Hasil untuk "Epistemology. Theory of knowledge"

Andrés Budeguer

El trabajo analiza los conceptos de homología y analogía en el pensamiento de Richard Owen. Se destaca su contribución en la introducción y definición de estos términos en la comunidad científica victoriana, incluidos los darwinistas. Owen es posicionado como el pionero en la clarificación de estas nociones. Se exploran las subdivisiones de homología, como la especial, general y serial, junto con el concepto de arquetipo de Owen. Además, se examina la interpretación ortodoxa de su pensamiento contrastada con el platonismo que se le suele atribuir, sugiriendo matices relevantes en la valoración de su obra. El platonismo que suele adjudicársele parece no estar fundamentado de manera sólida, sobre todo si tomamos en cuenta el sentido que Owen otorga a las categorías centrales de su pensamiento.

Yu Sha, Shuiping Gou, Bo Liu et al.

Fault intensity diagnosis (FID) plays a pivotal role in monitoring and maintaining mechanical devices within complex industrial systems. As current FID methods are based on chain of thought without considering dependencies among target classes. To capture and explore dependencies, we propose a hierarchical knowledge guided fault intensity diagnosis framework (HKG) inspired by the tree of thought, which is amenable to any representation learning methods. The HKG uses graph convolutional networks to map the hierarchical topological graph of class representations into a set of interdependent global hierarchical classifiers, where each node is denoted by word embeddings of a class. These global hierarchical classifiers are applied to learned deep features extracted by representation learning, allowing the entire model to be end-to-end learnable. In addition, we develop a re-weighted hierarchical knowledge correlation matrix (Re-HKCM) scheme by embedding inter-class hierarchical knowledge into a data-driven statistical correlation matrix (SCM) which effectively guides the information sharing of nodes in graphical convolutional neural networks and avoids over-smoothing issues. The Re-HKCM is derived from the SCM through a series of mathematical transformations. Extensive experiments are performed on four real-world datasets from different industrial domains (three cavitation datasets from SAMSON AG and one existing publicly) for FID, all showing superior results and outperform recent state-of-the-art FID methods.

T. A. Сhekanova, K. Petremgvdlishvili

Relevance. Q fever in the absence of pathognomic signs is difficult to verify, so the incidence rate of coxiellosis depends on the level of its laboratory diagnosis.Aim. To analyze the incidence of Q fever in the Russian Federation for the time of its official registration (1957–2021) with an assessment of the level of laboratory diagnosis of diseases in different years. The high interest to Q fever in the middle of the last century gave impetus to the commercial production of inactivated Coxiella antigens and kits. The subsequent shortage of economically available diagnostic kits reflected in the official incidence of Q fever. Hypodiagnosis is caused not only by the clinical incidence of infection, but also often by the lack of the possibility of conducting a comprehensive clinical study of the material (detection of antibodies and DNA pathogen). The article presents historical facts for understanding of the rise and incidence of Q fever during the time of its official registration.Conclusions. An analysis of the epidemiological situation should carried taking into account the assessment of the level of diagnosis of Q fever in the regions and the country asa whole. It is necessary to record all newly diagnosed cases of the disease at any stage.

O. N. Zaykova, M. A. Losich, E. V. Rusakova et al.

Relevance. Rabies, hydrophobia is an acute viral zoonotic neuroinfection with 100% mortality in the case of clinical signs in humans or animals. The main biological reservoirs and distributors of the rabies pathogen (Lyssa virus, Rhabdo viridae) on the territory of the Russian Federation (RF) are wild predators of the canine family responsible for the circulation of the classic rabies virus (Rabies virus). Also on the territory of the RF and the countries of Eastern Europe, Asia Minor and Central Asia, the circulation of 6 more species of viruses of the genus Lyssavirus, with biological reservation in bat populations, has been established. Despite the existing genetic and environmental differences, all types of lyssaviruses registered in the territory of the RF pose a threat to humans and animals. Due to the growing processes of interpenetration of the anthropogenic environment and wildlife, in recent years, rabies has been increasingly registered in domestic carnivores, which significantly increases epidemiological risks. Aim. A retrospective comparative analysis of data on the incidence of rabies in humans and animals in the RF and on the territory of some regions of Eurasia adjacent to the RF for the period from 2013 to 2021 to characterize the current manifestations of the epidemic (epizootic) process of rabies. Materials and methods. The materials for the study were data from epidemiological surveillance of rabies in the RF and data from veterinary statistics for 2013–2021. Conventional methods and computer programs were used for the analysis: Microsoft Office Excel analysis package, as well as an online statistical calculator. The level of reliability of the data obtained was evaluated using the Pearson consensus criterion χ2, with a reliability level of p = 0.05 and p = 0.01. Results. It is shown that, on average, 2312.33 ± 752.24 cases of rabies in animals were registered on the territory of the RF for the period 2013–2021. With the observed trend towards a gradual decrease in the annual incidence of rabies among animals, the share of dogs and cats in the epizootic process has increased by 7.,4 and 3,8%, respectively,  over the past 2 years. At the same time, an increase in the incidence of rabies in humans by 4,33 times was recorded when comparing indicators with the previous period 2018-2019. Russia in total for 2013-2021 ranks first in the number of officially registered cases of rabies in humans (63%) among the countries of Europe, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Central Asia.  The European part of the RF accounts for 41,7–44,3% of cases of rabies among domestic and farm animals and 46,7% among wild animals compared to these regions. The recorded trend towards a decrease in the number of cases of rabies in animals  can be explained by long-term oral vaccination of wild carnivores. But the decrease in the number of natural foci of the disease did not provoke a proportional decrease in the incidence of rabies in domestic animals. As a result, the proportion of dogs and cats in the morbidity structure has significantly increased, which, given their proximity to humans, ensures the maintenance of a high level of epidemiological risk. In the pan-European incidence of rabies, the RF is in second place after the countries of Eastern and Southern Europe. All reported cases of rabies in the RF are caused by the natural circulation of the «classic» rabies virus. In recent years, no lyssaviruses have been detected in bat populations on the territory of the RF, which contrasts with the high incidence of lyssaviruses in other European countries. The RF shares land borders with the countries of Europe, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Central Asia, at the same time, the territory of the RF has extensive areas of Eptesicus serotinus and Myotis daubentonii, which are biological reservoirs for EBLV-1, EBLV-2. Based on the above, the risk of the permanent presence of lyssaviruses in bat populations in the territory of the RF is very high and requires monitoring on a regular basis. Conclusion. The analysis of epidemiological and epizootological risks shows the need to adjust the ongoing preventive anti-rabies measures. It is necessary to intensify the campaign of anti-rabies vaccination of domestic carnivores, reduce the number of neglected animals, expand the program for oral vaccination of wild carnivores, monitor the prevalence of lyssaviruses in bat populations in the territory of the RF.

Junchen Rong

We discuss scalar conformal field theories (CFTs) that can be realized in structural phase transitions. The Landau condition and Lifshitz condition are reviewed, which are necessary conditions for a structural phase transition to be second order. We also review the perturbative analysis in $4-ε$ expansion of the corresponding Landau actions, which were already analyzed thoroughly in the 80s. By identifying the global symmetries of these fixed points, it turns out that in perturbation theory only 6 different CFTs can be realized by commensurate structural phase transitions. ${\rm \textbf{Updated in version 2:}}$ We discuss how to classify all the phases of a Landau theory using the computer algebra system GAP. We also discuss the fully packed quantum loop model on the triangular lattice, where the Cubic CFT is realized. This is a lecture note based on a series of talks given by the author. The goal of the lecture note is to bridge the gap between condensed matter physicists and conformal field theorists. The note will be further updated in the future.

Dimitrios Bachtis, Gert Aarts, Biagio Lucini

The precise equivalence between discretized Euclidean field theories and a certain class of probabilistic graphical models, namely the mathematical framework of Markov random fields, opens up the opportunity to investigate machine learning from the perspective of quantum field theory. In this contribution we will demonstrate, through the Hammersley-Clifford theorem, that the $φ^{4}$ scalar field theory on a square lattice satisfies the local Markov property and can therefore be recast as a Markov random field. We will then derive from the $φ^{4}$ theory machine learning algorithms and neural networks which can be viewed as generalizations of conventional neural network architectures. Finally, we will conclude by presenting applications based on the minimization of an asymmetric distance between the probability distribution of the $φ^{4}$ machine learning algorithms and target probability distributions.

William Hogan, Molly Huang, Yannis Katsis et al.

Relation extraction in the biomedical domain is a challenging task due to a lack of labeled data and a long-tail distribution of fact triples. Many works leverage distant supervision which automatically generates labeled data by pairing a knowledge graph with raw textual data. Distant supervision produces noisy labels and requires additional techniques, such as multi-instance learning (MIL), to denoise the training signal. However, MIL requires multiple instances of data and struggles with very long-tail datasets such as those found in the biomedical domain. In this work, we propose a novel reformulation of MIL for biomedical relation extraction that abstractifies biomedical entities into their corresponding semantic types. By grouping entities by types, we are better able to take advantage of the benefits of MIL and further denoise the training signal. We show this reformulation, which we refer to as abstractified multi-instance learning (AMIL), improves performance in biomedical relationship extraction. We also propose a novel relationship embedding architecture that further improves model performance.

Ambareesh Ravi, Atharva Gokhale, Anchit Nagwekar

Game Theory concepts have been successfully applied in a wide variety of domains over the past decade. Sports and games are one of the popular areas of game theory application owing to its merits and benefits in solving complex scenarios. With recent advancements in technology, the technical and analytical assistance available to players before the match, during game-play and after the match in the form of post-match analysis for any kind of sport has improved to a great extent. In this paper, we propose three novel approaches towards the development of a tool that can assist the players by providing detailed analysis of optimal decisions so that the player is well prepared with the most appropriate strategy which would produce a favourable result for a given opponent's strategy. We also describe how the system changes when we consider real-time game-play wherein the history of the opponent's strategies in the current rally is also taken into consideration while suggesting.

Hikaru Hirano, Junhyeong Kim, Masanori Morishita

We present basic constructions and properties in arithmetic Chern-Simons theory with finite gauge group along the line of topological quantum field theory. For a finite set $S$ of finite primes of a number field $k$, we construct arithmetic analogues of the Chern-Simons 1-cocycle, the prequantization bundle for a surface and the Chern-Simons functional for a $3$-manifold. We then construct arithmetic analogues for $k$ and $S$ of the quantum Hilbert space (space of conformal blocks) and the Dijkgraaf-Witten partition function in (2+1)-dimensional Chern-Simons TQFT. We show some basic and functorial properties of those arithmetic analogues. Finally we show decomposition and gluing formulas for arithmetic Chern-Simons invariants and arithmetic Dijkgraaf-Witten partition functions.

Olga Lucia Gomez Gutierrez, Germán Guerrero Pino

El artículo traza de manera gruesa las principales líneas de una propuesta de reformulación de la explicación mecanicista en la que se contemplan los aspectos etiológico, constitutivo, realista y pragmático, los cuales consideramos deben formar parte de una explicación científica. La sustentación de la propuesta se hace en tres etapas. En la primera, se presentan los desarrollos de Salmon sobre las explicaciones etiológica y constitutiva, en el marco de su modelo causal de la explicación, como un importante antecedente de la explicación neomecanicista. A continuación, se presenta una caracterización de la propuesta neomecanicista de la explicación a través de la presentación y análisis crítico de dos definiciones mínimas de mecanismo. Finalmente, a partir de este análisis crítico, formulamos nuestra definición mínima de mecanismo y, con ello, precisamos nuestra propuesta neomecanicista de la explicación, en la que se evidencian más fácilmente los cuatro elementos mencionados.

Luz Dary González Cortés

This article presents a review of theories related to the debate that accounting has generated, to define its position as a scientific discipline linking this to the support it offers to the move towards sustainable development. A theoretical and empirical map of the relationship that exists amongst accounting, the environment and the interaction with society is proposed. This is done through teory documentary review structure which includes: i) the evolution of accounting through its history; ii) epistemological fundamentals; iii) the application of ethics; iv) finally, it contextualizes accounting from the social and environmental dimensions, including the three-dimensional theory of accounting and contamety. It concludes, firstly, the key role accounting plays, as a social science, in guaranteeing the creation of environmental and social value, from accounting and financial management to sustainable development. Secondly, it models the scientific research of the accounting from of epistemology and knowledge between reasonableness and truth, reflecting on the types of accounting research, among them: the principal, the normative, the interpretative, the critical and the positivist. Finally, it defines corporate social responsibility, in the sense of real and transparent Financial Statements in accordance with the environmental and social reality, referring to the term integral sustainability through the three-dimensional theory of accounting and the contametry in terms of the accounting research.

Jorge Norberto Cornejo, Alejandro José Luis Puceiro

Las radiaciones capaces de arrancar electrones de los átomos y transformarlos en iones positivos se conocen como “radiaciones ionizantes”, término que incluye tanto a las radiaciones nucleares como a los rayos X.  Su estudio ha sido realizado por los físicos debido a su interés intrínseco, y ha resultado de gran valor en aplicaciones a campos tales como la biología y la medicina, habiendo también dado lugar a problemáticas vinculadas con los efectos secundarios de su empleo sobre seres humanos. La investigación científica sobre las radiaciones ionizantes comenzó el 8 de noviembre de 1895, cuando Roentgen descubrió los rayos X, y continuó con los hallazgos de Becquerel, Marie y Pierre Curie acerca de las sustancias radiactivas.  En el presente trabajo analizaremos la recepción de las radiaciones ionizantes en nuestro país, utilizando para ello una invaluable fuente de documentación histórica: los Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina (S.C.A.). Concluimos que: • a) destaca la rapidez en la recepción de los avances científicos que se realizaban en Europa, lo que resalta el rol cultural desempeñado por los Anales. • b) se advierte en los artículos estudiados la búsqueda de una visión global del Universo, en la que evolución y materia desempeñaban los roles fundamentales.

Wille Liu

In this article, we define an algebraic version of the Knizhnik--Zamolodchikov functor for the degenerate double affine Hecke algebras (a.k.a. trigonometric Cherednik algebras). We compare it with the KZ monodromy functor constructed by Varagnolo--Vasserot. We prove the double centraliser property for our functor and give a characterisation of its kernel. We establish these results for a family of algebras, called quiver double Hecke algebras, which includes the degenerate double affine Hecke algebras as special cases.

A. A. Melnik, V. E. Bukova, L. P. Tsurcan et al.

Relevance Measles continues to be one of the priorities of health care worldwide, due to it high contagiosity, still widespread, severity of the disease and complications. A high degree of population migration contributes to the spread of infection, i.e. global measles virus circulation, clinical change and late diagnosis, inadequate immunization coverage. Aim. Analysis of measles incidence in the Republic of Moldova in 2000–2018. and features of the epidemic process. Materials and Methods. Statistics on measles incidence and immunization coverage in 2000–2018 were used. 340 cases of measles registered in the country in 2018 were subjected to a detailed analysis Results There is a decrease in measles vaccination coverage, in 2017–87.1%. In the same year, the coverage with the first revaccination at 6–7 years was 92.4% and the second at 14–15 years is 94.9%, which is not enough to maintain epidemiological well-being. There are territorial differences in vaccination coverage. In 2018, imported cases of measles were in 62.5% from Ukraine, 25.0% from Russia and 12.5% from Romania. There have been isolated measles cases (14), and epidemic foci or outbreaks (7), with from 2 to 252 cases of measles. The largest measles outbreak in 2018 was registered among those who rest in a religious camp unvaccinated against measles. The average age of the diseased is 14 years, and in outbreaks with a significant number of cases (9 and more) within 7.9–14.9 years. In the age structure of the diseased, children from 1 to 10 years old prevail (66.1%), children under one year old make up 8,2%, teenagers 17,5% and adults 8.2%. Only 11.0% received one dose of measles vaccine, and 3.6% of the relevant age groups received two doses of vaccine. The reason is the refusal of vaccination for religious motive. In 196 (57.6%) cases, the diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory methods, and in the remaining 144 (42.4%) by clinical and epidemiological data. Conclusions Measles remains a childhood infection, but cases of the disease occur among adolescents (17.5%) and adults (8.2%). The uneven of vaccination coverage throughout the country, the low level of responsibility of the population, the increased incidence of measles in neighboring countries, the high level of population migration are risk factors for the importation and spread of measles.

Ulf-G. Meißner

In this talk, I discuss methods that allow for a systematic and model-independent calculation of the hadron spectrum. These are lattice QCD and/or its corresponding Effective Field Theories. Assorted results are shown and I take the opportunity to discuss some misconceptions often found in the literature.

D'Atri, Annabella

ABOUT MEANING OF “WILL” IN CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY The first part of the essay is devoted to presenting Aristotle’s theory of “voluntary action” in order to demonstrate that what contemporary philosophy labels “question of free will” has its origin in that concept, and not in concept of “will”. The second part sketches some contemporary theories supporting compatibilism, stating that freedom of choice squares with universal laws of causality and others supporting libertarianism, asserting that will is an autonomous human faculty with own causal powers. The aim of the essay is emphasizing that Aristotelian concepts explained in the first part are recognizable in theories examined in the second, in order to conclude that, despite great progress in contemporary sciences, mainly in neuroscience, Aristotle’s model of argumentation is convincing even now.

S. A. Bugorkova, T. N. Shchukovskaya, N. I. Mikishis et al.

Relevance. In 2005 International Health Regulations, the plague, is on the list of dangerous infectious diseases that can cause emergency situations of interstate importance. Even single cases of human plague are considered as the basis for carrying out preventive measures. The paper presents the results of immunological monitoring conducted on the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia in order to assess the immunological efficacy and safety of the plague live vaccine The paper presents the results of immunological monitoring in the territory of the Kalmyk Republic over the individuals vaccinated against plague due to epidemiological reasons. Materials and methods. Studies of immunological efficacy of live plague vaccine were conducted alongside stepwise assessment of cellular and humoral components of innate and adaptive immunity in persons revaccinated against plague, using a complex of advanced informative tests. Results and conclusions. It is established that before the second revaccination all the surveyed persons retained expressed immune response by the mixed or cellular type, characterized by high level of spontaneous and induced production of Th1-associated cytokines. Activation of Th1 immune reaction was registered one month after the scheduled revaccination; immune response change-over from Th1 to Th2 type – after 6 months of observation, and retention of adaptive immunity by mixed type at the moderate level – in a year. Specific humoral immunity developed in 85% of the surveyed persons, but throughout the whole investigation the dynamics of antibody titers to plague microbe F1 individualized and did not coincide with cellular immunity indicators. Performed complex study has confirmed the relative safety of the live plague vaccine.

A. M. Mudunov

Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck organs occupies the 5th place in the structure of oncological morbidity in the world. The mortality from this pathology has not changed for several decades, despite significant successes and achievements in modern clinical oncology. In article are explored and analyzed: the etiological role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the development of oropharyngeal cancer; sexual and age specific features of HPV-associated cancer, various methods of predictive diagnosis, specific prevention. Conclusions: papillomavirus infection is the main cause of the sharp and continuing increase in the incidence of oropharyngeal cancer, mainly among men in many countries of the world; vaccination has positive expectations in the prevention of the incidence of oropharyngeal cancer.

Takashi Yanagisawa

This is a lecture note on the renormalization group theory for field theory models based on the dimensional regularization method. We discuss the renormalization group approach to fundamental field theoretic models in low dimensions. We consider the models that are universal and frequently appear in physics, both in high-energy physics and condensed-matter physics. They are the non-linear sigma model, the $φ^4$ model and the sine-Gordon model. We use the dimensional regularization method to regularize the divergence and derive the renormalization group equations called the beta functions. The dimensional method is described in detail.