building (1905-1906). The complex, multiple identities of the four creative professionals to whom this article is dedicated can be interpreted in various contexts: political, social, national, confessional, linguistic, artistic. During the fin de siècle and throughout subsequent historical cataclysms, each of these four was destined to a greater or lesser extent to experience a deep crisis, and even more so – a dramatic collapse of their mixed identity.
History of Eastern Europe, Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology
Professors from Poland have always been relatively numerous at Italian universities. The time-span 1990–2020 has seen some significant changes owing not only to a natural generational turnover, but also to processes that affect the reasons and ways that lead them to the Peninsula.
The article deals primarily with researchers who managed to become faculty members at Italian universities. These scholars have created a wide range of materials for teaching and popularising Polish language and literature, thus continuing the trend initiated in the previous years. Most of them were active as specialists in Polish studies (mainly in the field of literature), but this is by far not a general rule. Some of the fields which were frequently investigated by these scholars are the following ones: the relations between Poland and Italy, the circulation of texts, writers, and motifs, Polish diaspora in Italy, and the history of translations and translation studies.
History of Eastern Europe, Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
U radu se donosi prikaz obitelji Banchetti, koja se krajem 17. stoljeća iz sjeverne Italije doselila u šibenski kraj nastanivši se u mjestu Tisno na otoku Murteru. Ujedno se predstavlja arhivski fond obitelji pohranjen u Državnom arhivu u Zadru, čije gradivo sadržava zapise koji omogućuju izradu cjelovitog slijeda obiteljskih odnosa kroz pet generacija. Fond posebno obiluje imovinsko-pravnim dokumentima kojima se uređuju zemljišna pitanja. Njihov sadržaj donosi imena brojnih lokaliteta koji pružaju dragocjene podatke za onomastička istraživanja na području murterskih naselja Tisno i Jezera.
History of Eastern Europe, Auxiliary sciences of history
From classical times to the twentieth century, Gender in World History is a fascinating exploration of what happens to established ideas about men and women, and their roles, when different cultural systems come into contact. Significant issues have been the impact of new religious ideas, the results of colonial conquest and, in modern times, the role of international organizations and global consumerism. World history and women's history are both growing and exciting fields. However they have, until now, been notoriously difficult to put together. This book breaks new ground to facilitate a consistent approach to gender in a world history context. From the many case studies across different societies and periods, examples include: * the impact of Islam and Middle-Eastern gender practices on India and sub-Saharan Africa * the results of new contacts with China on conditions for women in Japan and among the Mongols * European colonial influences on the Americas, India, Africa and Pacific Oceania * the impact of international influences on the twentieth century Middle East. Gender in World History explores continuities, change and patterns over time. It provides a distinctive approach to the explorations of historical meanings of femininity and masculinity, as well as a contribution to world history itself.
Significance The acquisition of agricultural techniques during the so-called Neolithic revolution has been one of the major steps forward in human history. Using next-generation sequencing and ancient-DNA techniques, we directly test whether Neolithization in North Africa occurred through the transmission of ideas or by demic diffusion. We show that Early Neolithic Moroccans are composed of an endemic Maghrebi element still retained in present-day North African populations, resembling the genetic component observed in Later Stone Age communities from Morocco. However, Late Neolithic individuals from North Africa are admixed, with a North African and a European component. Our results support the idea that the Neolithization of North Africa involved both the development of Epipaleolithic communities and the migration of people from Europe. The extent to which prehistoric migrations of farmers influenced the genetic pool of western North Africans remains unclear. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Neolithization process may have happened through the adoption of innovations by local Epipaleolithic communities or by demic diffusion from the Eastern Mediterranean shores or Iberia. Here, we present an analysis of individuals’ genome sequences from Early and Late Neolithic sites in Morocco and from Early Neolithic individuals from southern Iberia. We show that Early Neolithic Moroccans (∼5,000 BCE) are similar to Later Stone Age individuals from the same region and possess an endemic element retained in present-day Maghrebi populations, confirming a long-term genetic continuity in the region. This scenario is consistent with Early Neolithic traditions in North Africa deriving from Epipaleolithic communities that adopted certain agricultural techniques from neighboring populations. Among Eurasian ancient populations, Early Neolithic Moroccans are distantly related to Levantine Natufian hunter-gatherers (∼9,000 BCE) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic farmers (∼6,500 BCE). Late Neolithic (∼3,000 BCE) Moroccans, in contrast, share an Iberian component, supporting theories of trans-Gibraltar gene flow and indicating that Neolithization of North Africa involved both the movement of ideas and people. Lastly, the southern Iberian Early Neolithic samples share the same genetic composition as the Cardial Mediterranean Neolithic culture that reached Iberia ∼5,500 BCE. The cultural and genetic similarities between Iberian and North African Neolithic traditions further reinforce the model of an Iberian migration into the Maghreb.
Significance The oral microbial community living in symbiosis with humans is a rich and diverse driver of health and disease that is strongly influenced by our ecology and lifestyle. However, its evolution across human prehistory remains elusive. By analyzing the DNA entrapped in archaeological dental calculus, we characterize the oral microbiomes of 44 prehistoric foragers and farmers from Southern Europe. We demonstrate that the genome of an oral bacteria diversified geographically and recorded one of the most dramatic changes in our biological and cultural history, the spread of farming. The transition to agriculture did not alter significantly the oral microbiome of ancient humans, whereas more significant changes occurred later in history, including the development of peculiar antibiotic resistance pathways. Archaeological dental calculus, or mineralized plaque, is a key tool to track the evolution of oral microbiota across time in response to processes that impacted our culture and biology, such as the rise of farming during the Neolithic. However, the extent to which the human oral flora changed from prehistory until present has remained elusive due to the scarcity of data on the microbiomes of prehistoric humans. Here, we present our reconstruction of oral microbiomes via shotgun metagenomics of dental calculus in 44 ancient foragers and farmers from two regions playing a pivotal role in the spread of farming across Europe—the Balkans and the Italian Peninsula. We show that the introduction of farming in Southern Europe did not alter significantly the oral microbiomes of local forager groups, and it was in particular associated with a higher abundance of the species Olsenella sp. oral taxon 807. The human oral environment in prehistory was dominated by a microbial species, Anaerolineaceae bacterium oral taxon 439, that diversified geographically. A Near Eastern lineage of this bacterial commensal dispersed with Neolithic farmers and replaced the variant present in the local foragers. Our findings also illustrate that major taxonomic shifts in human oral microbiome composition occurred after the Neolithic and that the functional profile of modern humans evolved in recent times to develop peculiar mechanisms of antibiotic resistance that were previously absent.
Wachowiak Witold, B. Żukowska Weronika, Perry Annika
et al.
We analyzed mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms to search for evidence of the genetic structure and patterns of admixture in 124 populations (N = 1407 trees) across the distribution of Scots pine in Europe and Asia. The markers revealed only a weak population structure in Central and Eastern Europe and suggested postglacial expansion to middle and northern latitudes from multiple sources. Major mitotype variants include the remnants of Scots pine at the north‐western extreme of the distribution in the Scottish Highlands; two main variants (western and central European) that contributed to the contemporary populations in Norway and Sweden; the central‐eastern European variant present in the Balkan region, Finland, and Russian Karelia; and a separate one common to most eastern European parts of Russia and western Siberia. We also observe signatures of a distinct refugium located in the northern parts of the Black Sea basin that contributed to the patterns of genetic variation observed in several populations in the Balkans, Ukraine, and western Russia. Some common haplotypes of putative ancient origin were shared among distant populations from Europe and Asia, including the most southern refugial stands that did not participate in postglacial recolonization of northern latitudes. The study indicates different genetic lineages of the species in Europe and provides a set of genetic markers for its finer‐scale population history and divergence inference.
Purpose This paper aims to explore the effect of corruption in the Eastern European legal system as it implicates German-speaking jurisdictions in cases of international cooperation, especially pertaining to white-collar crimes and mutual legal assistance. This field report considers how during the course of the career of a prosecutor, corruption comes into play and creates a culture which prevents the execution of justice in the native country and in collaboration with the European Union. The invocation of compulsory measures in criminal case proceedings is examined carefully. Design/methodology/approach The first author is an internationally active lawyer and provides an insight referring to the personal experience of Eastern European prosecutors and the wider impression he has gained of the system in which they operate. This is enforced by his teaching at the International Anti-Corruption Academy in Vienna, where he trains public prosecutors from Eastern Europe and through this collaboration, learns of their experience in the system. The impressions gained from real life are supported by an extensive understanding of the literature, often showing that a key problem is the lack of open discussion on the matter. Findings German-speaking countries cannot make international proceedings dependent on the findings from Eastern European prosecutor offices. Although there are highly qualified prosecutors at work, there is a systemic corruption evident which threatens the reliability of investigative results. Corruption is evident from the inception of a prosecutor’s career to the most senior positions, showing that bribes account for an adverse selection of prosecutors. Originality/value This is a report based on first-hand sources. It elucidates the existing literature with testimony of the current culture and its tangible influence. The implications for international proceedings are paralleled with the history of possible corruption in a prosecutor’s career, the juxtaposition of which depicts a striking reality. Above all, the cyclical nature of corruption in the legal system is highlighted.
This article is a short study of the history of the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The main focus is both on the circumstances which contributed to its establishment within the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union in 1946 and 1947 and on the scientific activity of the representatives of the first generation of members of the Institute who were the veterans of the Great Patriotic War. The article also throws light upon the current activity of the Institute of Slavic Studies.
Philology. Linguistics, Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
Based on the documents available in the Lithuanian Special Archives and the Lithuanian Central State Archives, and on critical analysis of other sources, the article presents an attempt to reveal some features of biography of Juozas Krikštaponis (Krištaponis), commander of Vytis District, also his activities during the Nazi occupation which are little known to the public, and to answer the question of whether he was involved in the mass killings of Jews and other civilians. The article unveils and examines the complex, unexpected institutional and social complications that have arisen in the evaluation and historical memory of Krikštaponis’ (Krištaponis’s) activities, which mark the encounters between the collective memory of Holocaust and guerrilla resistance in the modern society. The paper also provides an analysis of actions and attitudes of individual actors of memory and summary of their position.
Analysis of the use of personal name Juozas Krikštaponis’ (Krištaponis’) in different sources leads to the reasonable conclusion that his real personal name was Juozas Krištaponis. After the restoration of independence, the erroneous use of Juozas Krikštaponis can be seen in Soviet and partisan documents instead of the real name Juozas Krištaponis due to different variations (clerical mistakes) of the 2nd Battalion of Auxiliary Police Service (APS).
According to historical research, the 2nd APS battalion of the Order Police of the Reich Commissariat Ostland shot more than 15,000 Jews in more than 15 locations in Belarus between October and December 1941. All three companies (the 1st, the 2nd and the 3rd) of the 2nd APS Battalion took part in the massacre. Besides, in the period from October to November 1941, in approximately six campaigns, the 2nd APS Battalion shot at least 2,360 prisoners of the prisonerof- war camp Stalag No. 352 in Minsk. All three companies of the 2nd APS battalion participated in the massacre of the prisoners of war.
A critical analysis of the testimonies of the former policemen of the 2nd APS Battalion and of some other sources leads to the reasonable assertion that in August–December 1941 Lt. Juozas Krikštaponis (Krištaponis) and Lt. Nikodemas Reikalas were alternately serving as commanders of the 2nd Company of the 2nd Battalion. Krikštaponis (Krištaponis) commanded the 2nd Company from 1 August to the end of October and in December, meanwhile, Reikalas – from the end of October to the end of November. It can be also reasonably stated that Krikštaponis (Krištaponis) was in command of the 2nd Company of the 2nd APS Battalion on 10 October 1941, when prisoners of the Jewish ghetto in Rudzensk were killed and on 15–16 October 1941 when prisoners of the prisoner-of-war camp Stalag No. 352 were shot, meanwhile, Lt. Reikalas commanded the 2nd Company during the massacre of the prisoners of the Jewish ghetto in Slutsk, Kletsk, Minsk and Borisovat the end of October–November 1941.
The problem of commemorating the historical memory of Juozas Krikštaponis (Krištaponis) (the status of a volunteer soldier, the rank of colonel, the award of the 1st degree Order of the Cross of Vytis, the memorial stone in Ukmergė, the name of the street in Panevėžys) speak of the past systemic errors of the state’s history policy and of the absence (or lack) of political will of the current leadership of some state institutions. At the same time, it testifies to the absence of coherence between the collective memories of the Holocaust and the anti-Soviet partisan resistance, the immaturity of the historical consciousness of a part of the society, the indifference and the lack of common human ethical values.
Evaluation of Juozas Krikštaponis’ (Krištaponis’) biography and personality, the decisions adopted by authorities or their inaction in relation to his historical memory serve as an indicator which shows or will show in the future the level of reflection (self-awareness) and consciousness of the leaders of state institutions and of our society, the state of the collective memory of the Holocaust, and of the state of historical policy of the country.
K. Tambets, B. Yunusbayev, Georgi Hudjashov
et al.
The genetic origins of Uralic speakers from across a vast territory in the temperate zone of North Eurasia have remained elusive. Previous studies have shown contrasting proportions of Eastern and Western Eurasian ancestry in their mitochondrial and Y chromosomal gene pools. While the maternal lineages reflect by and large the geographic background of a given Uralic-speaking population, the frequency of Y chromosomes of Eastern Eurasian origin is distinctively high among European Uralic speakers. The autosomal variation of Uralic speakers, however, has not yet been studied comprehensively. Here, we present a genome-wide analysis of 15 Uralic-speaking populations which cover all main groups of the linguistic family. We show that contemporary Uralic speakers are genetically very similar to their local geographical neighbours. However, when studying relationships among geographically distant populations, we find that most of the Uralic speakers and some of their neighbours share a genetic component of possibly Siberian origin. Additionally, we show that most Uralic speakers share significantly more genomic segments identity-by-descent with each other than with geographically equidistant speakers of other languages. We find that correlated genome-wide genetic and lexical distances among Uralic speakers suggest co-dispersion of genes and languages. Yet, we do not find long-range genetic ties between Estonians and Hungarians with their linguistic sisters that would distinguish them from their non-Uralic-speaking neighbours. We show that most Uralic speakers share a distinct ancestry component of likely Siberian origin, which suggests that the spread of Uralic languages involved at least some demic component.
The consequences of threat constructions and security-dominated politics in many Asian states and regions have been all too apparent recently. Whether the escalating language between China and the US over the outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the violence against opposition movements in Hong Kong, the fate of minorities in Myanmar or the ongoing violence in Afghanistan – the invocation of “security” and the often violent practices of security agents constitute a powerful “key mode of governing”. Security drives international and domestic politics and, at the same time, shapes livelihoods of citizens and the fate of individuals in often worrisome ways. In offering various empirical studies guided by the pragmatic frameworks of securitisation and Critical Security Studies, this Special Issue aims at deconstructing security as a governing mode in the Asian context, with articles ranging from the local and national levels to international relations.
History of Asia, Unlocalized maps (Asian studies only)
Since aDNA research suggested a marked gene influx from Eastern into Central Europe in the 3rd millennium bc, outdated, simplistic narratives of massive migrations of closed populations have re-appeared in archaeological discussions. A more sophisticated model of migration from the steppes was proposed recently by Kristiansen et al. As a reaction to that proposal, this paper aims to contribute to this ongoing debate by refining the latter model, better integrating archaeological data and anthropological knowledge. It is argued that a polythetic classification of the archaeological material in Central Europe in the 3rd millennium reveals the presence of a new complex of single grave burial rituals which transcends the traditional culture labels. Genetic steppe ancestry is mainly connected to this new kind of burials, rather than to Corded Ware or Bell Beaker materials. Here it is argued that a polythetic view on the archaeological record suggests more complicated histories of migration, population mixtures and interaction than assumed by earlier models, and ways to better integrate detailed studies of archaeological materials with a deeper exploration of anthropological models of mobility and social group composition and the molecular biological data are explored.