Hasil untuk "General works"

Lei Gu, Wenrui Zhang

Abstract This study examined how phonology, specifically word stress, influences the masked processing of English-suffixed words by non-native speakers. The study included four prime types: TP+ (visualize-VISUAL), TP− (temptation-TEMPT), FP+ (example-EXAM), and FP− (entertain-ENTER). Primes in TP+ (semantically transparent and phonologically congruent) and FP+ (form and phonologically congruent) conditions matched their targets regarding primary stress, whereas primes in TP− (semantically transparent and phonologically incongruent) and FP− (form and phonologically incongruent) conditions exhibited phonological variations compared to their targets. Two groups of English-Chinese bilinguals with different levels of English proficiency (advanced vs lower-intermediate) participated in the study. The results indicated that advanced Chinese–English bilinguals exhibited significant priming effects across all conditions, with TP+ producing a stronger priming effect than TP− and FP+. In contrast, lower-intermediate Chinese–English bilinguals only displayed priming effects for two form-related conditions. Additionally, advanced Chinese–English bilinguals demonstrated more robust priming effects for TP+ than lower-intermediate bilinguals. These findings suggest that in bilingual masked morphological processing, phonological effects facilitate early visual word recognition, while morpho-semantic relationships and L2 proficiency moderate both morphological and phonological effects during early morphological decomposition. These findings challenge the localist view of morphology as a discrete unit in the mental lexicon and support the connectionist view of morphological representations being distributed across spelling, sound, and meaning.

Sabrina Fitzsimons, David S. Smith

Abstract Higher Education-Based Teacher Educators (TEs) are responsible for the preparation of future teachers across the continuum of education. However, despite their significant role in the education ecosystem, their well-being and professional satisfaction often remain overlooked in research and policy. For example, while burnout among academics is extensively studied, it remains under-researched, particularly among TEs. Even less attention is paid to rustout, a phenomenon characterised by professional underutilisation, intellectual stagnation and unfulfillment. Rustout is not a universal experience. However, its presence acknowledges that occupational stress is non-linear and nuanced and that it can vary depending on organisational and personal resources. Like its better-known counterpart, burnout, untreated rustout can have individual and organisational consequences, such as poor mental health, career dissatisfaction and accelerated employee turnover. Through an analysis of surveys and interviews with TEs across Ireland and the United Kingdom (UK), we explore the factors that may contribute to rustout. Guided by rustout literature and validated through collaborative reflection, this paper reveals three core themes: (1) administrative overload and erosion of autonomy, (2) misalignment between professional aspirations and job tasks and (3) systemic barriers to professional growth. Some participants reported being ‘prevented from thriving’, while others actively sought ways to mitigate rustout through new challenges or external opportunities. More broadly, the study shines a light on the ‘silence’ surrounding rustout in academia. The findings also highlight the detrimental effects of rustout on individual well-being and suggest that it is not merely a pre-retirement phenomenon but can emerge at various stages of a TE’s career. Practical implications emphasise the need for Higher Education (HE) sectors and leaders to put ‘rustout’ on the mental health literacy agenda, to balance job demands with resources and to acknowledge the trade-off that can occur when operational efficiency is prioritised over professional well-being.

C. Revelas, O. Boldea, B. J. M. Werker

We study the effectiveness of randomizing split-directions in random forests. Prior literature has shown that, on the one hand, randomization can reduce variance through decorrelation, and, on the other hand, randomization regularizes and works in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environments. First, we bring together and revisit decorrelation and regularization by presenting a systematic analysis of out-of-sample mean-squared error (MSE) for different SNR scenarios based on commonly-used data-generating processes. We find that variance reduction tends to increase with the SNR and forests outperform bagging when the SNR is low because, in low SNR cases, variance dominates bias for both methods. Second, we show that the effectiveness of randomization is a question that goes beyond the SNR. We present a simulation study with fixed and moderate SNR, in which we examine the effectiveness of randomization for other data characteristics. In particular, we find that (i) randomization can increase bias in the presence of fat tails in the distribution of covariates; (ii) in the presence of irrelevant covariates randomization is ineffective because bias dominates variance; and (iii) when covariates are mutually correlated randomization tends to be effective because variance dominates bias. Beyond randomization, we find that, for both bagging and random forests, bias can be significantly reduced in the presence of correlated covariates. This last finding goes beyond the prevailing view that averaging mostly works by variance reduction. Given that in practice covariates are often correlated, our findings on correlated covariates could open the way for a better understanding of why random forests work well in many applications.

Miguel Alcubierre

I present a review of the Dirac equation in general relativity. Although the generalization of the Dirac equation to a curved spacetime is well known, it is not usually part of the standard toolkit of techniques known to people working on classical general relativity. Recently, there has been some renewed interest in studying solutions of the Einstein--Dirac system of equations, particularly in the context of the so-called ``Dirac stars''. Motivated by this, here I present a review of the Dirac equation in general relativity, starting from Minkowski spacetime, and then considering the Lorentz group and the tetrad formalism in order to generalize this equation to the case of a curved spacetime. I also derive the form of the Dirac equation and its associated stress--energy tensor for the case of the 3+1 formalism of general relativity, which can be useful for the study of the evolution of the Dirac field in a dynamical spacetime.

Yusro Edy Nugroho, Sahid Teguh Widodo, Wasino et al.

Colonialism has turned the gender relations in Java into something considerably complex. Through marriage, women were positioned to promote the harmonization of strategic politics of kingdoms. Such a condition results in many studies on several Javanese literary works of Wulang Putri. This research investigates the socio- historical background of the writing of Wulang Putri in the context of the hegemony of Javanese kingdom power. A sociological, literary work in the Gramscian hegemony theory was applied in this study. All data comprised nine literary works of Wulang Putri written in the nineteenth century. The result showed the effect of the literary works in instilling the political influence of the author through a cultural discourse. Such is seen in the post-Java War demilitarization (1825–1830) to maintain the integrity of the kingdom. In addition, there are still traces of efforts to unite the Mataram dynasty through marriages between princes and princesses in four palaces.

Chengbin Zhang, Xiangdong Liu

Massimo Barbieri

Chitosan is a biopolymer synthesized by deacetylation of chitin, a polysaccharide that can be obtained from various renewable resources, mainly waste from marine food production [...]

Advait Sarkar, Xiaotong, Xu et al.

Generative AI, with its tendency to "hallucinate" incorrect results, may pose a risk to knowledge work by introducing errors. On the other hand, it may also provide unprecedented opportunities for users, particularly non-experts, to learn and apply advanced software features and greatly increase the scope and complexity of tasks they can successfully achieve. As an example of a complex knowledge workflow that is subject to risks and opportunities from generative AI, we consider the spreadsheet. AI hallucinations are an important challenge, but they are not the greatest risk posed by generative AI to spreadsheet workflows. Rather, as more work can be safely delegated to AI, the risk is that human critical thinking -- the ability to holistically and rigorously evaluate a problem and its solutions -- is degraded in the process. The solution is to design the interfaces of generative AI systems deliberately to foster and encourage critical thinking in knowledge work, building primarily on a long history of research on critical thinking tools for education. We discuss a prototype system for the activity of critical shortlisting in spreadsheets. The system uses generative AI to suggest shortlisting criteria and applies these criteria to sort rows in a spreadsheet. It also generates "provocations": short text snippets that critique the AI-generated criteria, highlighting risks, shortcomings, and alternatives. Our prototype opens up a rich and completely unexplored design space of critical thinking tools for modern AI-assisted knowledge work. We outline a research agenda for AI as a critic or provocateur, including questions about where and when provocations should appear, their form and content, and potential design trade-offs.

Mohammad Reza Alipour, Saeed Noori Gashti, Mohammad Ali S. Afshar et al.

In this paper, we study the Joule-Thomson Expansion (JTE) process for two types of black holes: AdS-Einstein-Maxwell-Power-Yang-Mills (AEMPYM) and AdS-Kerr-Sen (AKS). Our study focuses on understanding how various parameters influence the Joule-Thomson Coefficient (JTC), the inversion curve, and the ratio of minimum inversion temperature to critical temperature. For the AKS black hole, we observe that the isenthalpic curves can exhibit either cooling or heating behavior. This behavior is determined by the inversion curve, which is affected by the black hole's mass and specific parameters such as $b$ (parameter signifies the ionic charge of the black hole) and $a$ (rotation parameter). In the case of the AEMPYM black hole, our findings reveal that the ratio of minimum inversion temperature to critical temperature approaches a specific value as Maxwell's charge increases. This ratio remains constant for certain parameter values, while it varies for others. Specifically, when the parameter $q$ (real positive parameter of AEMPYM black hole) is greater than 1, the ratio is almost equal to 1/2 as Maxwell's charge (C) increases. When q equals 1/2, the ratio is exactly 1/2 for all values of (C). For values of (q) between 1/2 and 1, the ratio is close to 1/2, and for values of (q) between 0 and 1/2, the ratio decreases, moving away from 1/2. For the AKS black hole, we find that specific parameter values, such as (a = 0.00951) and (b = 0.00475 ), yield a ratio of minimum inversion temperature to a critical temperature that is approximately 1/2. This consistency across different parameter values highlights the robustness of our findings. Finally, we compare our results with those reported in the existing literature, providing a comprehensive summary in detailed tables.

Gabor Etesi

In this paper $4$ dimensional Riemannian (or Euclidean) vacuum general relativity is recovered from a phase transition by spontaneous symmetry breaking within a quantum field theory (all in the sense of the operator algebraic approach to quantum field theory) provided by the unique ${\rm II}_1$ hyperfinite factor von Neumann algebra. The formal temperature of this phase transition is $T=\frac{1}{2}T_{\rm Planck}\approx7.06\times 10^{31}{\rm K}$. (For an extended abstract see the text.)

Joel Maloff

The ITExpo conference was held in Fort Lauderdale, Florida in February 2023. The IoT Evolution program is part of the overall ITExpo conference and focuses on emerging trends and opportunities within the Internet of Things (IoT) environment. IoT Evolution offers expert sessions on practical applications and use cases of IoT. These include automation, security, and healthcare (https://www.iotevolutionexpo.com/east/). One of the 2023 conference sessions was entitled “Medical Internet of Things (MIoT) – Opportunities for Managed Solutions Providers (MSPs). This article is from the presenter’s perspective and addresses the topics covered in the doctoral dissertation research completed in 2022. The focus of the session was to provide information to organizations that offer managed solutions services to clients or customers, including healthcare. One of the observations derived from the doctoral research was a lack of awareness within the healthcare community regarding the security and privacy issues associated with remote implantable or wearable medical devices. Doctors presumed that these issues were addressed by the device manufacturers, HIPAA, the FDA, or others. Research indicated that this was not correct and that there was a gap in this area. This gap represented an opportunity for organizations like MSPs that provide consulting and advisory services to healthcare organizations regarding overall security and privacy. The article elaborates on the composition of the attendees, questions that arose during the session, and summarizes the information that was provided. The linkage between academic research and practical field application were key elements of this session.

Naiwei Chen, Min-Teh Yu

Abstract This study examines whether and how Sharia compliance and national governance affect the value of corporate cash holding (cash) in Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) countries. Study results indicate that cash can enhance firm value and such cash value is higher for Sharia-compliant firms than for Sharia non-compliant firms. In addition, cash is particularly valuable when national governance is strong. Furthermore, the positive effect of Sharia compliance on cash value is more pronounced when national governance is strong. Results suggest that internal governance (i.e., Sharia compliance) and external governance (i.e., national governance) should be in sync to maximize cash value.

Valentin Benedetti, Pablo Bueno, Javier M. Magan

We construct generalized symmetries for linearized Einstein gravity in arbitrary dimensions. First-principle considerations in QFT force generalized symmetries to appear in dual pairs. Verifying this prediction helps us find the full set of non-trivial conserved charges -- associated, in equal parts, with 2-form and $(D-2)$-form currents. Their total number is $D(D+1)$. We compute the quantum commutators of pairs of dual charges, showing that they are non-vanishing for regions whose boundaries are non-trivially linked with each other and zero otherwise, as expected on general grounds. We also consider general linearized higher-curvature gravities. These propagate, in addition to the usual graviton, a spin-0 mode as well as a massive ghost-like spin-2 one. When the latter is absent, the theory is unitary and the dual-pairs principle is respected. In particular, we find that the number and types of charges remain the same as for Einstein gravity, and that they correspond to continuous generalizations of the Einsteinian ones.

Yu-Qi Dong, Yu-Qiang Liu, Yu-Xiao Liu

In this paper, we establish a unified parameterized framework for analyzing the polarization modes of gravitational waves in the general metric theory (gravity is only described by the metric) and the general scalar-tensor theory (gravity is described by the metric and an additional scalar field). Specifically, we study the polarization modes of gravitational waves in the most general metric theory and general scalar-tensor theory that satisfy the following conditions: (1) Spacetime is four-dimensional; (2) The theory satisfies the principle of least action; (3) The theory is generally covariant; (4) The action describing a free particle is $\int ds$. We find that the polarization modes of gravitational waves in the theory satisfying the above conditions depends on the selection of parameters in the framework, and the theory allows for up to all six polarization modes. Once we have established our framework, the analysis of the polarization modes of gravitational waves in specific theories will depend on determining the corresponding parameters within our framework. In our analysis, we also find that the polarization modes of gravitational waves in the general metric theory and the general scalar-tensor theory that satisfy the conditions also have some interesting universal properties.

Wierzbicka, Anna Maria, Arno, Maria

Sacral objects are an important part of Europe’s religious heritage. For centuries, temples have constituted a key element in the urban morphology; they fit into the urban fabric of European cities and are permanently embedded there. Due to the current laicization of Europe, the adaptation of sacred buildings into secular functions has become a necessity for economic reasons. Their owners, architects, conservators and historians are faced with a dilemma: whether to preserve an object or transform it into another function? Places of worship cannot be considered in solely economic terms due to the identity of the place, its current function and its symbolism. Sacred spaces, apart from their function, structure and form, also have meaning. In holy sites, the symbol becomes a narrative tool. The purpose of a narrative in the cultural context is related to the site, the narrator, the recipient and the time of the narrative. Narrative research into semantic architecture, as one of the means of researching sacred architecture, has potential both in analysis and as a tool to facilitate design processes for the appropriate transformation of sacred buildings to serve secular functions.

Jaiyul Yoo

The standard model for galaxy bias is built in a Newtonian framework, and several attempts have been made in the past to put it in a relativistic framework. The focus of past works was, however, to use the same Newtonian formulation, but to provide its interpretation in a relativistic framework by either fixing a gauge condition or transforming to a local coordinate system. Here we demonstrate that these reverse-engineered approaches do not respect the diffeomorphism symmetry in general relativity, and we need to develop a covariant model of galaxy bias that is diffeomorphism compatible. We consider a simple toy model for galaxy bias and discuss the impact for measuring the primordial non-Gaussianity.

Danil A. Ezhov, Natallia V. Sukhankina

The research interest to such phenomenon as giftedness has already been taken place in the discussions in some areas: anthropological about human nature, pedagogical about the interaction between bringing up, education and training of a gifted child, social about the circumstances of revealing of special abilities of children, psycological about nature, classification and sources of giftedness. On the base of theoretical-empirical methods of scientific research (theoretical analysis of philosophical, pedagogical, psychological, methodical, historical literature; content-analysis of normative-methodical documents, methods of comparison and classification) the following results of retrospective analysis of theories of giftedness. The stages in the development of the idea of giftedness and its fundamental distinctive definitions are highlighted, the methodical principles of theories of giftedness are defined, the necessity of working out the methodological basis of the process of continuous development of gifted children. The retrospective analysis of evolutional development of the theories of giftedness points out that their conceptual differences are based on different scientific theoretical and methodological researches, are determined by the dynamics of socio-political, economical and socio-cultural processes. On the other hand, the diversity of concepts is the consequence of versatility and difficulty of giftedness nature, impossibility to work out the general references and strategies of development for all its demonstrations. The giftedness is defined as gradually developing competence, performing as the basis of effective activity of the talented personality. The study, analysis and generalization of the main elements of the giftedness theories given in the works of Russian and foreign scientists, form the scientific platform for search and working out the scientific and practical methods of giftedness development aimed to find out and develop of potential and hidden opportunities of schoolchildren, aimed to individual accompaniment of their educational paths, aimed to formation of social motivation.

Eiad Abdulhalim Mohammad Alnajjar

This study aims to explore the harmonisation of scientific specialisation for undergraduate science students using multiple intelligences (MI), their relationship to academic achievement (GPA) and the students’ attitudes towards science. The sample consists of 198 male and female students chosen randomly from different year groups in the departments of physics and chemistry at Al-Qunfudah College at Umm Al-Qura University in Saudi Arabia. The study used a tool to survey MI and a questionnaire to measure the sample’s attitudes towards science. The researcher obtained the students’ GPAs from the college administration department. The results showed that the ranking of intelligences for the sample, respectively, was existential, logical, interpersonal, kinaesthetic, naturalistic, visual, intrapersonal, linguistic and musical. There was consistency between the levels of students’ MI with their science specialisation. There was no significant correlation between the levels of study, GPA variables and attitudes towards science. There was a significant and positive increasing correlation between GPA and each of the following MI: logical, intrapersonal and existential. There was a significant difference between attitudes towards science in favour of chemistry, a significant difference between the medians of existential intelligence in females and a significant and positive increasing correlation between the attitudes towards science and existential intelligence.

Cyril Renevey, Killian Martineau, Aurélien Barrau

Most of the phenomenology of loop quantum gravity in the cosmological sector is based on the so-called holonomy correction to the Hamiltonian constraint. It straightforwardly modifies the Friedmann equations. In this work, we investigate the influence of corrections generalizing the one usually used in loop quantum cosmology. We find that a long enough inflation phase can be generated by purely quantum geometrical effects but we also underline the limitations of this scenario. In addition, we study the effects of generalized holonomy corrections on an inflationary phase generated by a massive scalar field. At the level of perturbations, we investigate in details the consequences on the primordial scalar power spectrum.

M.R. Taleban

For more than two centuries, the social sciences have been subjected to the “irrational actor axiom" in the scientific study of religion. Religiosity and religious behavior were explained on the basis of primitive thought, neurotic impulses, and social conditioning; and the decline of religion and religiosity was also seen as the inevitable consequence of scientific enlightenment and technological advancement. From the late 20th century, and especially early 21th century, an increasing set of empirical data from social science research has shown that this traditional approach to the scientific study of religion is defective. Many of these data have seriously challenged the old but still popular social sciences scholarship on "incompatibility of science with religion”, "the gradual decline of religion" and "pathological roots of religious commitment." The research evidence presented in this paper also showed that most of the extensive literature on the relationship between university education and the reduction of students' religiosity, which was dominated by the secularization paradigm and the incompatibility of science with religion, does not have the necessary empirical support. Also, analyzing the data on the religiosity of Muslims in Iran showed that the difference in religiosity of the population was more affected by their religious background of their family rather than by studying at the university.