We apply, for the first time, Bayes Linear Emulation and History Matching to the calibration of non-perturbative models in Monte Carlo event generators. In contrast to the usual approach of "Monte Carlo tuning", History Matching does not result in best-fit plus ellipsoidal parameter uncertainty estimates but instead identifies all parameter space regions that are consistent with data. This approach leads to a systematic and robust quantification of parametric uncertainties in the models, especially in those challenging cases where different, possibly disjoint, regions of parameter space deliver similar results, which are usually not properly treated with current methodology. We highlight the power of this method with the hadronisation models available through Sherpa: the built-in cluster fragmentation Ahadic and string fragmentation through an interface to Pythia.
Multivariate Time Series (MTS) forecasting has a wide range of applications in both industry and academia. Recent advances in Spatial-Temporal Graph Neural Network (STGNN) have achieved great progress in modelling spatial-temporal correlations. Limited by computational complexity, most STGNNs for MTS forecasting focus primarily on short-term and local spatial-temporal dependencies. Although some recent methods attempt to incorporate univariate history into modeling, they still overlook crucial long-term spatial-temporal similarities and correlations across MTS, which are essential for accurate forecasting. To fill this gap, we propose a framework called the Long-term Multivariate History Representation (LMHR) Enhanced STGNN for MTS forecasting. Specifically, a Long-term History Encoder (LHEncoder) is adopted to effectively encode the long-term history into segment-level contextual representations and reduce point-level noise. A non-parametric Hierarchical Representation Retriever (HRetriever) is designed to include the spatial information in the long-term spatial-temporal dependency modelling and pick out the most valuable representations with no additional training. A Transformer-based Aggregator (TAggregator) selectively fuses the sparsely retrieved contextual representations based on the ranking positional embedding efficiently. Experimental results demonstrate that LMHR outperforms typical STGNNs by 10.72% on the average prediction horizons and state-of-the-art methods by 4.12% on several real-world datasets. Additionally, it consistently improves prediction accuracy by 9.8% on the top 10% of rapidly changing patterns across the datasets.
Traditional approaches to studying decision-making in neuroscience focus on simplified behavioral tasks where animals perform repetitive, stereotyped actions to receive explicit rewards. While informative, these methods constrain our understanding of decision-making to short timescale behaviors driven by explicit goals. In natural environments, animals exhibit more complex, long-term behaviors driven by intrinsic motivations that are often unobservable. Recent works in time-varying inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) aim to capture shifting motivations in long-term, freely moving behaviors. However, a crucial challenge remains: animals make decisions based on their history, not just their current state. To address this, we introduce SWIRL (SWitching IRL), a novel framework that extends traditional IRL by incorporating time-varying, history-dependent reward functions. SWIRL models long behavioral sequences as transitions between short-term decision-making processes, each governed by a unique reward function. SWIRL incorporates biologically plausible history dependency to capture how past decisions and environmental contexts shape behavior, offering a more accurate description of animal decision-making. We apply SWIRL to simulated and real-world animal behavior datasets and show that it outperforms models lacking history dependency, both quantitatively and qualitatively. This work presents the first IRL model to incorporate history-dependent policies and rewards to advance our understanding of complex, naturalistic decision-making in animals.
Ewoud Wempe, Amina Helmi, Simon D. M. White
et al.
We study the mass growth histories of the halos of Milky Way and M31 analogues formed in constrained cosmological simulations of the Local Group. These simulations constitute a fair and representative set of $Λ$CDM realisations conditioned on properties of the main Local Group galaxies, such as their masses, relative separation, dynamics and environment. Comparing with isolated analogues extracted from the TNG dark-matter-only simulations, we find that while our M31 halos have a comparable mass growth history to their isolated counterparts, our Milky Ways typically form earlier and their growth is suppressed at late times. Mass growth associated to major and minor mergers is also biased early for the Milky Way in comparison to M31, with most accretion occurring 1 - 4 Gyr after the Big Bang, and a relatively quiescent history at later times. 32% of our Milky Ways experienced a Gaia-Enceladus/Sausage (GES)-like merger, while 13% host an LMC-like object at the present day, with 5% having both. In one case, an SMC- and a Sagittarius-analogue are also present, showing that the most important mergers of the Milky Way in its Local Group environment can be reproduced in $Λ$CDM. We find that the material that makes up the Milky Way and M31 halos at the present day first collapsed onto a plane roughly aligned with the Local Sheet and Supergalactic plane; after $z \sim 2$, accretion occurred mostly within this plane, with the tidal effects of the heavier companion, M31, significantly impacting the late growth history of the Milky Way.
With the recent emergence of powerful instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs), various helpful conversational Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems have been deployed across many applications. When prompted by users, these AI systems successfully perform a wide range of tasks as part of a conversation. To provide some sort of memory and context, such approaches typically condition their output on the entire conversational history. Although this sensitivity to the conversational history can often lead to improved performance on subsequent tasks, we find that performance can in fact also be negatively impacted, if there is a task-switch. To the best of our knowledge, our work makes the first attempt to formalize the study of such vulnerabilities and interference of tasks in conversational LLMs caused by task-switches in the conversational history. Our experiments across 5 datasets with 15 task switches using popular LLMs reveal that many of the task-switches can lead to significant performance degradation.
The author analyzes the history of the development and evolution of inter-party relations between the CPSU and the Colombian Communist Party in the post-Comintern period. Particular attention is paid to the role of the International De-partment of the CPSU Central Committee in conducting the foreign policy of the USSR in Latin America. The author concludes that inter-party relations between the CPS and the CPC were built primarily around global issues on the agenda of the world communist movement, with the issues of Soviet-Chinese and Soviet-Chinese-Cuban rivalry and the topic of armed struggle in the Latin American region especially high-lighted.
This article examines the importance of graphic representations in the social sciences, and particularly in (medieval) history, taking as its starting point a reflection by {É}tienne-Jules Marey, a physiologist and pioneer of 19th-century photography and cinema. Marey believed that the visual should replace language in many fields. Indeed, the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries saw an exponential multiplication of visual media, particularly with the advent of digital technology. However, this ''graphics revolution'' has not affected all disciplines equally. Significant differences remain between scientific fields such as astrophysics, anthropology, chemistry and medieval history, despite their shared commitment to describing dynamic processes and changes of state. Yet, while historians have already digitized a large part of the cultural heritage from Antiquity to the 10th-13th centuries, exploration of this corpus using visualizations remains limited. There is therefore untapped potential in this field.This article begins by outlining a typology and quantification of the past and potential roles of visual representations in medieval history. It examines two distinct intellectual approaches: 1. the use of visuals to support a scientific discourse (majority) and 2. the construction of a historical discourse based on observations made from visual figures with the aim of modeling phenomena invisible to the naked eye. The author thus examines the use of ''images'' in medievalism, focusing on the annual volumes of the Soci{é}t{é} des historiens m{é}di{é}vistes de l'enseignement sup{é}rieur (SHMESP), up to 2006. Two other parts of the text look at the still-rare forms of visual representation in medieval history, particularly those with a ''heuristic vocation'', using iconographic objects, parchments, buildings and digitized texts. The article suggests various visualization techniques, such as network analysis, the creation of ''stemmas 2.0'' and interactive chronologies, which could benefit the discipline. These methods could potentially profoundly change our understanding of ancient societies, by showing the dynamic relationships between different aspects of these societies. One of the most important advances expected from these visual methods is a better understanding of the patterns of development in medieval Europe, which varied from region to region. The hypothesis is that the scarcity of heuristic graphics in medieval history stems from the relationship with ancient documents and the historical method based on narration and exemplarity. The article thus questions the value of ''visual modelling'' in medieval history, and highlights the challenges associated with the widespread adoption of this approach in the humanities and social sciences. Finally, the text invites us to reflect on the nature and functioning of heuristic visual devices, by comparing medieval ''images'' and contemporary scientific visuals. In both cases, the point is to materialize the invisible in order to show something that exists beyond the visual. The author suggests that this way of approaching visuals could play a growing role in the decades to come, particularly in the field of data science.
Simultaneous Machine Translation is the task of incrementally translating an input sentence before it is fully available. Currently, simultaneous translation is carried out by translating each sentence independently of the previously translated text. More generally, Streaming MT can be understood as an extension of Simultaneous MT to the incremental translation of a continuous input text stream. In this work, a state-of-the-art simultaneous sentence-level MT system is extended to the streaming setup by leveraging the streaming history. Extensive empirical results are reported on IWSLT Translation Tasks, showing that leveraging the streaming history leads to significant quality gains. In particular, the proposed system proves to compare favorably to the best performing systems.
This book is a general history of the legal system of the United States, beginning in the colonial period, and continuing up to the present. The work was originally published in 1973; this is the fourth edition, which brings the material up to date and incorporates recent research. The book covers the changing configurations of commercial law, criminal law, and family law, and the law of property; lays great stress on race relations, especially black-white relations; it deals also with the legal profession and legal education. The approach throughout is geared toward an intelligent lay audience. Legal jargon is avoided. The underlying theory of the book is that law is the product of society, so that what is attempted, in essence, is a more or less sociological history of the legal system, as it evolved over the years.
Myrthes de Campos (1875-1965) é amplamente reconhecida como a primeira mulher a exercer a advocacia no Brasil. Ela se graduou em direito em 1898 e fez sua estreia no tribunal do júri no ano seguinte. Embora tenha publicado com frequência em jornais de grande circulação e em revistas jurídicas, bem como apresentado trabalhos em congressos acadêmicos, a sua trajetória recebeu pouca atenção do ponto de vista da história intelectual. Este artigo apresenta uma análise de um conjunto de textos em que ela discutiu a capacidade civil das mulheres, o aborto e o tribunal do júri, procurando argumentar que chr(38)quot;a primeira advogadachr(38)quot; teve uma atuação mais complexa, contraditória e questionadora que as narrativas do pioneirismo e do excepcionalismo podem sugerir. Colocando os escritos de Myrthes de Campos em diálogo e em tensão com seus contemporâneos, pretende-se contribuir tanto para o estudo das mulheres como intelectuais, quanto para a compreensão de transformações por que passavam as práticas e os discursos jurídicos ao longo das primeiras décadas do século XX
Natasha Martins, Pedro Almeida, Muriel Guitel
et al.
A corporalidade dentro dos rituais da religião brasileira Candomblé possui papel fundamental na preservação de uma tradição e valorização étnica. Identificando como potente representante deste universo cosmológico, usou-se como objeto de estudo as obras do pintor português Neves e Sousa, para fins de análise sócio-cultural. O corpo conta história, se faz presente. É por meio do corpo que o sagrado se manifesta no ambiente litúrgico. Buscando este espaço atemporal da arte ritual, com ênfase na expressão corporal do Candomblé, o presente artigo desenvolve um diálogo entre um olhar de fora do Candomblé com suas simbologias, meios de aprendizado e experiência mística.CORPORALITY OF CANDOMBLÉ FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF NEVES E SOUSA
Corporality of Candomblé from the Perspective of Neves e Sousa
CORPORALIDAD DE CANDOMBLÉ BAJO LA MIRADA DE NEVES Y SOUSA
Corporalidad de Candomblé Bajo la Mirada de Neves e Sousa
Resumo
A corporalidade dentro dos rituais da religião brasileira Candomblé possui papel fundamental na preservação de uma tradição e valorização étnica. Identificando como potente representante deste universo cosmológico, usou-se como objeto de estudo as obras do pintor português Neves e Sousa, para fins de análise sócio-cultural. O corpo conta história, se faz presente. É por meio do corpo que o sagrado se manifesta no ambiente litúrgico. Buscando este espaço atemporal da arte ritual, com ênfase na expressão corporal do Candomblé, o presente artigo desenvolve um diálogo entre um olhar de fora do Candomblé com suas simbologias, meios de aprendizado e experiência mística.
Palavras-chave: Candomblé, Ritual, Cultura, Artes, Corporalidade
Abstract
Corporality within the rituals of the Brazilian Candomblé religion plays a fundamental role in the preservation of an ethnic tradition and appreciation. Identifying as a potent representative of this cosmological universe, the works of the Portuguese painter Neves e Sousa were used as object of study,for sociocultural analysis purposes. The body tells a story, makes itself present. It is through the body that the sacred is manifested in the liturgical environment. Seeking this timeless space of ritual art, with an emphasis on Candomblé body expression, this article develops a dialogue between the external perspective of Candomblé with its symbologies, mean of learning and mystical experience
Keywords: Candomblé, Ritual, Culture, Art, Corporality
Resumen
La corporalidad dentro de los rituales de la religión brasileña Candomblé tiene un papel fundamental en la preservación de la tradición y el aprecio étnico. Identificándose como un potente representante de este universo cosmológico, las obras del pintor portugués Neves e Sousa han sido utilizadas como objeto de estudio, a efectos de análisis sociocultural. El cuerpo cuenta una historia, se hace presente. Es a través del cuerpo que lo sagrado se manifiesta en el ambiente litúrgico. Buscando este espacio atemporal del arte ritual, con énfasis en la expresión corporal del Candomblé, este artículo desarrolla un diálogo entre una mirada fuera del Candomblé con sus simbologías, medios de aprendizaje y experiencia mística.
Palabras-clave: Candomblé, Ritual, Cultura, Arte, Corporalidad
Relations between Spaniards and Argentines have been good since the beginning of this shared history. There are hundreds of examples and there is the particular situation that originates in the years of the Civil War that shakes the former mother country and, in the immediate aftermath, when intellectuals, politicians and journalists, doctors and lawyers, persecuted or threatened by the system that put an end to the Second Republic, to which they had adhered, makes their private and public life difficult. From this immense group, we selected a few, privileging those who worked in our environment, who, through the university chairs to which they accessed, professed a marked influence on young people and adults, since they allowed a ferment of renovating proposals. By offering to participate in teaching, one of the most delicate aspects of the exile was covered : job placement. For their part, they helped expand the contents of the programs, the approaches, the bibliography and stimulate a comparative criterion.
Nicolas Dussex, Federica Alberti, Matti T. Heino
et al.
Abstract Background Numerous megafauna species from northern latitudes went extinct during the Pleistocene/Holocene transition as a result of climate-induced habitat changes. However, several ungulate species managed to successfully track their habitats during this period to eventually flourish and recolonise the holarctic regions. So far, the genomic impacts of these climate fluctuations on ungulates from high latitudes have been little explored. Here, we assemble a de-novo genome for the European moose (Alces alces) and analyse it together with re-sequenced nuclear genomes and ancient and modern mitogenomes from across the moose range in Eurasia and North America. Results We found that moose demographic history was greatly influenced by glacial cycles, with demographic responses to the Pleistocene/Holocene transition similar to other temperate ungulates. Our results further support that modern moose lineages trace their origin back to populations that inhabited distinct glacial refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Finally, we found that present day moose in Europe and North America show low to moderate inbreeding levels resulting from post-glacial bottlenecks and founder effects, but no evidence for recent inbreeding resulting from human-induced population declines. Conclusions Taken together, our results highlight the dynamic recent evolutionary history of the moose and provide an important resource for further genomic studies.