Hasil untuk "Gas industry"

Yingchun Wang, Yanlong Kong, Shuang Liao et al.

Abstract Understanding surface heat flux is essential for evaluating geothermal system dynamics and resource potential, particularly in tectonically active but non‐volcanic regions. This study presents the first integrated assessment of surface heat flux in three representative geothermal areas in Taxkorgan County, western China, including Taheman (THM), Liaoyangyuan (LYY) and Dabudar (DBD). Field measurements were conducted using a combination of soil temperature gradient analysis, water vapor flux estimation, soil CO2 flux measurement and the desiccant‐based CO2:H2O ratio determination method. Sequential Gaussian simulation of the geostatistical method was applied to mapping spatial distributions of heat flux and CO2 flux. The results show that the total surface heat fluxes of THM, DBD, and LYY are 68.6, 19.2, and 57.7 W·m−2, respectively, with CO2‐derived heat flux accounting for 51.8%–54.6% of the total, highlighting the dominance of gas‐phase convective heat release. THM exhibits the highest thermal output (1.3 MW), driven by deep volatile exsolution and enhanced fault permeability, characteristic of a fracture‐controlled geothermal reservoir. In contrast, LYY shows a high thermal gradient and dominant conductive heat flux, reflecting a shallow heat source. DBD displays the lowest heat flux, possibly representing a peripheral or capped thermal zone. These findings provide critical measured data and theoretical basis for the identified hybrid heat transport mechanisms and also offer broader implications for understanding tectonically controlled geothermal systems in continental collision orogenic belts.

Tina Düren, L. Sarkisov, O. Yaghi et al.

Omer Berkehan Inal, C. Deniz

Abstract The maritime industry leading organization International Maritime Organization (IMO) is bringing more and more restrictive and effective rules on reducing greenhouse gas and air polluting emissions since the significant portion of the greenhouse gas emissions in the world are caused by commercial vessels. Therefore, an alternative energy source is seeking by maritime industry and fuel cells can play a major role in converting such energy sources into electrical energy. The aim of this study is to compare commercial fuel cell types that can be used in merchant ships and a maximum of 5 MW main engine power is considered due to the limited power output of fuel cells. The environmental and economical performances of fuel cell types were compared and criterions’ weightings were found according to expert points using the analytic hierarchy process. A final comparison table is formed giving evaluation points for each fuel cell type and weighting for each criterion depending on their importance in the maritime industry. Fuel cells are ranked by eight different criteria and according to experts, safety is the most important criterion and then followed by emissions, efficiency, cost, lifetime, power output, fuel type, and size, respectively. Among seven different fuel cell types; proton exchange membrane, alkaline, phosphoric acid, diesel oil using molten carbonate, liquefied natural gas using molten carbonate, diesel oil using solid oxide and liquefied natural gas using solid oxide fuel cells, the first three places are formed by diesel oil using molten carbonate fuel cell, proton exchange membrane fuel cell and diesel oil using solid oxide fuel cell which are received 4.053, 4.044 and 3.969 respectively from the total point 5.000. As a result, diesel oil using molten carbonate fuel cell, which takes place with a slight margin from proton exchange membrane fuel cell, has been found as the most suitable fuel cell type for ships. This study highlights that despite strict emission regulations, as a fuel, diesel oil is still a strong fuel option for ships with different energy conversion units like fuel cells.

A. M. Sheshukova, E. V. Smirnova, S. V. Vasyanina

Issues of practical application of the results of seismic facies analysis are of concern to subsoil users and specialists from scientific institutes in the oil and gas industry. It is not always evident what contribution this work makes to the outcome of geological modeling and what significance it has when integrating materials from areal seismic studies, geophysical well surveys andcore data. At the same time, interest in this type of work decreases as fields are drilled, although with increasing well data, the reliability of the results of seismic facies analysis increases significantly, and additional opportunities arise to search for promising and undeveloped zones of the deposit.   In this regard, the main objective of the article is to remind the public of the importance of this component of geological modeling, to illustrate the practical applications of seismic facies analysis, and to present various approaches to seismic facies mapping.   The article describes approaches to seismic facies analysis at different stages of exploration of promising areas and fields, taking into account 2D and 3D seismic exploration. It is noted that the use of neural networks for calculating seismic classes makes it possible to work with different input data, including volumetric cubes of digital material and two-dimensional maps constructed from the results of seismic exploration. Attention is a paid to the role of seismic facies analysis in creating geological models and assessing the resource base. An option is a shown for calculating a three-dimensional cube of lithology and reservoir properties taking into account seismic facies analysis and lithofacies analysis with a brief description of modeling algorithms. The impact of seismic facies analysis and lithofacies analysis results on the distribution of reservoirs within the three-dimensional geological model is illustrated through the example of the simulation area. Furthermore, the mapping of zones of probable claying of the productive formation is demonstrated.

Xiaohua Wang, Zhongchao Zhu, Xiaojun Li

Coal is an important fossil energy source in the world, which provides important support for the development of industry. However, the chemical composition of coal is complex, and it may cause harm to the human body and environment during the process of mining and utilization, especially some aromatic hydrocarbons in coal that are strongly carcinogenic to human beings; thus, it is necessary to analyze the organic chemical compositions of coal so as to realize the clean and harmless utilization of coal. In this article, three different coal samples were extracted by seven solvent-graded extractions, and then the extracts were tested by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). According to the results of the GC-MS test, it was found that CS₂ could dissolve a large amount of aromatic hydrocarbons in the coal, n-hexane could dissolve a larger amount of aliphatic hydrocarbons, methanol could dissolve a larger amount of ketones, benzene could extract phenolic compounds in the coal, acetone could dissolve alcoholic compounds, and the mixed solvent methanol/THF could dissolve coal esters. Then, by analyzing these extracts, researchers can clearly understand the microscopic organic components of coal, which have a significant role in the development of the coal chemical industry and ecological environment protection.

LI Xiang, WANG Jun, SONG Caiyu et al.

<b>[Objective]</b> Compared with conventional gas fuel, hydrogen is more susceptible to explosion. Meanwhile, the existence of obstacles notably stimulates hydrogen combustion and accelerates flame propagation, causing more serious consequences of accidents. To reduce destructive damage caused by hydrogen combustion under obstacle conditions, it is particularly important to reveal the influences of different obstacle conditions on the characteristics of flame propagation of hydrogen. <b>[Methods]</b> Based on large eddy simulation, the hydrogen/air combustion and explosion processes under different obstacle shapes and blockage rate conditions were numerically simulated.Focus was given to the research on different flame propagation velocities caused by different obstacle shapes and the sensitivity to blockage rate changes. <b>[Results]</b> Under low blockage rate, grid-type obstacles had a stronger destructive effect on the regular flow field at the flame front than single-side obstacles, and as the number of voids in grid-type obstacles increased, their destructive effect on the flow field motion further intensified, making it difficult for the flame front to recover to a regular state. When the blockage rate went up, the difference of the shapes of obstacles became insignificant in causing damage to the regular flow field, and the flame front was continuously distorted under all obstacle conditions. As the blockage rate continued to increase, single-side obstacles brought higher peak flame propagation velocity than grid-type obstacles. At the same blockage rate, the mechanism of flame acceleration by grid-type obstacles can be changed by adjusting the single void area to enhance the acceleration effect. <b>[Conclusion]</b> The shape and blockage rate of obstacles are the key factors influencing the state of flame front behind obstacles.The single-side obstacle is more sensitive to the blockage rate,while the grid-type obstacle has higher acceleration potential.The research results provide basic reference data for the prevention and control of hydrogen fire accidents and serve as a reference for the design of hydrogen power systems.

Neeraj Goel, Kishor Kunal, Aditya Kushwaha et al.

Abstract The usage of the gas sensor has been increasing very rapidly in the industry and in daily life for various potential applications. In the recent years, metal oxide semiconductors (MOS) become the primary choice for designing highly sensitive, stable, and low‐cost real‐life applications‐based gas sensors due to their inherent physical and chemical properties. Researchers have proposed numerous sensing mechanisms to explain the functionality of MOS‐based gas sensors. In this review, we have comprehensively covered different sensing mechanisms used for MOS. We have also discussed different parameters affecting the sensitivity and selectivity of the gas sensors. Moreover, the different techniques used to enhance the gas sensing response of MOS‐based sensors are also extensively covered. And finally, we give our prospective on recent opportunities and challenges on the future applications of MOS‐based gas sensors.

XUE Gang, XIONG Wei, ZHANG Peixian

There are two types of shale gas reservoirs in the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale formation of southeast margin of Sichuan Basin: normal pressure shale gas reservoir in Wulong residual syncline and abnormal over-pressure shale gas reservoir in Fuling anticline. This study takes an integrated geology-engineering approach to analyze the genesis and formation mechanisms of normal pressure shale gas reservoirs in the Wulong area. The analysis is based on shale burial history curves, drilling data, horizontal well fracturing parameters, and the geological characteristics specific to normal pressure shale gas reservoirs. Combined with the actual production effects of two horizontal shale gas wells, the fracturing process parameters of normal pressure shale gas reservoirs are optimised. Then three main points have been obtained in this study: ①The normal pressure shale gas reservoir of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in Wulong area is formed during the structural destruction adjustment of the Yanshanian and Himalayan tectonic periods. ②The shale gas escaping caused by tectonic elevation is the main reason for the formation of normal pressure shale gas. ③Compared with the Marcellus normal pressure shale gas reservoir, Wulong normal pressure shale gas reservoir has the similar geological characteristics, but the development effect varies greatly. The fracturing scale simulation shows that it is necessary to further optimise the horizontal well segmented fracturing parameters, increase the output of single wells, and reduce development costs. Only in this way can effective development be realised.

Karnauhov Aleksandr, Kozhubaev Yuriy, Ilin Aleksei et al.

The global challenges of the Russian oil and gas complex intensify the search for effective development directions both in the near and long term. One of these ways is digitalization. The development and implementation of digital technologies in technological processes and business processes helps to increase the competitiveness of oil and gas enterprises in the domestic and global energy markets. To increase the synergy effect and the rate of implementation of digital technologies, it is necessary to conduct development within a single concept and with optimal management of development and implementation processes within the entire oil and gas industry, and not locally for individual companies. The paper shows the features of digitalization of the oil and gas industry in Russia, analyzes the conditions for effective digital transformation, formulates the prospects for digital development of the oil and gas complex, taking into account breakthrough technologies, and develops a block diagram of a management system for the development and implementation of digital technologies.

Wenying Chen, Xiang Yin, D. Ma

O. Fayomi, I. Akande, S. Odigie

The oil and gas industry is facing many corrosion problems. They have been faced with contaminants such as H2S and CO2 which deteriorate pipe lines and machine components. Over time, corrosion can occur on these machines’ inner surfaces. The pipelines must transport large amounts of crude oil which must be able to withstand large amount of pressure. The storage containers for the oil and gas are made of aluminium and steel which must be protected because of their susceptibility to corrosion which impacts directly or indirectly on the economy. Steel and aluminium are important metals used from manufacture to distribution of final products in almost every part of the oil and gas industry. This paper reviews the effect of corrosion on metal and some of the approaches towards corrosion control in engineering sectors.

Ivan Diaz-Loya, M. Juenger, Saamiya Seraj et al.

Abstract The concrete industry is under increasing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy use in portland cement manufacturing. While there are several possible ways to address this challenge, an immediate solution is to minimize the amount of portland cement used by partially substituting other materials to make concrete binders. Typical supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) used in concrete are byproducts of other industries, such as fly ash from coal burning power production. However, in some regions, changes in the supply-demand chain for SCMs is limiting the ability of the concrete industry to fully utilize these traditional, byproduct SCMs in concrete. This paper addresses current research on avenues for extending SCM resources, particularly in the context of fly ash shortages in the US, including concrete-grade reclaimed fly ash and natural pozzolans.

C. Zou, Guosheng Zhang, Zhi Yang et al.

Abstract Petroleum geology is evolving into two branches, conventional petroleum geology and unconventional petroleum geology, with the latter becoming a new theoretical frontier in the petroleum industry. The core of conventional hydrocarbon geological study is based on identifying the match between source rock, reservoir, caprock, migration, trap, preservation and timing; the core of unconventional hydrocarbon geological study evaluates if the oil and gas is part of a continuous accumulation, where stress is placed on the evaluation of “lithology, physical properties, brittleness, oiliness, source rock features, stress anisotropy” and their configuration. The oil and gas accumulation mode and theoretical formula at various low limits of pore throat diameter have been established, as well as the “L” type production curve. Theoretical production prediction models for unconventional oil and gas, and formation mechanism and development patterns for unconventional oil and gas are being revealed. The connotation, characteristics, potential and technology for unconventional oil and gas have been observed, and two key marks to identify unconventional hydrocarbon have been put forward: (1) continuous distribution of hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs over a large area, with no obvious trap boundary; and (2) no natural stable industrial production, and no obvious Darcy flow. Systematic research shows that the proportion of global unconventional to conventional hydrocarbon resources is 8:2, in which the unconventional oil is almost equal to conventional oil, and the unconventional gas is about 8 times that of conventional gas. In China, unconventional oil resources are about 240×108 t and unconventional gas resources are about 100×1012 m3. In recent years the development of tight gas and tight oil should be strengthened to realize industrial reserves and increase production. Construction of shale gas pilot plants and shale oil research should be strengthened. Unconventional oil and gas industrial systems and research should be set up, including unconventional hydrocarbon geology, fine particle sedimentology, unconventional reservoir geology, seismic reservoir prediction, massive fracturing of horizontal wells, “factory-like” operation, low cost management and subsidy policy and personnel training.

André Gustavo Oliveira Souza, Franklin de Souza Barbosa, Maura Seiko Tsutsui Esperancini et al.

The use of sugarcane bagasse, straw, and chaff for electrical power generation in sugar-ethanol mills has been established; more recently, the recovery of forest biomass has been increasing in an attempt to reduce the use of fossil fuels and to increase electrical power generation focused on self-consumption. The potential for power generation in this segment is considerable, but the use of biomass in cogeneration processes depends on an attractive return on investments. This study was designed to analyze the economic feasibility of investment in thermal and electrical power generation equipment that makes it possible to use forest and logging residues and wood chips to replace the current gas-fired power generation in an engineered wood panel industry facility (Scenario 1) or investment only in thermal generation equipment (Scenario 2). Results showed that the investment to replace natural gas with forest biomass is economically viable not only for the generation of both types of energy but also for the generation of thermal energy itself. High costs of energy inputs such as natural gas and electricity for the industry explain the results, despite the requirement for high investments in cogeneration systems.

Zhironkin Vitaly, Cehlar Michal

The development of the oil and gas industry around the world is connected with the development of unconventional fields, such as shale oil, using modern technologies, for example, rotary steerable systems, which allow more accurate and high-quality work on well construction, as well as multi-stage hydraulic fracturing, allowing more efficient extracting of hydrocarbons from the deposits. However, like any mining of minerals, the extraction of hydrocarbon raw materials has a harmful effect on the ecology of the area in which the extraction takes place. This occurs due to the use of a large number of chemical compounds, a small proportion of processing of rocks obtained during drilling, cleaning up territories to create infrastructure for organizing the extraction work of raw materials. The introduction of new fields into development leads to the increase in the level of industrial pollution of the environment. The impact of hydraulic fracturing technology on the environmental situation in the field is considered in the article. The author analyzes the impact of this method of increasing oil development on the environment, the experience of using this technology abroad, as well as government regulation of the use of this technology by producing companies around the world.

Hong Yue, Fei Liu, Huali Zhang et al.

The carbonate gas reservoir of the fourth Member of Upper Sinian Dengying Formation (hereinafter referred as “Deng 4 Member”) is characterized by deep burial, high temperature, low porosity, low permeability and strong heterogeneity in the Gaoshiti-Moxi area of the central Sichuan Basin. In order to effectively enhance the well productivity and gas reservoir development benefits, this paper defines the reservoir stimulation factor by comprehensively considering the drilling, logging and well type characteristic parameters, to carry out quantitative reservoir evaluation. Then, the refined segmentation method was developed by fully considering the reservoir stimulation factor, in-situ stress and borehole condition. In addition, the differential acid fracturing technology was prepared for different types of reservoirs. On this basis, the specified staged acid fracturing technology of horizontal well for strong-heterogeneity carbonate reservoirs was developed and then applied in the field. And the following research results were obtained. First, the reservoir stimulation factor (y) can be used to accurately evaluate the reservoir characteristics. The high quality reservoir has y ≥ 1.0, the moderate reservoir has 0.5 ≤ y < 1.0, and the low quality reservoir has y ˂ 0.5. Second, the specified staged acid fracturing technology considering the influence of reservoir stimulation factor, in-situ stresses and borehole condition comprehensively is formed. Stimulation measures are applied specifically in different types of reservoir intervals to give full play to the resource potential in each stimulation segment of a long horizontal section, so as to improve the production rate of natural gas reserves in strong-heterogeneity reservoirs. Third, the acid fracturing technology suitable for different types of reservoirs is also different. It is recommended to adopt acid fracturing with gelled acid or diverting acid in high quality reservoirs, acid fracturing with self-generating acid prepad in moderate reservoirs, and acid fracturing with 2–3 stages alternate injection of self-generating acid prepad and gelled acid in low quality reservoirs. Fourth, 69 wells in the production area of the platform margin of Deng 4 Member gas reservoir in Gaoshiti-Moxi area are stimulated with specified staged acid fracturing. The average absolute open flow is 127.6 × 104 m3/d, which is 46.5% higher than that in the early stage of gas reservoir development. In conclusion, the research results provide remarkable stimulation effects, increase the single well gas production greatly and effectively support the efficient development of Deng 4 Member gas reservoir in the Gaoshiti-Moxi area.

Yuri K. Suntsov, Nina S. Suntsova

The methods of theoretical description of the patterns of changes in thermodynamic properties depending on the composition and structure of solution components are a priority direction in the development of the theory of solutions. This article is devoted to the establishment of relationships between the thermodynamic properties, composition of solutions, and the structure of their components. The study of the thermodynamic properties of binary solutions formed by a common solvent (ethylbenzene) and substances of the homologous series of n-alkylbenzenes contributes to the establishment of the aforementioned relationships. In the production of ethylbenzene and its homologues, solutions based on n-alkylbenzenes are quite common. Alkylbenzenes are widely used in various fields of science and chemical technology as solvents, extractants, and plasticisers. Using the ebuliometric method, we measured the boiling points of solutions of four binary systems formed by ethylbenzene and n-alkylbenzenes under various pressure values. Compositions of equilibrium vapour phases of the binary systems were calculated using the obtained isotherms of saturated vapour pressure of the solutions. Using the Runge-Kutta method, the composition of the vapour phases of the solutions of the systems was calculated by the numerical integration of the Duhem–Margules equation on a computer. The obtained data on the vapour-liquid equilibrium became the basis for calculating the thermodynamic functions of the systems’ solutions. The Gibbs and Helmholtz energy values, the enthalpies of vaporisation and mixing, the internal energy, and entropy of solutions were calculated. The thermodynamic properties of the solutions were calculated using a comparison of the values baed on two standards: an ideal solution and an ideal gas. It was found that the values of the Helmholtz energy linearly depend on the molar mass of the substance (the number of –CH2– groups in a molecule) in the homologous series of n-alkylbenzenes. An increase in the Helmholtz energy values for n-alkylbenzenes in the homologous series is associated with a linear increase in the molar volume of liquid substances and an exponential decrease in the saturated vapour pressure of substances. For binary solutions of constant molar concentrations formed by ethylbenzene and n-alkylbenzenes, the Helmholtz energy linearly depends on the molar mass (number of –CH2– groups in the molecule) of n-alkylbenzene in the homologous series. We obtained an equation that makes it possible to predict the thermodynamic properties of solutions of binary systems with high accuracy. The equation accelerates the process of studying vapour-liquid phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties of solutions of binary systems by 300 times. The determined patterns confirm the hypothesis of the additive contribution of functional groups to the thermodynamic properties of solutions. This hypothesis underlies the statistical theory of group models of solutions. The thermodynamic patterns determined by this study can also be used to solve a wide range of technological issues in the chemical industry.

WEI Jiaxin, ZHANG Yan, SHANG Jiaohui et al.

In order to clarify the main principal factors that affect the initial productivity during the development of shale oil reservoirs, a comprehensive data analysis method involved both the hierarchical cluster analysis and the principal component analysis in data statistics is presented; and then the deta of the static formation parameters, fracturing operation parameters and the oil productivity of 51 wells in Block Li-151 are analyzed quantitatively. At first, the wells in the block are divided automatically into two types, Type A and Type B, by the hierarchical cluster analysis method. Then, a principal component analysis method is used to analyze the principal productivity factors for different types of wells. Analysis results show that, when the well shut-in time is less than 125 days, the oil production decline rate can be reduced effectively by the well shut-in measures; however, when it is greater than 125 days, the effect of well shut-in measures on oil production decline rate becomes negative. The production decline rate of Type A wells is highly negative with the amount of injected fracturing water; the main principal factors for the production decline rate of Type B wells are the moving liquid level and the porosity of shale matrix. The principal factors for the production rate of Type B wells are the number of fracturing sections. All in all, for the production optimization of shale oil development in Block Li-151, the differences of principal production factors between Type A wells and Type B wells should be considered and the different analysis results of the principal factors that affect the initial shale oil productivity under different well types should be fully utilized. Some guidance can be provided specifically for the formulation of a reasonable shale oil efficient development plan.

FAN Chen-zi, LIU Yong-bing, ZHAO Wen-bo et al.

BACKGROUND Anning is an important industrial and mining city in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. It is a fulcrum for economic development and ecological civilization construction in the Central Yunnan New Area. The investigation of geochemical water system sediments and hydrogeology in the Anning area was last performed in the 1970s and the 1980s. In recent years, the impact of human production and life on the ecological environment remains unclear. OBJECTIVES Surface sediment samples from the Anning area were investigated to reveal their pollution status, spatial distribution characteristics, and potential ecological risks of river sediments. METHODS X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and other methods were used to systematically analyze the contents and distribution characteristics of major elements, trace elements, and 16 priority-controlled PAHs. Geoaccumulation index, Hankanson ecological risk index, and sediment quality criteria were used to assess the ecological risk of eight typical heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, and Hg) and PAHs. RESULTS Results showed that the heavy metal content in the river sediments from the Anning area was higher than the background values of the national and southern rivers. The spatial distributions of the heavy metals were highly variable and uneven. Additionally, Cd, Hg, and Ad showed medium to severe potential ecological risks. The average content of ∑PAHs was 20856ng/g, and the detection rate of the 16 monomers was ~100%. The overall ecological risk of PAHs was low, and their main sources were petrochemical industry and combustion of petroleum fuels. The major risks of pollutants in the river sediments of the Anning area were mainly concentrated in the vicinity of steel plants and chemical factories in the Tanglangchuan River. CONCLUSIONS This research provides a scientific basis for local governments to strengthen key industrial point source pollution control, and reduce and control industrial sewage discharge.

Bing Wei, Tao Song, Yan Gao et al.

To address the fast productivity decline of the horizontal wells and low oil recovery during natural depletion in Baikouquan formation, the approach of solution gas re-injection was proposed with the primary objective of further developing this formation. Herein, a field-scale numerical compositional reservoir model was built up based on the formation properties and then the effects of permeability, fractures and formation stress on the production dynamics were thoroughly investigated. A sensitivity analysis, which can correlate the oil recovery with these parameters, was also performed. The results showed that the re-injection of solution gas could remarkably retard the production depletion of the horizontal wells thereby improving the oil production. The oil recovery rate increased with permeability, fracture half-length, fracture conductivity, and formation dip. With regard to the fracture distribution, it was found that the interlaced fracture outperformed the aligned fracture for the solution gas re-injection. The influence of the formation stress should be carefully considered in the production process. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the formation dip was the paramount parameter, and the permeability, fracture half-length, and fracture conductivity also played central roles. The results of this study supplement earlier observations and provide constructive envision for enhanced oil recovery of tight reservoirs.