Hasil untuk "Chinese language and literature"

Ying Yang, Yongming Tian, Yulan Luo et al.

Introduction Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs), a common postoperative complication associated with anaesthesia and surgical procedures, are characterised by impairments in memory, attention, language comprehension and social functioning. Accumulating evidence from clinical studies indicates that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)—a non-invasive neuromodulatory modality capable of targeted cortical stimulation—may offer therapeutic promise for PND management. To comprehensively assess the intervention efficacy and safety parameters of TMS in mitigating postoperative cognitive decline, we propose conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Our findings aim to provide evidence-based insights into the neuroprotective potential of TMS for mitigating cognitive decline in surgical populations.Methods and analysis The investigation will implement a multifaceted search protocol encompassing international and Chinese scholarly resources. The search will be conducted in major databases, including Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, China Biology Medicine, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan Fang Database and Chinese Scientific Journal Database from inception to 31 March 2025. To capture the latest research trends, ongoing trials will be simultaneously searched in the WHO International Clinical Trial Registry Platform, ClinicalTrials.gov and the China Clinical Trial Registry. Grey literature will be supplemented through resources such as GreyNet International, OpenGrey and Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria for this review are restricted to randomised controlled trials investigating the application of TMS as an intervention for PND. Primary endpoints comprise clinically confirmed incidence rates of postoperative delirium and delayed neurocognitive recovery. Two researchers will independently perform literature screening, data extraction and risk of bias assessment. The risk of bias in included studies will be evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2.0. Evidence certainty will be appraised through the GRADE framework with explicit justification for downgrading decisions. Meta-analysis will be conducted using STATA V.15.1 statistical software. The data synthesis process will incorporate standardised methodologies, including heterogeneity testing, sensitivity analysis and assessment of publication bias.Ethics and dissemination This study will not involve the collection of biometric information or medical privacy data throughout the research process, thus complying with the exemption criteria outlined in the ‘Measures for Ethical Review of Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects.’ The findings will adhere to academic standards and be submitted for publication in reputable international medical journals following a rigorous double-blind peer-review process.Systematic review registration The research protocol has been prospectively registered on the PROSPERO international prospective systematic review registration platform (registration number: CRD42025636978).

Zhuoma Garang, Gebai Zhaxi, Zhuoma Suonan et al.

Ethnopharmacological relevanceIn 2023, the classic work of Tibetan medicine, the Four Medical Tantras, was successfully inscribed on the Memory of the World Register. The As⋅ṭān˙ga Hṛdaya Saṃhitā was also introduced to Tibet in the 10th century A.D. and translated into Tibetan. Although many scholars at home and abroad have shown interest in the historical exchange between the two texts, no quantitative and objective comparative research results have yet been published.Aim of the studyThis study aims to reveal and compare the use of diets, medicinal materials and preparations as therapeutic means in the Four Medical Tantras and the As⋅ṭān˙ga Hṛdaya Saṃhitā, and to explore their historical exchanges between these two traditional medical system.Materials and methods① Data mining: Relevant information on diets, medicinal materials, and preparations was extracted from the Four Medical Tantras and the As⋅ṭān˙ga Hṛdaya Saṃhitā, and entered into a Microsoft Excel 2010 table to establish the datasets, respectively. ② Statistical analysis: IBM SPSS statistics 27.0, SPSS Modeler 18.0 and Gephi 0.9.2 were used to analyze the contents of diets, medicinal materials, and preparations, such as frequency, association rules, and complex networks. ③ Comparative study: The Mann-Whitney test, a non-parametric method, and the intuitive comparison method were used to analyze the similarities and differences in terms of therapeutic means of diets, medicinal materials, and preparations documented in the Four Medical Tantras and the As⋅ṭān˙ga Hṛdaya Saṃhitā.Results① Foods: The Four Medical Tantras document 153 kinds, categorized into five major types, mainly meat. The As⋅ṭān˙ga Hṛdaya Saṃhitā documents 392 types, categorized into six major types, mainly vegetables. There are 49 shared food types between the two texts. ② Drinks: The Four Medical Tantras document 65 kinds, categorized into three major types. The As⋅ṭān˙ga Hṛdaya Saṃhitā documents 81 kinds, categorized into five major types (including more sugar cane- and sesame oil-based types), and includes South Asian specialty drinks such as yellow cow urine, camel urine, and elephant urine. Among them, 18 drink types are shared. ③ Medicinal materials: The Four Medical Tantras document 1,115 species, mainly animal-based medicines, with 388 recorded efficacies classified into 17 disease types. The As⋅ṭān˙ga Hṛdaya Saṃhitā documents 762 species, mainly plant-based, with 40 recorded efficacies classified into 30 disease types. Among them, 227 medicinal materials are shared, with 21 overlapping recorded efficacies. ④ Preparations: The Four Medical Tantras document 2,678 types, with combinations following the principle of “coolness in warmth, and warmth in coolness,” reflecting Tibetan medical characteristics. The As⋅ṭān˙ga Hṛdaya Saṃhitā documents 2,240 types, commonly using pepper, ghee, and honey, embodying Ayurveda’s principle of “combining food and medicine” and reflecting its characteristics approach to medication.ConclusionThis study found both differences and commonalities in their therapeutic content. The both texts differ markedly in the total amount and classification of therapeutic content, with particularly striking differences in dietary types and sources of medicinal materials, reflecting the different ecological and cultural characteristics of the Tibetan Plateau and South Asia. At the same time, there is a partial overlap between the both texts, such as 9.9% of foods, 14.1% of drinks, and 13.8% of medicinal materials are shared, with a 48% similarity in their recorded efficacies. These findings provide an empirical basis for understanding the similarities and differences between Tibetan medicine and the Ayurvedic medical system, and open new perspectives for comparative studies of traditional medicine.

Yankui Su, Yankui Su, Meiling He et al.

Based on previous literature, the present study examines the effects of background music on English reading comprehension using eye tracking techniques. All the participants, whose first language was Chinese, were selected from a foreign language college and all of them were sophomores who majored in English. The experiment in this study was a 2 (music tempo: fast and slow) × 2 (text difficulty: difficult and easy) × 2 (background music preference: high and low) mixed design. Both musical tempo and English reading passage were within-subjects factors, and the level of music listening preference was a between-subjects factor. The results showed that the main effect of the music tempo was statistically significant, which indicated that participants read texts more quickly in the fast-tempo music condition than in the slow-tempo music condition. Furthermore, the main effect of the text difficulty was statistically significant. Additionally, the interaction between the text difficulty and music tempo was statistically significant. The music tempo had a greater effect on easy texts than on difficult texts. The results of this study reveal that it is beneficial for people who have a stronger preference for music listening to conduct English reading tasks with fast-tempo music. It is detrimental for people who have little preference for background music listening to complete difficult English reading tasks with slow-tempo music.

Xingtong Guo, Lili Hou, Xuepei Peng et al.

Introduction This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of xerostomia in a healthy population with e-cigarettes and/or combustible tobacco. Methods The following electronic databases were searched: Web of Science, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), and Wan-Fang Database, from 1 January 2000 to 20 October 2022. The language was limited to Chinese and English. The data were analyzed using Stata 15.0, and the prevalence of xerostomia in different smokers is reported. Results A total of 14 studies were included, with a total sample size of 6827 cases. The overall prevalence of xerostomia was 26% (95% CI: 18–35). In the combustible tobacco population, the prevalence of xerostomia was 24% (95% CI: 21–27), while among e-cigarette users it was 33% (95% CI: 18–48). Conclusions Current evidence suggests that the prevalence of xerostomia is high in healthy smoking populations. These findings are restricted by the number and quality of the included studies and need to be validated by additional highquality studies.

Nikko Vanda Limantara, Ronggo Sadono, Suci Widhiati et al.

Asian herbal medicines have been known for decades, and some have been used to treat atopic dermatitis (AD). This chronic and persistent inflammatory skin condition causes severe morbidity and negatively impacts the quality of life. In numerous trials, traditional Chinese medicines have demonstrated clinical efficacy for AD. However, there has not been a well-documented summary of the wide variety of Asian herbal medicine used in treating AD. We aimed to summarize the Asian herbal medicine being used in AD systematically. An English-language literature search was performed in three electronic medical databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EBSCOhost using keywords (("atopic dermatitis" OR "atopic eczema") AND ("traditional" OR "herbal")) and was limited to references published between January 2015 and December 2022. The literature comprised newborns, infants, children, adolescent, and adults. The review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension to determine the scope of the review criteria. The content and inclusiveness of the search were filtered using MeSH/Emtree terms, keywords, titles, and abstracts. 13 articles (12 RCT and one clinical trial) reported a variety of herbal medicine compounds to treat AD with various efficacy. Most studies reported significant improvement when comparing the herbal medicine with a placebo, but only 1 study reported substantial improvement of SCORAD compared to corticosteroids. Asian herbal medicines have been studied and may be used as an alternative treatment in treating AD with fewer adverse effects. However, its role did not change the position of standard treatment in treating atopic dermatitis.

Yun Wang, Yaoxuanzi Xiao

As the most important Buddhist school in the history of Chinese Buddhism, the philosophy of Chan Buddhism and its agricultural Chan practice have had a profound influence on the lives of the literati and scholars. Both historically and logically, the term “Chan Dharma 禪法” is extremely rich in connotations. The so-called “agricultural Chan 農禪” is a transformation of Chinese farming culture into the “Chan practice” by practising meditation through farming activities. The “garden farming 園耕” refers to the farming activities of the literati and scholars in the gardens, which were driven by the style of agricultural Chan. Under the influence of agricultural Chan, “garden farming” took on a new spiritual attitude towards crops and created a natural aesthetic realm of life in the act of farming. This article consists of three main sections. I start with an introduction to the religious thoughts and practices of Chan Buddhism, pointing out that the underlying colour of Chan Buddhism is the aesthetics of life, while gradually evoking its special practice of Chan. The second section discusses the concept of agricultural Chan and farming activities in gardens, to figure out the characteristics of agricultural Chan and how farming activities in gardens are carried out. In the third section, I argue for the beauty of farming in gardens, pointing out the essence of the beauty in garden farming and what aesthetic possibilities the act of farming in gardens may embody.

Kunyu Xu, Jinting Yan, Jinting Yan et al.

Speakers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are found to exhibit atypical pitch patterns in speech production. However, little is known about the production of lexical tones (T1, T2, T3, T4) as well as neutral tones (T1N, T2N, T3N, T4N) by tone-language speakers with ASD. Thus, this study investigated the height and shape of tones produced by Mandarin-speaking children with ASD and their age-matched typically developing (TD) peers. A pronunciation experiment was conducted in which the participants were asked to produce reduplicated nouns. The findings from the acoustic analyses showed that although ASD children generally produced both lexical tones and neutral tones with distinct tonal contours, there were significant differences between the ASD and TD groups for tone height and shape for T1/T1N, T3/T3N, and T4/T4N. However, we did not find any difference in T2/T2N. These data implied that the atypical acoustic pattern in the ASD group could be partially due to the suppression of the F0 range. Moreover, we found that ASD children tended to produce more errors for T2/T2N, T3/T3N than for T1/T1N, T4/T4N. The pattern of tone errors could be explained by the acquisition principle of pitch, similarities among different tones, and tone sandhi. We thus concluded that deficits in pitch processing could be responsible for the atypical tone pattern of ASD children, and speculated that the atypical tonal contours might also be due to imitation deficits. The present findings may eventually help enhance the comprehensive understanding of the representation of atypical pitch patterns in ASD across languages.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the leading causes of death among Asian Americans. Despite being a culturally diverse racial group with differences in history, language, religion, and values, Asian Americans are often viewed as a monolith. With the high prevalence rate of T2D, a careful examination of self-management interventions across Asian Americans is needed to develop effective and culturally sensitive interventions. Objective: To describe existing literature by examining study characteristics, different intervention components, and outcome measures of various T2D interventions among Asian Americans. Methods: Using Arksey and O'Malley's framework to ground this review, six online databases were used to identify studies. Results: A total of 18 publications were included. Thirteen studies were published after 2013, with 44% and 22% of these studies focused on Chinese Americans and Korean Americans. We found a lack of geographic diversity in the location of the studies. Majority of the participants were females. Most of the interventions were implemented in person. Licensed health care providers were the most common interventionists, with a number of studies using community health workers. Outcome measures focused on three key areas: physiological, psychosocial and behavioral, and program-related outcomes. Many of the studies measured changes in HbA1C, self-efficacy, distress, depression, and quality of life. Overall, we saw improvements in physiological measures in most of the studies. For example, majority of the studies showed a decline in the participants' HbA1C. Most studies showed an increase or improvement in healthy behaviors. Studies that measured efficacy, knowledge, attitude, motivation, quality of life, or general health showed improvement from baseline. All the studies that measured distress or depression showed a reduction of symptoms postintervention. Conclusion: Overall, we found that culturally tailored interventions that focus on specific Asian American subpopulations saw an improvement in physiological, psychosocial, or behavioral measures. There were several gaps in the existing T2D self-management programs or interventions among Asian Americans studied in the United States. Based on our analysis, we recommend when designing or implementing self-management interventions among Asian Americans, considerations should be made for targeted recruitment for understudied Asian American subgroups, gender, and location.

D. Massimkhanuly , A. Abidenkyzy

Part of the lands inhabited by ancient Turkic peoples today belong to the territory of the People’s Republic of China. For centuries BC, the Turkic tribes in Central Asia fought each other to become a unified state and fought for the creation of a state. The historical circumstances mentioned were widely spread in the dynastic chronicles of China, were included in written sources, in the writings of travelers and historical originals of the Muslim world, all this led to the development of relations between the Chinese and Turkic peoples. The study of the history of the ancient Turkic peoples by Chinese researchers is of great scientific importance. For example, in the official Chinese chronicle “twenty-four stories”, written in different eras, data related to the ancient Turks were translated from Chinese into modern Kazakh and subjected to scientific revision. This is one of the unique sources directly related to the Turkic history. Since ancient times, it has become obvious in the history of science that the Turkicspeaking peoples contributed to the development of relations between the West and the East, as well as developed bilateral relations. In the Chinese chronicle, the Turks were called the descendants of the Huns. The word “Turks” was used only in reference to the representatives of the ruling aristocratic family among the Turkic-speaking nomads. In later times, the Turki acquired political significance, as other tribes under their rule began to be called them. In this context, this article examines the influence of the Ancient Turkic language on traditional Chinese culture in the fields of language, literature, music, dance, household and industrial equipment, and religion.

熊文

本研究以十一名美国大学生提交的三个中文实习报告为依据，对他们在中国为期半年的实习收获进行了研究。研究的数据采集于前后五年之间，学生均为工程学+中文，或者商科+中文的双学位学生，分别在中国五个不同的职场实习(含大学实验室、中外合资公司、酒店和工厂)。研究采用叙事分析的定性研究方法，对学生个体的叙事文本报告进行了整理、归纳和深度解析，以期了解和评估长期海外实习对美国大学生的中文表达能力、专业能力、跨文化职场交际能力产生的影响，发现在此过程中个人成长的证据，以便为中文教育的国际化提供依据，对基于内容的中高年级课程和专业化汉语教学提供课程设置的参考，对培养学生使用中文进行职业化交际能力的培养提供指导性建议，也为同类项目的设置和评估提供实践和理论依据。 This research studies the half-year overseas internships of 11 American college students in the Chinese speaking community by analyzing their three internship reports written in Chinese. The data for the study were collected across five years. The students who participated in the overseas' internships are all double majors either in engineering or business, plus a B.A. degree in Chinese, and interned at five different representative professional settings, including university labs, joint-venture companies, a business and residential hotel, and a factory. The research employs the qualitative Narrative Analysis methodology to re-organize, summarize and analyze in-depth the students' internship reports in an attempt to understand and evaluate the impacts of long-term overseas internships on students’ language skills, professional experiences, and cross-cultural competence, as well as their self-growth. This study provides insights into preparing the young generation for the ever-changing world with language education, sheds light on the pedagogies of language cross-curriculum and teaching Chinese for specific purposes, and provides the data for setting up or evaluating a similar program if needed.

Xiaoli Liu, Guichuan Huang, Jing Zhang et al.

<h4>Background</h4>Although expression of long non-coding RNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT-1) in tumor tissues has been assessed in several malignancies. However, the association between lncRNA MALAT-1 expression and prognosis or clinicopathological feature remains controversial. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to verify whether lncRNA MALAT-1 expression was associated with prognosis or clinicopathological features in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).<h4>Methods</h4>We searched Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane library, The Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang databases from inception to March, 1, 2020. The language restrictions were Chinese and English. The published literature on lncRNA MALAT-l expression and prognosis or clinicopathological characteristics of NSCLC patients was statistically analyzed. Combined hazard ratios (HRs), odds ratios (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were used to evaluate the effects of lncRNA MALAT-l on the prognosis and clinicopathological features of NSCLC.<h4>Results</h4>Fifteen studies with 1477 NSCLC patients were enrolled. The results showed that the elevated expression of lncRNA MALAT-l in tumor tissues was associated with shorter overall survival (OS) (HR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.53-3.16; P = 0.000). Additionally, high lncRNA MALAT-l expression was also significantly associated with gender (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.51-0.93; P = 0.014), tumor size (OR: 1.87, 95% CI:1.13-3.09; P = 0.016), lymph node metastasis (LNM) (OR: 2.87, 95% CI:1.05-7.83, P = 0.04), tumor differentiation (OR: 1.60, 95% CI:1.17-2.20; P = 0.003), and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (OR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.25-0.70; P = 0.001). There was no significant relationship between lncRNA MALAT-l expression and other clinicopathological features including age (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.79-1.34; P = 0.830), number of tumors (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.63-1.64; P = 0.943), vascular invasion (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 0.50-3.05; P = 0.652), and recurrence (OR: 1.98, 95% CI: 0.67-5.85; P = 0.214).<h4>Conclusion</h4>The overexpression of lncRNA MALAT-l in NSCLC tissues was correlated with OS, gender, tumor size, LNM, tumor differentiation, and TNM stage. Thus, lncRNA MALAT-l may serve as a prognostic factor for NSCLC.

Richárd Gábor Gottner

Kōdōkan jūdō is the first Japanese martial art ever introduced in Hungary, at the beginning of the twentieth century. In order to make jūdō popular among the general public, it was necessary to translate the cryptic Japanese names of the techniques to more familiar Hungarian terms, thus Hungarian jūdōterminology was born. Since then, nearly a century has passed, and partly because of the terminology, (which had no linguistic foundations but was created on the basis of mere observation by Hungarian practitioners), jūdō has drifted away from its authentic Japanese roots. In this study, I introduce the main translational errors affecting the terminology and try to offer some solutions favouring a more accurate Hungarian jūdō-terminology for the future.

Janna M. Schurer, Arlene Nishimwe, Dieudonne Hakizimana et al.

Echinococcus multilocularis is a zoonotic cestode of canid definitive hosts that is emerging as a parasite of medical and veterinary concern in regions of North America, Europe and Asia. Infection with the metacestode stage (alveolar echinococcosis – AE) is life-threatening, especially for patients who reside in low resource countries and lack access to modern diagnostic tests and treatments. The overall objectives of this One Health review were to systematically describe the diagnostic tests currently employed in endemic countries to detect E. multilocularis in people, canids and the environment, and to report the test characteristics of new diagnostic techniques for population surveillance. In this systematic review of English and Chinese language databases, we identified 92 primary records of E. multilocularis surveillance in canids (N = 75), humans (N = 20) and/or the environment (food, soil; N = 3) and 12 grey literature records that reported E. multilocularis surveillance or health systems protocols between 2008 and 2018. Surveillance for E. multilocularis was conducted using a broad range of combined morphological, molecular, immunological and imaging techniques. Nine studies reporting diagnostic evaluations for cestode or metacestode detection were identified, including studies on copro-antigen ELISA, copro-PCR, intestinal examination, Western Blot, magnetic capture RT-PCR and immunochromatography. Our dataset includes prevalence estimates for E. multilocularis in canids, people, or environment in 27 of the 43 endemic countries and reports data gaps in surveillance, laboratory methods, and diagnostic sensitivity. International consensus on gold standard diagnostic techniques and harmonization of human, canid and environmental surveillance data across political boundaries are needed to comprehensively assess the global burden and distribution of this parasite. Keywords: Echinococcus_multilocularis, Diagnostic_evaluation, Surveillance, One_Health, Systematic_Review

Fang Hongmei

Mirativity is a distinct grammatical category. In the literature, no mirative marker has been identified so far in Mandarin Chinese. This paper aims to argue that Mandarin Chinese is a language that has grammatical means of expressing mirativity. The sentence-final particle le (SF le) in Mandarin is a mirative marker in its own right. It encodes the information as newsworthy or surprising and occurs with different time references and Illocutions. Based on the data from SF le, this paper extends the definition of mirativity given by Hengeveld & Olbertz (2012) by proposing that mirativity can not only be targeted towards either the speaker or the addressee, but also towards both. Lastly, it is argued that mirativity should be accounted for at the layer of Communicated Content at the Interpersonal Level in Functional Discourse Grammar.

Zhen-yu Huo, Li Peng

Abstract Background Tuberculous pleurisy (TP) presents a diagnostic problem due to the limitations of traditional diagnostic methods. Different studies with the Xpert MTB/RIF assay have drawn variable conclusions about its values in TP diagnosis. We conducted a meta-analysis to assess whether the Xpert MTB/RIF assay is appropriate for the diagnosis of TP using pleural fluid samples. Methods A systematic search of four literature databases in English and Chinese language was performed to identify studies involving the use of Xpert MTB/RIF in patients with TP confirmed by plural biopsy and/or mycobacterial culture. Pooled sensitivity, specificity and accordance proportion were calculated, and the forest plots were generated to assess the accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF for TP diagnosis. Results We identified 23 studies meeting our inclusion criteria. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF were 30% (95% CI: 21–42%, I2 = 87.93%) and 99% (95% CI: 97–100%, I2 = 96.20%), respectively, and the area under the SROC curve (AUC) of Xpert MTB/RIF was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.83–0.89). Compared with drug susceptibility testing (DST), the pooled accordance rate of Xpert MTB/RIF in detecting rifampicin-susceptible cases and rifampicin-resistant cases was 99% (95% CI: 95–104%, I2 = 8.7%) and 94% (95% CI: 86–102%), respectively. Conclusions Our analysis suggests that the Xpert MTB/RIF assay is of limited value as a screening test for TP but has a high potential for confirming TP diagnosis and differentiating TP from non-TB diseases using pleural fluid samples.

Rolf Teschke, Li Zhang, Hongzhu Long et al.

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) with its focus on herbal use became popular worldwide. Treatment was perceived as safe, with neglect of rare adverse reactions including liver injury. To compile worldwide cases of liver injury by herbal TCM, we undertook a selective literature search in the PubMed database and searched for the items Traditional Chinese Medicine, TCM, Traditional Asian Medicine, and Traditional Oriental Medicine, also combined with the terms herbal hepatotoxicity or herb induced liver injury. The search focused primarily on English-language case reports, case series, and clinical reviews. We identified reported hepatotoxicity cases in 77 relevant publications with 57 different herbs and herbal mixtures of TCM, which were further analyzed for causality by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) scale, positive reexposure test results, or both. Causality was established for 28/57 different herbs or herbal mixtures, Bai Xian Pi, Bo He, Ci Wu Jia, Chuan Lian Zi, Da Huang, Gan Cao, Ge Gen, Ho Shou Wu, Huang Qin, Hwang Geun Cho, Ji Gu Cao, Ji Xue Cao, Jin Bu Huan, Jue Ming Zi, Jiguja, Kudzu, Ling Yang Qing Fei Keli, Lu Cha, Rhen Shen, Ma Huang, Shou Wu Pian, Shan Chi, Shen Min, Syo Saiko To, Xiao Chai Hu Tang, Yin Chen Hao, Zexie, and Zhen Chu Cao. In conclusion, this compilation of liver injury cases establishes causality for 28/57 different TCM herbs and herbal mixtures, aiding diagnosis for physicians who care for patients with liver disease possibly related to herbal TCM.

H. Kimura

Ning Wang

Aaron Phillip Tate

J. Kwong, Haiping Wang, R. Clifton