Hasil untuk "Demography. Population. Vital events"

Stefani Scherer, Emmanuele Pavolini, Elisa Brini

Abstract This study aims at examining the fertility impact of early childhood education and care (ECEC) services for children under three in Italy. ECEC is a social investment-oriented family policy that might have more beneficial effects on fertility than passive support in terms of transfers. We first present a systematic review of studies regarding the impact of ECEC on fertility in high-income countries and then provide an empirical analysis for Italy, a country with lowest-low fertility rates and a welfare system that has traditionally provided limited support to families, especially through ECEC. We combine micro-level data from the Labour Force Survey for Italy from years 2003–2020 with information on regional indicators of public childcare and private childcare. The study employs within-region variation in ECEC over time to assess its effects on the transition to parenthood and parity progression for different groups of women and men. The present contribution indicates that both public and private childcare services have limited but positive short-term effects on fertility behaviour in Italy, contingent on specific socio-demographic groups. We discuss the possible reasons for the constrained effect of childcare on fertility and emphasise the necessity for more substantial and concerted interventions in Italy’s family policies if the aim is to invert demographic trends of lowest fertility and population-ageing.

Orlin Manuel Duarte Landero

The objective of this article is to make a historical journey of Honduran youth from the 19th century to the year 2018. Similarly, to contextualize this population from demography, legal and institutional. To achieve the above, a documentary review of the contributions made by previous research was carried out, which describes the agreements, legislation and statistical data of the National Institute of Statistics (ine). Based on the above, it was possible to show that the existing studies on the subject have distanced themselves from cultural interests and have insisted on employment issues. The latter, together with the issue of education and security, has been a problem that national youth have historically faced.

Helga Špadina

The introduction of artificial intelligence in all domains of life is the most transformative process in recent history. It is also a highly dynamic process, and due to the pace of technological development, a very limited legal framework is available to address issues of human rights, ethics, transparency, privacy, safety and accountability. During the last few years, artificial intelligence started to reshape employment processes. Positive aspects of the introduction of AI in the employment process are efficiency and quality in job matching, digitalisation and acceleration of the process, ability to process large data and match job seekers to available vacancy announcements, the alleviation of administrative burdens of employees of employment agencies and giving them strategic and innovative roles. All these are indispensable in present times when demographic challenges in European countries are leading to increased labour migrations and require changes in the recruitment process. The paper explores the current challenges of AI, i.e. how to achieve human-centred values and fairness of AI use during the employment process, preventing algorithmic bias and discriminatory application of AI tools. In order to harness the maximum benefits of AI, we need to develop a regulatory framework that would be enforceable, inclusive and adaptive (OECD), particularly knowing that most AI solutions are privately owned and developed for commercial purposes.   

Felipe Furini Soares, Arlene Martinez Ricoldi

Resumo Este artigo busca analisar o significado da participação do Brasil na III Cúpula Demográfica de Budapeste. Esse encontro é derivado de uma série de eventos que ocorrem desde 2015, a partir da ascensão do governo de extrema-direita de Viktor Orbán. Com o objetivo de pensar o enfrentamento ao declínio populacional, a partir de estratégias anti-imigração e pró-família, o evento vem se posicionando como um contraponto às conferências da ONU. Enquanto percurso metodológico, partimos de pesquisa on-line e documental no site dos organizadores da cúpula e do governo brasileiro para, posteriormente, utilizarmos a análise crítica do discurso (ACD) para o pronunciamento da ministra Damares Alves durante o evento, com reflexão a partir dos estudos feministas pós-estruturalistas. O que se apura é uma inflexão do Brasil à agenda neoconservadora e antigênero, se associando a países de extrema-direita, fundamentalistas e contrários à defesa de direitos humanos. O discurso proferido instrumentaliza noções demográficas para camuflar suas perspectivas ideológicas em relação ao gênero, emprestando ares de discurso científico aos ataques aos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos e às noções de família não tradicionais.

Heather Higgins, Neeru Gupta

Background Evidence is limited on the non-medical factors influencing hospital length of stay (LOS) among paediatric inpatients with diabetes, notably potential social and policy correlates. This study aimed to characterize the associations of socioeconomic status and health policy environment with diabetes-attributable LOS to help inform accountability monitoring of a provincial comprehensive diabetes strategy aiming to minimize time in hospital among this high-risk population. Data and methods This retrospective population-based study drew on multiple linked administrative and geospatial databases among all children aged 18 and under with a diabetes-related hospitalization in the province of New Brunswick, Canada, during the four-year period following implementation of an insulin pump funding program. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the role of access to the public insulin pump resourcing scheme and relative neighbourhood deprivation as predictors of days spent in acute care, controlling for age, sex, and place of residence. Results Among the paediatric inpatient population (N=386), 21% had accessed social resources made available through the insulin pump funding policy and 42% resided in the most materially deprived neighbourhoods. Diabetes-related hospital stays averaged 3.87 days. Paediatric inpatients having accessed resources through the social insurance policy spent significantly fewer days in hospital (1.34 days less [95% CI: 0.63--2.05]) than those who had not, all else being equal. Observed differences in LOS by neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation were not found to be statistically significant in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion Findings from this context of universal medical coverage suggested that public policy for supplemental financing of assistive technologies among children with diabetes may be associated with reduced burden to the hospital system. The causes of socioenvironmental disparities in LOS require further investigation to inform interventions to mitigate preventable patient-level variations in hospital-based health outcomes.

Deby Novita Sari

Generally, this study aims to describe the characacteristics of modern contraception users in fertile age women in Indonesia. Specifically, this study will examine the effect of the children's sex preferences on the use of modern contraception. Furthermore, the control variables used are age, education taken by the mothers, mothers' working status, marital status, Family Planning Field Officer (Petugas Lapangan Keluarga Berencana/PLKB) visits, and internet usage. The data used in this study was taken from the results of the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) 2017. Data analysis was using descriptive and inferential analysis. Descriptive analysis used is in the form of a single table and a cross-tabulation, while the inferential analysis used is binary logistic regression. Based on the descriptive analysis results, it can be concluded that 79.35% of fertile age women (15-49 years old) in Indonesia do not have particular sex preference on their children. Moreover, the inferential analysis results with a significance level by 1%, it appears that child's sex preference will reduce the chance of modern contraception use. Women's age, the number of children that safely delivered, marital status, and FPFO visits are having the positive effect on the modern contraception use, while the residential area, education taken, and internet usage are negatively affect the modern contraception use.

José Marcos Pinto da Cunha, Luiz Antonio Chaves de Farias, Alberto Augusto Eichman Jakob

Resumo O presente estudo tem dois objetivos principais: discutir os impactos, consequências e respostas demográficas do processo de expansão e estruturação de grandes aglomerações urbanas, com especial enfoque no caso do município de Praia Grande/SP na Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista (RMBS); e examinar, com mais detalhes, as nuances da mobilidade populacional e, em particular, das modalidades migratórias (e suas características), como elementos importantes da peculiar inserção regional do referido município enquanto “periferia simultânea" de duas regiões metropolitanas. A partir do uso exaustivo dos dados censitários, em especial dos Censos Demográficos de 2000 e 2010, analisam-se o crescimento e a expansão territorial de Praia Grande, enfatizando, em nível intramunicipal, o papel das distintas modalidades de migração (intrametropolitana e inter-regional). Além disso, procura-se associá-las a diferentes motivações a partir de um olhar detalhado para o perfil sociodemográfico dos fluxos estabelecidos. Como principais resultados do trabalho, observou-se que o papel de Praia Grande enquanto área de expansão metropolitana da RMBS se encontra lastreado pelos crescentes fluxos migratórios intrametropolitanos provenientes do polo regional, realidade esta que igualmente pode ser vista em outros contextos metropolitanos. No entanto, enquanto peculiaridade de seu processo de ocupação e inserção regional, parte majoritária dessa migração é originária de fora da RMBS, mais precisamente do município de São Paulo, centro de outra importante área de metropolitana, fato que contribui para caracterizar Praia Grande como uma “periferia com dois centros”.

Liliana Giraldo

Este libro reúne trabajos que abordan el tema de la vejez y del envejecimiento desde diversas perspectivas. Su riqueza radica en los diferentes temas y en los enfoques teoricometodológicos de los autores. En este sentido, las categorías de curso de vida, género y generaciones, los tipos de estudios cualitativos y cuantitativos, los análisis transversales y longitudinales, el individuo o el hogar como unidad de análisis, convergen y nos sumergen en el conocimiento de un tema vital y complejo que requiere con urgencia ser cada vez más estudiado y comprendido.

María Valeria Judith Montoya García

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las transformaciones en la proveeduría laboral de los hogares familiares suscitadas entre 2005 y 2017, es decir cuántos y cuáles miembros están colaborando, y sus relaciones con el cambio de la estructura por edad de la población. La fuente de datos es la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo, para el segundo trimestre de esos años. Los principales resultados muestran que ha aumentado el número de proveedores laborales por hogar, principalmente en las parejas sin hijos. Por otro lado, aunque la participación económica del jefe de hogar sigue siendo importante, se incrementó sustantivamente la presencia de hogares en los que las cónyuges colaboran con su sostenimiento económico. Para ambos años, la participación de hijos y otros miembros se encuentra en mayor medida en los hogares monoparentales con hijos y en los ampliados.

Norma Ojeda, Raúl González Ramírez

Se analizan las actitudes de padres de familia sobre la igualdad de género en los roles y liderazgos familiares en los sectores urbano-populares de Tijuana, México. Se usa la Encuesta a Padres de Familia con Hijos en Escuelas Secundarias en Tijuana, B.C., 2015, con información para 2 560 padres con hijos e hijas en escuelas secundarias públicas. Se estiman cuatro índices sobre la igualdad de género en el rol materno, los roles domésticos y los liderazgos familiares, y se crean modelos de regresión logística. Los hallazgos indican la coexistencia de un gran valor asignado al rol de la maternidad en la vida de las mujeres, así como actitudes moderadamente entusiastas a favor de la igualdad de género en los roles domésticos, pero menos entusiastas respecto de compartir e intercambiar los liderazgos familiares. El nivel educativo de los padres muestra ser la única variable estadísticamente significativa en su asociación con los cuatro índices considerados.

Nicholas A. Mason, Arturo Olvera-Vital, I. Lovette et al.

Abstract Phenotypic and genetic variation are present in all species, but lineages differ in how variation is partitioned among populations. Examining phenotypic clustering and genetic structure within a phylogeographic framework can clarify which biological processes have contributed to extant biodiversity in a given lineage. Here, we investigate genetic and phenotypic variation among populations and subspecies within a Neotropical songbird complex, the White‐collared Seedeater (Sporophila torqueola) of Central America and Mexico. We combine measurements of morphology and plumage patterning with thousands of nuclear loci derived from ultraconserved elements (UCEs) and mitochondrial DNA to evaluate population differentiation. We find deep levels of molecular divergence between two S. torqueola lineages that are phenotypically diagnosable: One corresponds to S. t. torqueola along the Pacific coast of Mexico, and the other includes S. t. morelleti and S. t. sharpei from the Gulf Coast of Mexico and Central America. Surprisingly, these two lineages are strongly differentiated in both nuclear and mitochondrial markers, and each is more closely related to other Sporophila species than to one another. We infer low levels of gene flow between these two groups based on demographic models, suggesting multiple independent evolutionary lineages within S. torqueola have been obscured by coarse‐scale similarity in plumage patterning. These findings improve our understanding of the biogeographic history of this lineage, which includes multiple dispersal events out of South America and across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec into Mesoamerica. Finally, the phenotypic and genetic distinctiveness of the range‐restricted S. t. torqueola highlights the Pacific Coast of Mexico as an important region of endemism and conservation priority.

Jasmine Fledderjohann, C. Roberts

Abstract Although reproduction involves (at least) two sexed bodies, men are often missing from in/fertility research. Surveys such as the widely-used Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) engage in often unintentional yet highly consequential practices of gendering. Here we identify two processes through which surveys have the potential to render male infertility invisible: defining the population at risk of infertility in an exclusionary way; and designing survey instruments to select out some groups/issues. Compiling information about survey samples and inclusion criteria in the DHS, and combining this with a qualitative examination of instrument design, we identify areas of men’s invisibility across time and place. While inclusion of men in DHS samples has increased over time, some men (e.g. single and divorced, transgender) remain missing in many survey settings. This is problematic from a reproductive justice perspective. Survey results, which both reflect and contribute to men’s invisibility, are widely used as an evidence-base for family and population policies. Moreover, reproductive health services are only made available to those whose reproductive health needs are recognized; men’s exclusion from the reproductive discourse contributes to the stratification of reproduction. Men’s underrepresentation in in/fertility data also reinforces the notion that reproduction is a woman’s domain, and so contributes to a system that places responsibility for reproduction on women. It is vital to explore how gender is enacted or ‘done’ in such research.

A. Creanga, C. Syverson, K. Seed et al.

Rohan Borschmann, Jesse Young, Stuart Kinner et al.

Introduction Despite an elevated prevalence of self-harm in the incarcerated adult population, little is known about patterns of self-harm following release from prison. Objectives and Approach Baseline self-report interviews with 1315 adults immediately prior to release from prison in Queensland, Australia, combined with interrogation of linked health data from >3750 post-release emergency department presentations, >2000 ambulance attendances, and corrections data during periods of re-incarceration. Results Approximately 5% of all contacts with medical emergency services following release from prison resulted from self-harm. These were associated with being Indigenous, having a lifetime history of a mental disorder and having been identified by prison staff as being at risk of self-harm. Agreement between self-reported self-harm and medically-verified episodes of self-harm was poor. Conclusion/Implications Emergency services contacts resulting from self-harm following release from prison are common and represent an opportunity for tertiary intervention for self-harm. Our findings suggest that a self-reported history of self-harm should not be considered a reliable indicator of prior self-harm, or of future self-harm risk, in incarcerated adults.

Wayan Hesty Mayaswari, I Gusti Wayan Murjana Yasa

Zaman sekarang banyak perempuan telah berpartisipasi dalam sektor publik. Namun hal ini dapat menimbulkan kon ik pembagian waktu bagi perempuan, yaitu dalam tugas domestik dan aktivitas sosial sebagai perempuan Bali. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh jumlah tanggungan keluarga, pendapatan nonkerja, dan pelaksanaan kegiatan adat istiadat terhadap alokasi waktu perempuan pedagang cenderamata di Pasar Seni Mertha Nadi Legian, baik secara simultan maupun secara parsial. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi, kuesioner, dan wawancara tidak terstruktur. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah systematic random sampling menggunakan sampel sebanyak 70 responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perubahan pendapatan nonkerja tidak memengaruhi perubahan konsumsi waktu luang dan alokasi waktu kerja perempuan di sektor publik. Jika intensitas untuk kegiatan adat sedang tinggi, maka waktu mereka untuk bekerja akan berkurang. Pedagang perempuan di Pasar Seni Mertha Nadi Legian selalu memiliki alasan untuk tetap bekerja selain banyaknya pekerjaan domestik yang seharusnya mereka lakukan demi pengembangan diri dan kesejahteraan keluarganya.

Evgeny M. Andreev, W. Ward Kingkade

<b>Background</b>: The long-term historical decline in infant mortality has been accompanied by increasing concentration of infant deaths at the earliest stages of infancy. In the mid-1960s Coale and Demeny developed formulas describing the dependency of the average age of death in infancy on the level of infant mortality, based on data obtained up to that time. <b>Objective</b>: In the more developed countries a steady rise in average age of infant death began in the mid-1960s. This paper documents this phenomenon and offers alternative formulas for calculation of the average age of death, taking into account the new mortality trends. <b>Methods</b>: Standard statistical methodologies and a specially developed method are applied to the linked individual birth and infant death datasets available from the US National Center for Health Statistics and the initial (raw) numbers of deaths from the Human Mortality Database. <b>Results</b>: It is demonstrated that the trend of decline in the average age of infant death becomes interrupted when the infant mortality rate attains a level around 10 per 1000, and modifications of the Coale-Demeny formulas for practical application to contemporary low levels of mortality are offered. <b>Conclusions</b>: The average age of death in infancy is an important characteristic of infant mortality, although it does not influence the magnitude of life expectancy. That the increase in average age of death in infancy is connected with medical advances is proposed as a possible explanation.

J. H. Mielke, K. Pitkänen, L. Jorde et al.

M. Corti, J. Guralnik, M. Salive et al.

I. Elo, H. Beltrán-Sánchez, J. Macinko

J. Zuijderduijn