Hasil untuk "General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution"

Chairunnisah J. Lamangantjo, Marini Susanti Hamidun, Sasmianti et al.

Lepidoptera diversity serves as a vital bioindicator of ecosystem health and environmental quality. This research investigated the Lepidoptera community structure within the Nantu-Boliohuto Wildlife Reserve, Celebes, Indonesia, using a purposive sampling method with insect nets at three distinct stations. Diversity indices at all stations were categorized as moderate: Station I, far from the river area adjacent to Camp Yayasan Adudu Nantu International (H’ = 1.57); Station II, at the Babi Rusa wallow area (H’ = 2.48); and Station III, the waterfall area (H’ = 2.64). Evenness was high at all stations (Station I: E = 0.99; Station II: E = 0.94; Station III: E = 0.98). Dominance was low across all stations: Station I (C = 0.21), Station II (C = 0.09), and Station III (C = 0.08). The species abundance index of Elymnias resplendens Martin, 1929 (Nymphalidae) was the highest (Di = 0.124). These findings contribute to environmental quality assessment and serve as a data inventory for Lepidoptera in the Nantu-Boliohuto Wildlife Reserve.

Drew N. Fowler, Jason M. Winiarski, Christopher D. Pollentier et al.

Abstract Habitat loss and fragmentation have negatively impacted breeding birds across the world. Across guilds, grassland‐dependent birds have experienced the largest proportional loss of their breeding population while wetland‐dependent birds have realized overall net gains in part due to focused conservation efforts. However, some species within the wetland‐dependent guild have a strong dependence on non‐wetland land cover types during the annual cycle and therefore may be equally sensitive to reductions in the composition and altered configuration of upland landcover, such as grasslands. We explored the influence of landcover composition and configuration on the number of breeding pairs of a breeding habitat generalist, the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and a grassland‐dependent breeding species, the blue‐winged teal (Spatula discors), in agriculturally‐intensive landscapes of Wisconsin, USA. Because of the extensive landscape alteration and habitat fragmentation that has occurred, we expected mallards to have a more utilitarian response to varying landscape composition compared to a grassland nesting obligate like blue‐winged teal. We used helicopter surveys conducted across 8 years (2001–2003, 2006–2009, and 2012) and remotely‐sensed land cover data to investigate the influence of habitat associations on relative abundance of breeding pairs. Model selection indicated that landscape composition models outperformed landscape configuration and null models for both species. Consistent with our predictions, we found that mallard pair counts were positively influenced by a greater number of land cover covariates compared to blue‐winged teal. Both blue‐winged teal and mallard breeding pairs were positively related to increased composition of emergent and scrub‐shrub wetlands as well as upland grassland. Additionally, we found that mallard pairs were positively related to forested, cattail (Typha sp.), and open water wetland types, whereas predicted blue‐winged teal pair abundance was negatively related to forested wetlands and had a nonlinear relationship and declined when surveyed land sections were comprised of more than 30% cattail‐dominated wetlands and 20% open‐water wetlands. Increased quantities of cattail‐dominated and open‐water wetland cover types comparatively provide less habitat for blue‐winged teal and may reflect broader shifts in habitat composition that have likely resulted from agricultural intensification and stabilized hydrology. Conservation activities that preserve existing nesting land cover types or restore hydrologically‐dynamic emergent wetlands in proximity to upland grassland cover could mutually benefit both species.

Yakir Aharonov, Sandu Popescu, Daniel Rohrlich

In a recent paper, PNAS, 118, e1921529118 (2021), it was argued that while the standard definition of conservation laws in quantum mechanics, which is of a statistical character, is perfectly valid, it misses essential features of nature and it can and must be revisited to address the issue of conservation/non-conservation in individual cases. Specifically, in the above paper an experiment was presented in which it can be proven that in some individual cases energy is not conserved, despite being conserved statistically. It was felt however that this is worrisome, and that something must be wrong if there are individual instances in which conservation doesn't hold, even though this is not required by the standard conservation law. Here we revisit that experiment and show that although its results are correct, there is a way to circumvent them and ensure individual case conservation in that situation. The solution is however quite unusual, challenging one of the basic assumptions of quantum mechanics, namely that any quantum state can be prepared, and it involves a time-holistic, double non-conservation effect. Our results bring new light on the role of the preparation stage of the initial state of a particle and on the interplay of conservation laws and frames of reference. We also conjecture that when such a full analysis of any conservation experiment is performed, conservation is obeyed in every individual case.

Abdelghani Maddi, Marion Maisonobe, Chérifa Boukacem-Zeghmouri

This study aims to compare the geographical and disciplinary coverage of OA journals in three databases: OpenAlex, Scopus and the WoS. We used the ROAD database, managed by the ISSN International Centre, as a reference database which indexes 62,701 OA active resources (as of May 2024). Among the 62,701 active resources indexed in the ROAD database, the Web of Science indexes 6,157 journals, while Scopus indexes 7,351, and OpenAlex indexes 34,217. A striking observation is the presence of 25,658 OA journals exclusively in OpenAlex, whereas only 182 journals are exclusively present in WoS and 373 in Scopus. The geographical analysis focusses on two levels: continents and countries. As for disciplinary comparison, we use the ten disciplinary levels of the ROAD database. Moreover, our findings reveal a striking similarity in OA journal coverage between WoS and Scopus. However, while OpenAlex offers better inclusivity and indexing, it is not without biases. WoS and Scopus predictably favor journals from Europe, North America and Oceania. Although OpenAlex presents a much more balanced indexing, certain regions and countries remain relatively underrepresented. Typically, Africa is proportionally as under-represented in OpenAlex as it is in WoS, and some emerging countries are proportionally less represented in OpenAlex than in WoS and Scopus. These results underscore a marked similarity in OA journal indexing between WoS and Scopus, while OpenAlex aligns more closely with the distribution observed in the ROAD database, although it also exhibits some representational biases.

Samuel Shephard, Samuel Shephard, Samuel Shephard et al.

IntroductionIndigenous communities typically hold diverse traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of their social-ecological system. Much of this knowledge is embodied as skills related to subsistence practices within a specific landscape and is associated with community values and norms. Ways of knowing often reflect the different activities traditionally undertaken by men and women. The incursion of external forces, including urbanization, the cash economy and migration tends to diminish transmission of traditional embodied skills. Knowledge can be lost as culturally significant environments degrade or species become extirpated. Lack of opportunity to develop traditional knowledge and skills can diminish feelings of place and identity, and thus capacity for local environmental stewardship.MethodsThe Yangambi region, Democratic Republic of Congo is a hunting territory of the Turumbu ethnic group. We used questionnaires to explore how levels of wildmeat knowledge and skill may have changed over time among the Turumbu.ResultsThe responses showed lower levels of self-reported skill among women who started to participate in the last 10-15 years. This pattern partly reflects the period of ‘apprenticeship’ but may also suggest diminished learning opportunity in recent years. Skills in cooking, smoking, and selling wildmeat persisted at a higher level than skills in curing disease and gathering wild produce. There was a much more marked pattern for men, with diminishing levels of wildmeat skill reported for around 35-40 years, and even earlier for knowledge of traditional medicine and wildmeat taboos. Questions about mentoring suggested that women have maintained knowledge pathways between mother and daughter, while men showed a shift toward increased learning from uncles.DiscussionGender differences in sharing and learning TEK may be linked to the type of skills that remain valuable in a changing social, ecological, and economic context. Men traditionally undertake the capture elements of hunting, while women deal with wildmeat processing, marketing, and cooking. The Yangambi wildmeat system has evolved from subsistence to a strongly market-driven economy during the lifetime of our study participants. This shift may partly explain why market-based kills such as food smoking and selling have endured longer than hunter’s nature-based knowledge.

Parvathi Kooloth, Leslie M. Smith, Samuel N. Stechmann

Potential vorticity (PV) is one of the most important quantities in atmospheric science. The PV of each fluid parcel is known to be conserved in the case of a dry atmosphere. However, a parcel's PV is not conserved if clouds or phase changes of water occur. Recently, PV conservation laws were derived for a cloudy atmosphere, where each parcel's PV is not conserved but parcel-integrated PV is conserved, for integrals over certain volumes that move with the flow. Hence a variety of different statements are now possible for moist PV conservation and non-conservation, and in comparison to the case of a dry atmosphere, the situation for moist PV is more complex. Here, in light of this complexity, several different definitions of moist PV are compared for a cloudy atmosphere. Numerical simulations are shown for a rising thermal, both before and after the formation of a cloud. These simulations include the first computational illustration of the parcel-integrated, moist PV conservation laws. The comparisons, both theoretical and numerical, serve to clarify and highlight the different statements of conservation and non-conservation that arise for different definitions of moist PV.

Haochang Su, Haochang Su, Haochang Su et al.

IntroductionAntibiotics are widely used in medical and health services, as well as livestock farming. High concentrations of antibiotics are eventually discarded into rivers due to incomplete metabolism and removal. Bays connect rivers to the sea, and have important ecological functions. Although the occurrence, concentrations, and distribution of antibiotics in bays have been widely studied, the temporal variations in the concentration, contamination indicators and sources of antibiotics, as well as related ecological risk factors, remain unclear.MethodsWithin this context, we investigate the sources, concentrations, temporal variations, and ecological risks associated with antibiotics in water and sediment samples from Dapeng Cove, Shenzhen, South China, in three rainy seasons.ResultsEight and ten different antibiotics were detected in the water and sediment samples, respectively. Of these, the detection rates of erythromycin-H2O (ETM) and clarithromycin were highest in both sample types (100%), while trimethoprim (TMP) and ETM were the most abundant antibiotics in the water and sediment samples, respectively. The total concentration (TC) of antibiotics was highest in water and sediment samples from a local domestic sewage site, at 301.96 ng/L and 18.67 ng/g, respectively. Several environmental factors and the concentrations of the predominant antibiotics TMP and ETM were positively correlated. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed TMP and ETM to be the predominant antibiotics influencing the TC of the target antibiotics, with partial regression coefficients of 1.28 and 1.136, respectively (p < 0.01). Notably, ETM had risk quotients of 0.43–7.91, indicating medium to high risk, while samples from the inner bay and domestic sewage outlet had high ecological risk levels. Redundancy analysis showed that the domestic sewage and inner bay samples were clustered closely but separately from the other samples.DiscussionThe results of our study indicate that domestic sewage is the dominant source of antibiotics in the bay.

Yangfang Ye

Jing Liu, Richard G. J. Bellerby, Richard G. J. Bellerby et al.

Three field surveys were conducted in the outer Changjiang Estuary on the inner shelf of the East China Sea in March, July, and October, 2018. Observations of total-scale pH (pHT), total alkalinity (AT), and calculated total dissolved inorganic carbon (CT), the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), and the air–sea CO2 exchange flux (FCO2) were studied in the surface waters. The results showed that the Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW) area was a source of atmospheric CO2 in July and October (4.97 and 8.67 mmol CO2/m2/day, respectively). The oversaturation of CO2 was mainly ascribed to the respiration of terrestrial organic and inorganic materials sourced from the Changjiang River discharge, overwhelming the CO2 uptake due to primary productivity despite the high phytoplankton biomass in summer. The air–sea CO2 flux was greater in October than in July in the CDW, which is attributed to the increasing wind speed. In contrast, the Yellow Sea Water (YSW) and the East China Sea Shelf Water (ECSSW) were a weak CO2 sink in March (–0.71 and –2.86 mmol CO2/m2/day, respectively) and July (–1.28 mmol CO2/m2/day in the ECSSW) following the CO2 uptake of phytoplankton production, however, they were a CO2 source by October (3.30 mmol CO2/m2/day in the YSW and 1.18 mmol CO2/m2/day in the ECSSW). The cooling effect during the cold season reduced the sea surface pCO2, resulting in a CO2 sink in the CDW, YSW, and ECSSW areas in March. However, the regions became a source of atmospheric CO2 in October, possibly driven by vertical mixing, which brought CT-enriched bottom water to the surface and increased the pCO2. The study region was a net CO2 sink in March and a net CO2 source in July and October with an average FCO2 of –1.25, 1.71, and 3.06 mmol CO2/m2/day, respectively.

Shifra Z. Goldenberg, Jenna M. Parker, Jenna M. Parker et al.

Rescue, rehabilitation, and release (‘rescue-rehab-release’) of wildlife is an increasingly widespread practice across ecosystems, largely driven by habitat loss, wildlife exploitation and a changing climate. Despite this, its conservation value has not been realized, in part due to the scarcity of what has been termed “the 4th R”, research. Similar to conservation breeding and headstarting, rescue and rehabilitation entails close association of humans and the wildlife in their care over impressionable and extended periods. However, unlike these interventions, rescue and rehabilitation require an initial, and sometimes sustained, focus on crisis management and veterinary needs which can impede the development of natural behaviors and promote habituation to humans, both of which can compromise post-release survival and recruitment. In this perspective, we discuss the pathways toward, and implications of, behavioral incompetence and highlight opportunities for testable interventions to curtail negative outcomes post-release, without compromising the health or welfare of rescued individuals. We propose that practitioners ‘switch gears’ from triage to fostering behavioral competence as early in the rehabilitation process as is possible, and that research be implemented in order to develop an evidence-base for best practices that can be shared amongst practitioners. We focus on four mammalian species to illustrate specific contexts and considerations for fostering behavioral competence by building on research in the conservation translocation literature. Finally, we discuss a way forward that calls for greater cross-pollination among translocation scenarios involving extended time under human care during developmentally sensitive periods.

Godwill Mbiti Kanyolo, Titus Masese

The central equations in classical general relativity are the Einstein Field Equations, which accurately describe not only the generation of pseudo-Riemannian curvature by matter and radiation manifesting as gravitational effects, but more importantly mass-energy dynamics, evolution and distribution on the space-time manifold. Herein, we introduce a geometric phase in general relativity corresponding to Schwarzschild black hole information content. This quantity appropriately satisfies a local conservation law subject to minimal coupling, with other desirable properties such as the quantization of the black hole horizon in units of Planck area. The local conservation law is imposed by field equations, which not only contain the trace of Einstein Field Equations, but also a complex-valued function with properties analogous to the quantum-mechanical wave function. Such success attests to the utility of the proposed field equations in capturing key aspects of quantum gravity theories.

Vianney Taquet, Vincent Blot, Thomas Morzadec et al.

Estimating uncertainties associated with the predictions of Machine Learning (ML) models is of crucial importance to assess their robustness and predictive power. In this submission, we introduce MAPIE (Model Agnostic Prediction Interval Estimator), an open-source Python library that quantifies the uncertainties of ML models for single-output regression and multi-class classification tasks. MAPIE implements conformal prediction methods, allowing the user to easily compute uncertainties with strong theoretical guarantees on the marginal coverages and with mild assumptions on the model or on the underlying data distribution. MAPIE is hosted on scikit-learn-contrib and is fully "scikit-learn-compatible". As such, it accepts any type of regressor or classifier coming with a scikit-learn API. The library is available at: https://github.com/scikit-learn-contrib/MAPIE/.

Jose A. Fernandes-Salvador, Keith Davidson, Marc Sourisseau et al.

Across the European Atlantic Arc (Scotland, Ireland, England, France, Spain, and Portugal) the shellfish aquaculture industry is dominated by the production of mussels, followed by oysters and clams. A range of spatially and temporally variable harmful algal bloom species (HABs) impact the industry through their production of biotoxins that accumulate and concentrate in shellfish flesh, which negatively impact the health of consumers through consumption. Regulatory monitoring of harmful cells in the water column and toxin concentrations within shellfish flesh are currently the main means of warning of elevated toxin events in bivalves, with harvesting being suspended when toxicity is elevated above EU regulatory limits. However, while such an approach is generally successful in safeguarding human health, it does not provide the early warning that is needed to support business planning and harvesting by the aquaculture industry. To address this issue, a proliferation of web portals have been developed to make monitoring data widely accessible. These systems are now transitioning from “nowcasts” to operational Early Warning Systems (EWS) to better mitigate against HAB-generated harmful effects. To achieve this, EWS are incorporating a range of environmental data parameters and developing varied forecasting approaches. For example, EWS are increasingly utilizing satellite data and the results of oceanographic modeling to identify and predict the behavior of HABs. Modeling demonstrates that some HABs can be advected significant distances before impacting aquaculture sites. Traffic light indices are being developed to provide users with an easily interpreted assessment of HAB and biotoxin risk, and expert interpretation of these multiple data streams is being used to assess risk into the future. Proof-of-concept EWS are being developed to combine model information with in situ data, in some cases using machine learning-based approaches. This article: (1) reviews HAB and biotoxin issues relevant to shellfish aquaculture in the European Atlantic Arc (Scotland, Ireland, England, France, Spain, and Portugal; (2) evaluates the current status of HAB events and EWS in the region; and (3) evaluates the potential of further improving these EWS though multi-disciplinary approaches combining heterogeneous sources of information.

Shankar Tripathi, Yojana Adhikari

A significant volume of wood was lost due to wood defects; however, few studies were done to quantify wood loss by wood defects. This study was focused on quantifying wood loss by heart rot, especially hollowness in Shorea robusta. The study was conducted in Tileswornath community forest of Rautahat district. The data were collected from the felling site of the regeneration felling block of Tileswornath community forest. 44 trees were selected randomly, and tree diameter, total height, and volume were measured. The destructive method was followed as heart rot cannot be visible from the surface. Felled trees were sanctioned into 285 logs and separated based on the hollowness. Hollow diameters at both thin end and mid and thick end, as well as length, were measured on the hollow log, and Smalian’s formula was used to calculate the volume of hollowed portion, and volume calculation formula for the cylinder was used to calculate total volume. For the solid logs, mid diameter and length of the log were measured and volume calculation formula for the cylinder was used to calculate total volume. Logistic regression was performed to identify the relation of total height and diameter with the probability of hollowness presence. The study showed that 59% of sampled trees and 34.39% of logs were found to be hollowed due to heart rot. 41.79% volume was occupied by hollow on the hollowed log. Logistic regression discards the relation of height to the hollowness but signified the relation of diameter to the probability of hollowness presence. Before implementation of scientific forest management modality, the timber retained in stump per tree was found as 0.18 cubic feet.

Jessica L. Blythe, Derek Armitage, Nathan J. Bennett et al.

Recently, oceans have become the focus of substantial global attention and diverse appeals for “transformation.” Calls to transform ocean governance are motivated by various objectives, including the need to secure the rights of marginalized coastal communities, to boost ocean-based economic development, and to reverse global biodiversity loss. This paper examines the politics of ocean governance transformations through an analysis of three ongoing cases: the FAO’s voluntary guidelines for small-scale fisheries; debt-for-“blue”-nature swaps in the Seychelles; and the United Nations’ negotiations for a high seas’ treaty. We find that transformations are not inevitable or apolitical. Rather, changes are driven by an array of actors with different objectives and varying degrees of power. Objectives are articulated and negotiated through interactions that may reassemble rights, access, and control; however, there is also the potential that existing conditions become further entrenched rather than transformed at all. In particular, our analysis suggests that: (1) efforts to transform are situated in contested, historical landscapes that bias the trajectory of transformation, (2) power dynamics shape whose agendas and narratives drive transformational change, and (3) transformations create uneven distributions of costs and benefits that can facilitate or stall progress toward intended goals. As competing interests over ocean spaces continue to grow in the coming decades, understanding the processes through which ocean governance transformations can occur—and making the politics of transformative change more explicit—will be critical for realizing equitable ocean governance.

Teresa Maria Morganti, Teresa Maria Morganti, Teresa Maria Morganti et al.

Sponges play a key role in the transfer of energy and nutrients into many benthic ecosystems, and the volume of water they process is an important regulator of these fluxes. Theoretical scaling relationships between sponge volume, osculum cross-sectional area, and pumping rates were recently proposed and confirmed for small sponge specimens in the lab. To examine how these relationships apply to field populations we measured, in situ, the pumping rate (PR) of 20 species representative of different morphologies and host types (high- and low-microbial-abundance, HMA and LMA) from temperate and tropical regions. The total oscula area (∑OSA) increased allometrically with sponge volume (V) exhibiting similar exponents (∑OSA=aVb, b ranging 0.6–0.7) for all species, except for tropical HMAs (b = 0.99). Osculum flow rate (OFR) also increased allometrically with OSA and oscula of the same size pumped at the same rate irrespective of sponge volume. As a result, and in contrast to former reports, the PR of most of the sponges increased allometrically (PR=a∑OSAb) with scaling exponent b≈0.75, whereas PR of tropical HMAs increased isometrically. Osculum jet speed declined with the increase in the OSA for most species. The number of oscula and their OSA were the best predictors of the PR in sponges, explaining 75–94% of the in situ variation in PR throughout the natural range of sponge size. The pumping rate of a sponge population can be estimated by measuring the osculum density and cross-sectional area distribution once the relationships between the OSA and OFR are established for each species.

Salanieta Kitolelei, Randy Thaman, Joeli Veitayaki et al.

The time-tested Indigenous fishing knowledge (IFK) of Fiji and the Pacific Islands is seriously threatened due to the commercialization of fishing, breakdown of traditional communal leadership and oral knowledge transmission systems, modern education, and the movement of the younger generations to urban areas for work and/or study. Consequently, IFK, which has been orally transmitted for generations, has either been lost, not learned by the current generation, or remains undocumented. This study focuses on the critical need to conserve and include IFK as a basis for assessing the conservation status of ecologically and culturally keystone fisheries species as a basis for planning site-specific management of marine and freshwater fisheries in Fiji and the Pacific Islands. The study reviews studies of the last two and a half centuries on IFK from Fiji and elsewhere in the small oceanic islands of the Pacific, as a basis for the conservation, documentation and intergenerational transfer of this knowledge as the foundation for sustainable fisheries management. The study also reviews: the nature and conservation status of IFK, itself; and the conservation status of species considered to be of particular ecological and cultural importance; reasons for the loss of species/taxa and associated knowledge and practices; and actions that can be taken to address this loss.

L. M. Soanes, J. A. Green, M. Bolton et al.

The archetypal foraging behaviour of tropical seabirds is generally accepted to differ from that of their temperate and polar breeding counterparts, with the former exhibiting less predictable foraging behaviour associated with the less predictable prey of the tropical marine environment. Similarly, temperate and polar species have predictable, annual breeding seasons, enabling them to profit during periods of the year when prey availability is highest, while tropical seabird species exhibit considerable variability in their breeding strategies. Until now, the reasons for such variation in breeding strategies between tropical seabirds are yet to be investigated. We hypothesise that while some tropical species breed asynchronously in response to unpredictable fluctuations in prey availability, others adopt a seasonal breeding strategy for the same reasons that temperate and polar species do. Consequently, the predictability of seabird foraging behaviour in the tropics may be related to breeding strategy, with populations that breed seasonally exhibiting more predictable foraging behaviour than those that breed aseasonally. To test these predictions, we used GPS tracking to examine the foraging behaviour of two closely related tropical seabird species that colonise the same island yet exhibit markedly different breeding strategies: the asynchronously breeding brown booby Sula leucogaster and the seasonal breeding masked booby Sula dactylatra. We obtained tracks for 251 birds over five years. We found that brown boobies forage less predictably than masked boobies, indicated by larger core foraging areas, lower levels of foraging area overlap between individuals and exhibit more variability between breeding periods. Our results challenge the view that the foraging behaviour of tropical seabirds is always less predictable than that of seabirds breeding in temperate and polar regions and highlight the considerable variability in the breeding and foraging strategies adopted by tropical seabirds which demand further exploration.

Jinhie Skarda, Rahul Trivedi, Logan Su et al.

Inverse design of large-area metasurfaces can potentially exploit the full parameter space that such devices offer and achieve highly efficient multifunctional flat optical elements. However, since practically useful flat optics elements are large in the linear dimension, an accurate simulation of their scattering properties is challenging. Here, we demonstrate a method to compute accurate simulations and gradients of large-area metasurfaces. Our approach relies on two key ingredients - a simulation distribution strategy that allows a linear reduction in the simulation time with number of compute (GPU) nodes and an efficient single-node computation using the Transition-matrix (T-matrix) method. We demonstrate ability to perform a distributed simulation of large-area, while accurately accounting for scatterer-scatterer interactions significantly beyond the locally periodic approximation, and efficiently compute gradients with respect to the metasurface design parameters. This scalable and accurate metasurface simulation method opens the door to gradient-based optimization of full large-area metasurfaces.

Romain Ruzziconi, Céline Zwikel

We address the questions of conservation and integrability of the charges in two and three-dimensional gravity theories at infinity. The analysis is performed in a framework that allows us to treat simultaneously asymptotically locally AdS and asymptotically locally flat spacetimes. In two dimensions, we start from a general class of models that includes JT and CGHS dilaton gravity theories, while in three dimensions, we work in Einstein gravity. In both cases, we construct the phase space and renormalize the divergences arising in the symplectic structure through a holographic renormalization procedure. We show that the charge expressions are generically finite, not conserved but can be made integrable by a field-dependent redefinition of the asymptotic symmetry parameters.