Hasil untuk "Economic growth, development, planning"

Jan Miller

How should two language models interact to produce better code than either can alone? The conventional approach -- a reasoning model plans, a code specialist implements -- seems natural but fails: on HumanEval+, plan-then-code degrades performance by 2.4 percentage points versus the code specialist alone. We show that reversing the interaction changes everything. When the code specialist generates freely and the reasoning model reviews instead of plans, the same two models on the same hardware achieve 90.2% pass@1 -- exceeding GPT-4o (87.2%) and O1 Preview (89.0%) -- on ~$2/hr of commodity GPU. Cross-benchmark validation across 542 problems (HumanEval+ and MBPP+) reveals a moderating variable: review effectiveness scales with specification richness, yielding 4x more improvement on richly-specified problems (+9.8pp) than on lean ones (+2.3pp), while remaining net-positive in both cases. The practical implication is twofold: compose models by their cognitive strengths (reviewers review, coders code), and invest in specification quality to amplify the returns.

Md Abdul Bari, Ghulam Dastgir Khan, Mohammad Osman Gani et al.

Slum dwellers continue to face exclusion from mainstream social, economic, and financial activities because of their lack of education and low income, leaving them vulnerable to income shocks and persistent poverty. The absence of empowerment compounds challenges and highlights the urgent need to address their financial inclusion. Designing an inclusive deposit product is imperative to ensure the financial inclusion of slum dwellers. We conducted a randomized conjoint experiment gathering 2500 choice responses from 250 respondents in slum households in Khulna, an industrial city in Bangladesh. Our study estimates the influence of each attribute on slum dwellers’ choice of deposit products, measures willingness to pay for the proposed inclusive deposit product, identifies heterogeneity in their preferences, and examines the impact of financial literacy on their preferences. Our hypothetical financial inclusion product provides valuable insights for policymakers when formulating comprehensive policies to ensure the financial inclusion of slum dwellers.

Ira Brunchilda Hubner, Juliana Juliana, Diena Mutiara Lemy et al.

This study examines community-based wellness tourism (CBWT) in Ubud, Bali, focusing on ownership structures, community participation, and the role of local traditions. Using a qualitative design, the data were collected through semi-structured interviews with wellness stakeholders and field observations of spas and yoga centers. The findings reveal that spas are predominantly locally owned and staffed, ensuring value retention and skill development, while flagship yoga and retreat centers are dominated by non-local actors, creating risks of economic leakage and weaker cultural stewardship. Community involvement is strong in operations but limited in planning and governance, highlighting a policy–practice gap. Integrating Balinese traditions, such as Usada Bali and Melukat, could enhance authenticity but requires careful protection against commodification. The findings reveal that locally owned spas contribute to SDG 1 (No Poverty) and SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) through local value retention, employment creation, and skill development, while non-local dominance of yoga and retreat centers risks economic leakage and weakened cultural guardianship. The study also identifies gaps in governance and planning, underscoring the need for inclusive participation and capacity building to align with SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities). Integrating Balinese traditions, such as Usada Bali and Melukat, highlights the opportunities for safeguarding cultural heritage, provided that protocols against commodification are enforced. To address these challenges, the study proposes a strategic framework emphasizing governance reform through a quadruple-helix model, shared-equity ownership, standardized human capital development, and protocol-based cultural guardianship. Despite the limitations of this being a single-case, cross-sectional study, the findings contribute to wellness tourism research by shifting attention from visitor demands to governance and equity. The study offers practical strategies for institutionalizing CBWT in Ubud while providing a transferable model for destinations seeking to balance growth with tradition.

Aulia Faqih Rifa'i, Sumarsono, Muhammad Fauzan Al Baihaqi et al.

The Admission Office is responsible for student enrollment, and since 2013, the admission process at UIN Sunan Kalijaga has been supported by information technology. To assess the current state of the IT infrastructure in this university, the COBIT 2019 Framework was used. This study identifies five key domains in need of improvement: APO12 (manage risk), which focuses on managing IT-related risks within an organization, BAI10 (manage configuration), to ensure that IT services are delivered efficiently and effectively, DSS02 (manage service requests & incidents), involves the process of providing quick and efficient responses to user requests and handling various incidents, DSS03 (manage problems), to provide timely and effective support to consumers, ensuring their issues are addressed, their needs are met, and DSS04 (manage continuity), to ensure that the organization can respond effectively to incidents and disruptions, minimizing downtime and maintaining business continuity. The results showed that the capability levels for these domains in UIN Sunan Kalijaga were at Level 1, while the target was Level 4, leading to a capability gap of 3. The gap indicates that considerable effort is required to improve and achieve the desired level of maturity, and this research proposes some recommendations to improve the IT infrastructure.

Massimiliano Fessina, Andrea Tacchella, Andrea Zaccaria

We reconstruct a product-level input-output network based on firm-level import-export data of Italian firms. We show that the network has a statistically significant, yet nuanced trophic structure, which is evident at the product level but is lost when the classification is coarse-grained. This detailed value chain allows us to characterize the trophic distance between inputs and outputs of single firms, and to derive a coherent picture at the sector level, finding that sectors such as weapons and vehicles are the ones with the largest increase in downstreamness between their inputs and their outputs. Our measure of downstreamness at the product level can be used to derive country-level indicators that characterize industrial strategies and capabilities and act as predictors of economic growth. With respect to the standard input/output analysis, we show that the fine-grained structure is qualitatively different from what can be observed using sector-level data. We finally prove that, even if we leverage exclusively data from Italian firms, the metrics that we derive are predictive at the country level and capture a significant description of the input-output relations of global value chains.

Deepak Prakash Kumar, Swaroop Darbha, Satyanarayana Gupta Manyam et al.

In this paper, we propose a new modeling approach and a fast algorithm for 3D motion planning, applicable for fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles. The goal is to construct the shortest path connecting given initial and final configurations subject to motion constraints. Our work differs from existing literature in two ways. First, we consider full vehicle orientation using a body-attached frame, which includes roll, pitch, and yaw angles. However, existing work uses only pitch and/or heading angle, which is insufficient to uniquely determine orientation. Second, we use two control inputs to represent bounded pitch and yaw rates, reflecting control by two separate actuators. In contrast, most previous methods rely on a single input, such as path curvature, which is insufficient for accurately modeling the vehicle's kinematics in 3D. We use a rotation minimizing frame to describe the vehicle's configuration and its evolution, and construct paths by concatenating optimal Dubins paths on spherical, cylindrical, or planar surfaces. Numerical simulations show our approach generates feasible paths within 10 seconds on average and yields shorter paths than existing methods in most cases.

Faradina Zevaya, Manuel David Cruz, Fauzi Syafriel et al.

The Indonesian Central Government has granted local governments greater autonomy and authority in resource management, a process called decentralization. The impact of macroeconomic factors on regional autonomy in Jambi Province following fiscal decentralization explores how decentralization empowers local governments to optimize local income. The Financial Relations Law (UU HKPD) underscores the importance of local taxing Power for local administrations. Methodologically, this study utilizes panel data regression to investigate the influence of macroeconomic variables on regional autonomy. The qualitative analysis method is also employed to formulate policy strategies for enhancing local taxing Power. Results reveal some macroeconomic variables have a significant effect on regional autonomy. These are some recommendations to strengthen regional autonomy in Jambi Province, such as the identification of leading sectors regarding income tax, enhancement of supervision and law enforcement, taxpayer education, improvement of public service quality, the establishment of tax collection task forces, and innovation in tax administration.

Faruq Al Muqsit, Rukuh Setiadi, Alex Lo

Waste management is a complex challenge for cities in developing countries, including Indonesia. This issue is particularly severe in heritage tourism areas, where unmanaged waste can affect the aesthetics and image of historic places. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the sustainability aspects of waste management using heritage visitors’ destinations and waste management operator areas of the Old City of Semarang. A quantitative method was used to achieve this objective, and data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, field observations, document reviews and analyzed using descriptive methods. The results showed that visitors had positive behavior and awareness regarding waste management. Furthermore, sustainable waste management was implemented but not fully realized across all aspects. This study offered various measures to improve sustainable waste management in area, including waste sorting, collaboration between stakeholders, and policy advocacy on sustainable waste management.

Mohammad Yousuf Mehmood, Syed Junaid Haqqani, Faraz Zaidi et al.

Cities are widely considered the lifeblood of a nations economy housing the bulk of industries, commercial and trade activities, and employment opportunities. Within this economic context, multinational corporations play an important role in this economic development of cities in particular, and subsequently the countries and regions they belong to, in general. As multinational companies are spread throughout the world by virtue of ownership-subsidiary relationship, these ties create complex inter-dependent networks of cities that shape and define socio-economic status, as well as macro-regional influences impacting the world economy. In this paper, we study these networks of cities formed as a result of ties between multinational firms. We analyze these networks using intra-regional, inter-regional and hybrid ties (conglomerate integration) as spatial motifs defined by geographic delineation of world's economic regions. We attempt to understand how global cities position themselves in spatial and economic geographies and how their ties promote regional integration along with global expansion for sustainable growth and economic development. We study these networks over four time periods from 2010 to 2019 and discover interesting trends and patterns. The most significant result is the domination of inter-regional motifs representing cross regional ties among cities rather than national and regional integration.

Kartik Sheth, Kevin Govender, Vanessa McBride et al.

Policy Brief on "Workforce Development in Astronomy and Astroinformatics", distilled from the corresponding panel that was part of the discussions during S20 Policy Webinar on Astroinformatics for Sustainable Development held on 6-7 July 2023. The discipline of astronomy and astroinformatics is dynamically evolving thereby creating a compelling opportunity to foster a more inclusive, diverse, and proficient workforce. This is crucial for addressing multifaceted challenges that emerge as we progress and harness the potential therein. To realize this goal, it's imperative to cultivate strategies that promote inclusive practices in STEM education, encourage participation from historically excluded groups, provide training and mentorship, as well as provide active champions, especially for students and early career professionals from (historically) excluded groups. We provide an overview of the current status, resources available, and possible steps especially keeping in mind large international projects. The policy webinar took place during the G20 presidency in India (2023). A summary based on the seven panels can be found here: arxiv:2401.04623.

Tekilu Tadesse Choramo, Jemal Abafita, Yerali Gandica et al.

Global and regional integration has grown significantly in recent decades, boosting intra-African trade and positively impacting national economies through trade diversification and sustainable development. However, existing measures of economic integration often fail to capture the complex interactions among trading partners. This study addresses this gap by using complex network analysis and dynamic panel regression techniques to identify factors driving economic integration in Africa, based on data from 2002 to 2019. The results show that economic development, institutional quality, regional trade agreements, human capital, FDI, and infrastructure positively influence a country's position in the African trade network. Conversely, trade costs, the global financial crisis, and regional overlapping memberships negatively affect network based integration. Our findings suggest that enhancing a country's connectivity in the African trade network involves identifying key economic and institutional factors of trade partners and strategically focusing on continent-wide agreements rather than just regional ones to boost economic growth.

Evgeny Kuzmin, Maksim Vlasov, Wadim Strielkowski et al.

This study examines the role of human capital investment in driving sustainable socio-economic growth within the energy industry. The fuel and energy sector undeniably forms the backbone of contemporary economies, supplying vital resources that underpin industrial activities, transportation, and broader societal operations. In the context of the global shift toward sustainability, it is crucial to focus not just on technological innovation but also on cultivating human capital within this sector. This is particularly relevant considering the recent shift towards green and renewable energy solutions. In this study, we utilize bibliometric analysis, drawing from a dataset of 1933 documents (represented by research papers, conference proceedings, and book chapters) indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) database. We conduct a network cluster analysis of the textual and bibliometric data using VOSViewer software. The findings stemming from our analysis indicate that investments in human capital are perceived as important in achieving long-term sustainable economic growth in the energy companies both in Russia and worldwide. In addition, it appears that the role of human capital in the energy sector is gaining more popularity both among Russian and international researchers and academics.

Alaz Munzur

Rigorous planning of a multi-modal corridor at a national scale involves identifying current and future infrastructure needs and determining opportunities for co-location of linear infrastructure. Ensuring compatibility of such a major and complex infrastructure expansion with existing and planned projects is necessary to avoid potential redundancies, minimize environmental impact, optimize resource allocation and enable long-term, sustainable economic growth. For this purpose, this paper reviews linear infrastructure projects in Canada’s North and near-North that could potentially constitute a segment of the Canadian Northern Corridor (CNC). The CNC concept connects Canada’s Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic coasts and Hudson Bay through a linear infrastructure corridor. In accordance with the aims and scope of the CNC, this assessment covers linear infrastructure modes such as rail, road, pipeline, electrical transmission and communications infrastructure and ports and airports as supporting inter-modal infrastructure hubs and gateways to the rest of the world. The assessment reviews infrastructure projects in two categories: existing and pending. Corridor development is a lengthy, costly and complex process. Planning stages often involve a risky assessment of possible changes in economic activity, regional priorities, land use and environmental conditions (such as changing needs for climate adaptation strategies). However, there is no universal methodology for the design and development phases of corridors. On the basic requirements of planning a corridor route, Srivastava (2011) states that, “Corridor development does not create economic strength so much as it channels, focuses, and amplifies the potential for economic growth. Thus, a corridor from nowhere to nowhere through nowhere would not be very meaningful. Similarly, a corridor linking two substantive nodes but with no potential for growth in between (because of adverse geography) is also of limited interest.” Therefore, determining the regions to be served by the CNC requires a comprehensive investigation of the stakeholders’ needs and priorities and the economic potential of the areas to be served. However, there is no single rule for determining the level of compatibility of an existing piece of infrastructure with a planned corridor project. Although integrating previously independent sets of infrastructure potentially eliminates redundancies, saves time and resources and reduces habitat fragmentation, aiming for achieving full integration can also result in inefficient outcomes by creating bottlenecks and delays in the movement of goods and services. The assessment in this paper serves as a step towards determining a compatibility of the CNC with Canada’s existing and pending infrastructure network. The assessment suggests developing a compatibility index as a multi-criteria appraisal framework for Canada as an avenue for further research. The compatibility index would be simple, including only quantifiable factors as decision criteria, which can be measured using the dataset developed accompanying this assessment and the outcomes of other CNC research. This would represent a concrete step toward developing the multi-modal route for Canada with a northern focus that efficiently and purposefully integrates Canada’s existing and pending infrastructure network.

Derlis Salinas Rodríguez, Ana Paola González Burgo

The enormous advances in women’s training and their interest in continuing to participate in the labor market could lead to the early disappearance of the traditional inequalities between women and men in the labor market. Still, the fact is that it has not occurred thus. In other words, the dramatic transformation of women’s labor supply has not translated into an equivalent improvement in their position in the labor market. If you look at the different inequality indicators, you see that the situation has evolved, but the data are stubborn and the differences persistent. And these inequalities seem more unjust today than yesterday, precisely because of the enormous effort made by women, says Larrañaga (2005). Decent work deficits and gender inequality gaps persist in labor participation, occupational segregation, income, job insecurity, women’s participation in decision-making positions, influence and power, and the distribution of unpaid time spent by men and women caring for the family. This paper proposes a quantitative methodology using the data presented in the Permanent Comparable Household Survey of 2021, focused on the age group of 21 to 50 years. This paper aims to analyze and highlight the differen ces between men and women in the labor market and to find the main factors that determine the inequality gap in the inactivity rate or what situations or data may contribute to explaining the high percentage of inactivity in women between 21 and 50 years of age compared to men. On average, women between the ages of 21 and 50 have a 24% higher inactivity rate than men.

Mantu Kumar Mahalik, Thai-Ha Le, Ha-Chi Le et al.

This study is possibly the first to investigate the impact of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions on life expectancy for 68 low- and middle-income countries for the 1990–2017 period. The analysis was carried out on a disaggregated basis on two dimensions: (1) the sources of CO2 emissions (i.e., consumption-based or production-based CO2 emissions) and (2) the level of economic development (i.e., developing or emerging) of countries. The results support the evidence of a negative association between life expectancy and CO2 emissions for the whole sample as well as for the group of emerging countries. This finding occurred irrespective of whether the CO2 emissions were consumption-based or production-based, suggesting that both consumption and production may reduce the life expectancy of the people in these groups of economies through the generation of harmful pollutants. In contrast, CO2 emissions, regardless of their sources, seem to improve the life expectancy of those in the group of developing countries in our study sample. In this regard, developing countries seem to be effectively importing emissions. Our findings suggest that the favorable impact of CO2 emissions on life expectancy is attributable to consumption rather than production. Furthermore, income growth alone cannot provide a solution for environmental degradation nor ensure a healthier life for the population.

Jafar Beikzad, Ghasem Jalilinezhad

Purpose: The aim of this study was to present a model for the impact of e-government’s readiness and trust on quality of services with regard to the mediating role of e-government acceptance from the view point of IT managers and experts of West Azerbaijan agencies. Methodology: The present study was applied in terms of type and descriptive-correlational in terms of method. The statistical population consisted of 314 IT managers and experts of West Azerbaijan Province agencies. Applying stratified random sampling method and Cochran’s formula, 173 individuals were selected. Data were collected by administering questionnaires and were tested using SMART PLS software as well as structural equation modeling to reach the casual model.   Findings: The results of the study show that the following impacts are positive and significant: e-government readiness on e-government acceptance, e-government trust on e-government acceptance, e-government acceptance on quality of e-services, e-government readiness on quality of e-services, and e-government trust on quality of e-services. In addition, e-government acceptance plays a mediating role in the relation between e-government readiness and trust, on the one hand, and quality of e-services, on the other.

Atiq Zaman, Peter Newman

Abstract Background Plastics were considered as a magical material owing to their strong, non-degradable and versatile characteristics. After five decades of mass application, plastics’ property of non-biodegradability has become one of the key concerns for scientists, civil society and government owing to the pollution and damage that plastics cause to our environment. Globally we have generated 8.3bn tonnes of plastics since 1950s and around 9% has been recycled, 12% incinerated and the remaining 79% of the plastics has ended up in the environment. The core question is, should this waste be minimised through the zero-waste agenda or banned through the toxic-waste agenda? Results The study analyses the zero plastic waste agenda and the toxic plastic waste agenda. It analyses zero-waste practices at different levels including family to community, industry and city levels. In addition, the study investigates the need to phase out toxic plastics. The study identified the need for both approaches. As plastics promote the throwaway living which is responsible for generating undesirable waste, it should be tackled through better design principles and sustainable consumption practices for the short-term agenda. The study proposes a strategic zero plastic waste framework for moving towards a zero plastic waste society. At the same time, there is a need to identify those plastics that are leading to serious and toxic impacts through micro-particles that necessitate them to be phased out more quickly through transitioning to bio-plastics. Conclusions Both zero plastic and zero toxic agendas are urgently needed. The study concludes that at least three things in the short term need to be implemented simultaneously to achieve a zero plastic waste society. Firstly, through zero-waste design - to eliminate creating any unnecessary plastic waste through closed-loop design thinking. Secondly, through responsible and collaborative consumption - to avoid and reduce generating avoidable plastic waste. Finally, through zero-waste management - to prioritise the value, retain the wasted materials and recover all resources. The study also establishes that a new long-term agenda needs to be created to identify those plastics that must be phased out owing to their toxicity. Consequently, the study suggests a process to achieve it in line with the transition to the post fossil-fuel era through United Nations initiatives as a joint action of the Paris Agreement and the Basel Convention.

Pablo Muñoz, Oriol Sallent, Jordi Pérez-Romero

An important concept in the fifth generation of mobile networks is multitenancy, which allows diverse operators sharing the same wireless infrastructure. To support this feature in conjunction with the challenging performance requirements of future networks, more automated and faster planning of the required radio capacity is needed. Likewise, installing small cells is an effective resource to provide greater performance and capacity to both indoor and outdoor places. This paper proposes a new framework for automated cell planning in multitenant small cell networks. In particular, taking advantage of the available network data, a set of detailed planning specifications over time and space domains are generated in order to meet the contracted capacity by each tenant. Then, the network infrastructure and configuration are updated according to an algorithm that considers different actions such as adding/removing channels and adding or relocating small cells. The simulation results show the effectiveness of various methods to derive the planning specifications depending on the correlation between the tenant's and network's traffic demands.

Damian Clarke, Manuel Llorca Jaña, Daniel Pailañir

Quantile regression and quantile treatment effect methods are powerful econometric tools for considering economic impacts of events or variables of interest beyond the mean. The use of quantile methods allows for an examination of impacts of some independent variable over the entire distribution of continuous dependent variables. Measurement in many quantative settings in economic history have as a key input continuous outcome variables of interest. Among many other cases, human height and demographics, economic growth, earnings and wages, and crop production are generally recorded as continuous measures, and are collected and studied by economic historians. In this paper we describe and discuss the broad utility of quantile regression for use in research in economic history, review recent quantitive literature in the field, and provide an illustrative example of the use of these methods based on 20,000 records of human height measured across 50-plus years in the 19th and 20th centuries. We suggest that there is considerably more room in the literature on economic history to convincingly and productively apply quantile regression methods.

Masoomeh Mollanorozi, Hedayatollah Nouri

The aim of the present study is to identify the most suitable land uses with the highest efficiency and least vulnerability at the lowest costs. Among various land uses, due to the direct connection between agricultural land uses and environment, environmental evaluation become very sensitive. And in fact, when the potentials of the natural environment are identified, we can expect to achieve sustainable agriculture. The present study is aimed at environmental evaluation for determining potential lands for agriculture and pasturage in Neyshabour County to achieve sustainable agriculture. Therefore, systematic research method was used, and at the first stage, environmental potentials and resources were identified in the region. Then, the collected information was analyzed and combined based on the systematic approach, and finally was organized in the form of information layers. The environmental potential was determined by the measurement of extracted units with ecological criteria. And finally, the spatial correlation of distribution of villages in high potential lands for agriculture and pasturage was determined by the Moran index. The results of the research showed that the region enjoys high potential for class 3 agriculture and pasturage, and then for class 1 and 2. It was also shown that the region has the least potential for class 4 agriculture. It also identified an impressive level of area for irrigated farming, gardening, animal husbandry, aviculture, and beekeeping. The results of the Moran index indicate that spatial distribution of villages is cluster one type, with the Moran index of 0.244 and confidence level of 99 percent.