Hasil untuk "Comparative grammar"

Vince Liégeois, Laurent Gautier

This constructionist paper deals with the specialised manifestations that constructions can exhibit and considers two questions: (i) how such specialised manifestations can be linked back to the cognitive architecture of the domain, (ii) whether we can, in this regard, speak about specialised constructions, for which (a) domain-related features regarding form and meaning, and (b) their location within the constructicon will be considered in more depth. More specifically, this study looks at a pilot corpus of Flemish weather reports (domain: meteorology) and performs a corpus-based analysis of existential constructions (Dt. er is/zijn; het is; het wordt) as a case-study. The results of this corpus-based analysis provide deeper insights into the lexicological features of the texts and the ways in which the constructions align with the discourse patterns of this specialised text genre.

Rohan Agarwal

Addressing the challenge of modular architectural design, this study presents a novel approach through the implementation of a shape grammar system using functional and object-oriented programming principles from computer science. The focus lies on the modular generation of plates in the style of French Neoclassical architect Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand, known for his modular rule-based method to architecture, demonstrating the system's capacity to articulate intricate architectural forms systematically. By leveraging computer programming principles, the proposed methodology allows for the creation of diverse designs while adhering to the inherent logic of Durand's original plates. The integration of Shape Machine allows a flexible framework for architects and designers, enabling the generation of complex structures in a modular fashion in existing CAD software. This research contributes to the exploration of computational tools in architectural design, offering a versatile solution for the synthesis of historically significant architectural elements.

Marco B. Caminati

Classifying formal languages according to the expressiveness of grammars able to generate them is a fundamental problem in computational linguistics and, therefore, in the theory of computation. Furthermore, such kind of analysis can give insight into the classification of abstract algebraic structure such as groups, for example through the correspondence given by the word problem. While many such classification problems remain open, others have been settled. Recently, it was proved that $n$-balanced languages (i.e., whose strings contain the same occurrences of letters $a_i$ and $A_i$ with $1\leq i \leq n$) can be generated by multiple context-free grammars (MCFGs), which are one of the several slight extensions of context free grammars added to the classical Chomsky hierarchy to make the mentioned classification more precise. This paper analyses the existing proofs from the computational and the proof-theoretical point of views, systematically studying whether each proof can lead to a verified (i.e., checked by a proof assistant) algorithm parsing balanced languages via MCFGs. We conclude that none of the existing proofs is realistically suitable against this practical goal, and proceed to provide a radically new, elementary, extremely short proof for the crucial case $n \leq 2$. A comparative analysis with respect to the existing proofs is finally performed to justify why the proposed proof is a substantial step towards concretely obtaining a verified parsing algorithm for $O_2$.

Nicolas Lazzari, Andrea Poltronieri, Valentina Presutti

This paper describes a pattern to formalise context-free grammars in OWL and its use for sequence classification. The proposed approach is compared to existing methods in terms of computational complexity as well as pragmatic applicability, with examples in the music domain.

Mariama Soda Ndao

This topic sets a comparative issue in which, the present tense of Wolof and English is treated. The syntactic rules that govern a language are influential in the structures. Within sentences particularly, verbs hold main roles in the tense rules system. This lead to comparing verbal constructs, while considering the present tense systems. With a method of data collection, a corpus is set in both languages for verbs’ characteristics. Indeed, have shown that the verbs’ occurrences as constituents in sentences vary thanks to the aspects and modalities. Then, these verbal constructs are compared for grammatical results, leading to widening teaching and learning strategies in the first and second languages.

Bambang Wibisono, Akhmad Haryono

Turn-taking in conversation is unique in the Madurese ethnic culture. This study aims to describe the turn-taking in conversation   that applies to the Madurese community in Jember. To achieve this goal, a qualitative approach was used. Data were obtained through participatory observation with record and note techniques, then analyzed descriptive qualitative. The results showed that there were at least two speech shift patterns demonstrated by the Madurese community in Jember, namely, informal verbal communication and formal verbal communication. In informal verbal communication, two patterns were found, namely: (1) overlapping turn-taking in conversation patterns, and (2) turn-taking in conversation patterns without overlapping speech. In formal communication, the turn-taking pattern is always shown without overlapping speech. Interrupting people's speech in situations of formal verbal communication is considered to violate prevailing rules and is subject to negative stigma from society. The results of this study will have implications for the implementation of the use of honorifics in communication in Tapal Kuda area involving speech participants from different social statuses, roles, positions, and ages.

Sarina Macaluso

L'amore e l'attrazione di Leonardo Sciascia per la Spagna risalgono alla sua giovinezza e sono ampiamente testimoniati nei suoi scritti. Non c'è aspetto della Spagna che lo scrittore non abbia analizzato con la sua acutezza e lucidità, mettendo spesso in relazione le caratteristiche del Paese iberico e dei suoi abitanti con quelle della Sicilia. Attraverso le sue riflessioni, Sciascia ha sottolineato quei legami storici, culturali e antropologici che testimoniano la speciale affinità tra le due terre a lui particolarmente care.

Justyna Katarzyna Sekuła

The article attempts to provide a comprehensive assessment of the new monograph by Paweł Bielawski. For this purpose, the paper has been divided into four parts. The first part provides an introduction. The second part presents the theoretical basis, which the author of the monograph demonstrated in individual chapters. The third chapter assesses the monograph in terms of structure, editorial aspects and the compilation of literature. Finally, the last part is devoted to the possible addressees of the monograph and its advantages with regard to them.

Krisna Ismawati, Syafryadin Syafryadin

The purpose of this study was to determine and explore students' perceptions of the use of ReadTheory in reading comprehension. Quantitative descriptive was used to conduct this research. The researcher used a closed questionnaire using five Likert scales to collect data. In this study 50 students as the sample. Based on the overall results, the researcher can conclude that the students' perception of the use of ReadTheory in reading comprehension of the majority of the subjects showed positive responses, especially on the points related to the use of the platform towards changes in their abilities for the better even though the changes were not too significant. This can be seen from their responses that they will continue to use ReadTheory in the future because they feel that they have received many benefits. Therefore, the researcher can conclude that students' perception of using the ReadTheory platform in reading comprehension tends to be positive because it provides benefits and changes their ability to understand reading texts.

Mohammed Beshir, Abiy Yigzaw

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate whether or not students engage in self-help behavior when they encounter difficulties during their presentations. The participants were second year EFL college trainees; the data were obtained from their classroom presentations. The audio recorded data has been transcribed, coded, and categorized into quantitative and qualitative data. Descriptive statistical tools were employed to analyze the quantitative component, while thematic analysis was used to explain the qualitative data. Based on the findings, the students engaged in different kinds of strategies for self-repair, including same-information repair (repetition) 48 (36.9%); appropriateness repair 46 (35.4%); error repair 32 (24.6%); and back-to-error 4 (3.1%). From the point of view of the trouble sources that trigger self-repair, this research highlighted difficulties with syntactic and lexical errors as the most prevalent problems among EFL learners. The self-repair evidences revealed the importance of giving time for students to modify their utterances by themselves. In addition, the result could help teachers determine where to focus their efforts in helping students.

Xuemei Lu

Counterfactual conditional is a common linguistic phenomenon in linguistics. This paper compares and analyzes Chinese-Vietnamese counterfactual conditional based on constructive grammar, and finds out the essential differences between them. This paper analyzes three typical Chinese constructive grammar [hypothetical conjunction+negator +a,b], [hypothetical conjunction+a,b], [早知道zao zhi dao+ a,b], and three typical Vietnamese constructive grammar[counterfactual marker+a,b],[đã/đã...rồi]，[hypothetical conjunction+a,b], and concludes that the Chinese and Vietnamese counterfactual conditionals are highly similar but with many distinctions. The main difference is that Chinese lacks mature counterfactual markers, while Vietnamese has obvious markers of counterfactual conditionals. which can also be used to realize the counterfactual meaning through negation, time and hypothetical conjunction.

Muhammad Zudi Hardiansyah

Prancis dan Spanyol adalah bahasa Roman. Kedua Bahasa ini berasal dari bahasa Latin vulgar, membuatnya menjadi Bahasa saudara. Dikarenakan bahasa Prancis dan Spanyol adalah bahasa saudara, keduanya memiliki banyak kesamaan, termasuk di bidang tata bahasa, meskipun masing-masing pastilah mempunyai keunikannya sendiri. Tujuan penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk menemukan, menganalisis, dan menjelaskan persamaan gramatikal yang ditemukan pada lagu-lagu bilingual Prancis dan Spanyol. Hal ini dapat memperkuat pembuktian jika kedua bahasa tersebut merupakan bahasa saudara dengan adanya kesamaan dari segi tata bahasa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan artikel ini adalah kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah teknik simak bebas cakap dan teknik lanjutan catat. Metode komparatif, tinjauan pustaka, dan elaborasi naratif merupakan teknik yang digunakan dalam analisis data.Kata kunci: Prancis, Spanyol, Gramatika, Persamaan

Nicolás Montalbán Martínez, Salvador Montaner Villalba

El objetivo del presente trabajo es averiguar si el aula invertida y el blogging potencian el uso de las unidades fraseológicas en la traducción de textos especializados. Para ello, se implementó un experimento con el alumnado de la asignatura Traducción Especializada (Inglés), del cuarto curso del grado de Traducción e Interpretación en el curso académico 2019/2020. La experiencia didáctica consistió en la creación de un blog por parte de los alumnos con las prácticas realizadas por ellos en un entorno de Aula Invertida. Para evaluar esta experiencia se realizaron dos encuestas, una inicial de diagnóstico con el objetivo de conocer su grado de conocimiento en torno a la adquisición de unidades fraseológicas por medio de blogging en un entorno de Aula Invertida y otra final para analizar el progreso. Además se hizo un estudio de la calidad de las traducciones utilizando métricas de evaluación como la precisión, la exhaustividad, WER y BLEU. También se emplearon las pruebas de evaluación final para evaluar el progreso de los alumnos.

Gita Mutiara Hati, Wisma Yunita, Anggun Citra Sari Dewi

The objective of this research is to describe how the use of self-assessment could improve learners’ autonomy. This study employed an action research design involving freshmen of English Education Study Program University of Bengkulu as the subject of the research. This action research was conducted in the Intensive English Course. The cycle of research consisted of plan, action, observation, and reflection. The cycle consisted of fifteen meetings covering four themes of materials. During the meetings, students were instructed to do self-assessment guided by the instructor after they have finished learning each theme. The indicator of success for this research was at least 25% students were categorized as having Very High level of autonomy, while the rest were at High level of autonomy. To measure the level of learners’ autonomy, a questionnaire was used. The questionnaire covers nine aspects of autonomy with the total fifty items. It was given to the subject at the end of the cycle. From the analyzed data, it was found that after only conducting one cycle of the action research, the indicator of success in this research was achieved. Hence, there was no need to continue it to the second cycle. From the result, 30% of students were categorized as having Very High Learning Autonomy.

Ezekiel Soremekun, Sakshi Udeshi, Sudipta Chattopadhyay

Software often produces biased outputs. In particular, machine learning (ML) based software are known to produce erroneous predictions when processing discriminatory inputs. Such unfair program behavior can be caused by societal bias. In the last few years, Amazon, Microsoft and Google have provided software services that produce unfair outputs, mostly due to societal bias (e.g. gender or race). In such events, developers are saddled with the task of conducting fairness testing. Fairness testing is challenging; developers are tasked with generating discriminatory inputs that reveal and explain biases. We propose a grammar-based fairness testing approach (called ASTRAEA) which leverages context-free grammars to generate discriminatory inputs that reveal fairness violations in software systems. Using probabilistic grammars, ASTRAEA also provides fault diagnosis by isolating the cause of observed software bias. ASTRAEA's diagnoses facilitate the improvement of ML fairness. ASTRAEA was evaluated on 18 software systems that provide three major natural language processing (NLP) services. In our evaluation, ASTRAEA generated fairness violations with a rate of ~18%. ASTRAEA generated over 573K discriminatory test cases and found over 102K fairness violations. Furthermore, ASTRAEA improves software fairness by ~76%, via model-retraining.

Benjamin Paassen, Irena Koprinska, Kalina Yacef

Tree data occurs in many forms, such as computer programs, chemical molecules, or natural language. Unfortunately, the non-vectorial and discrete nature of trees makes it challenging to construct functions with tree-formed output, complicating tasks such as optimization or time series prediction. Autoencoders address this challenge by mapping trees to a vectorial latent space, where tasks are easier to solve, and then mapping the solution back to a tree structure. However, existing autoencoding approaches for tree data fail to take the specific grammatical structure of tree domains into account and rely on deep learning, thus requiring large training datasets and long training times. In this paper, we propose tree echo state autoencoders (TES-AE), which are guided by a tree grammar and can be trained within seconds by virtue of reservoir computing. In our evaluation on three datasets, we demonstrate that our proposed approach is not only much faster than a state-of-the-art deep learning autoencoding approach (D-VAE) but also has less autoencoding error if little data and time is given.

Yu Wang, Yuelin Wang, Jie Liu et al.

Grammar error correction (GEC) is an important application aspect of natural language processing techniques. The past decade has witnessed significant progress achieved in GEC for the sake of increasing popularity of machine learning and deep learning, especially in late 2010s when near human-level GEC systems are available. However, there is no prior work focusing on the whole recapitulation of the progress. We present the first survey in GEC for a comprehensive retrospect of the literature in this area. We first give the introduction of five public datasets, data annotation schema, two important shared tasks and four standard evaluation metrics. More importantly, we discuss four kinds of basic approaches, including statistical machine translation based approach, neural machine translation based approach, classification based approach and language model based approach, six commonly applied performance boosting techniques for GEC systems and two data augmentation methods. Since GEC is typically viewed as a sister task of machine translation, many GEC systems are based on neural machine translation (NMT) approaches, where the neural sequence-to-sequence model is applied. Similarly, some performance boosting techniques are adapted from machine translation and are successfully combined with GEC systems for enhancement on the final performance. Furthermore, we conduct an analysis in level of basic approaches, performance boosting techniques and integrated GEC systems based on their experiment results respectively for more clear patterns and conclusions. Finally, we discuss five prospective directions for future GEC researches.

MARÍA TERESA SÁNCHEZ NIETO