Large Language Models (LLMs) are poised to transform healthcare under China's Healthy China 2030 initiative, yet they introduce new ethical and patient-safety challenges. We present a novel 12,000-item Q&A benchmark covering 11 ethics and 9 safety dimensions in medical contexts, to quantitatively evaluate these risks. Using this dataset, we assess state-of-the-art Chinese medical LLMs (e.g., Qwen 2.5-32B, DeepSeek), revealing moderate baseline performance (accuracy 42.7% for Qwen 2.5-32B) and significant improvements after fine-tuning on our data (up to 50.8% accuracy). Results show notable gaps in LLM decision-making on ethics and safety scenarios, reflecting insufficient institutional oversight. We then identify systemic governance shortfalls-including the lack of fine-grained ethical audit protocols, slow adaptation by hospital IRBs, and insufficient evaluation tools-that currently hinder safe LLM deployment. Finally, we propose a practical governance framework for healthcare institutions (embedding LLM auditing teams, enacting data ethics guidelines, and implementing safety simulation pipelines) to proactively manage LLM risks. Our study highlights the urgent need for robust LLM governance in Chinese healthcare, aligning AI innovation with patient safety and ethical standards.
While much research in artificial intelligence (AI) has focused on scaling capabilities, the accelerating pace of development makes countervailing work on producing harmless, "aligned" systems increasingly urgent. Yet research on alignment has diverged along two largely parallel tracks: safety--centered on scaled intelligence, deceptive or scheming behaviors, and existential risk--and ethics--focused on present harms, the reproduction of social bias, and flaws in production pipelines. Although both communities warn of insufficient investment in alignment, they disagree on what alignment means or ought to mean. As a result, their efforts have evolved in relative isolation, shaped by distinct methodologies, institutional homes, and disciplinary genealogies. We present a large-scale, quantitative study showing the structural split between AI safety and AI ethics. Using a bibliometric and co-authorship network analysis of 6,442 papers from twelve major ML and NLP conferences (2020-2025), we find that over 80% of collaborations occur within either the safety or ethics communities, and cross-field connectivity is highly concentrated: roughly 5% of papers account for more than 85% of bridging links. Removing a small number of these brokers sharply increases segregation, indicating that cross-disciplinary exchange depends on a handful of actors rather than broad, distributed collaboration. These results show that the safety-ethics divide is not only conceptual but institutional, with implications for research agendas, policy, and venues. We argue that integrating technical safety work with normative ethics--via shared benchmarks, cross-institutional venues, and mixed-method methodologies--is essential for building AI systems that are both robust and just.
Dulcinea Vega Dávila, Carmen Delia Medina Castellano, Héctor González-de-la-Torre
La solicitud de eutanasia por trastorno mental está regulada legalmente en pocos países, siendo un tema controvertido con escasos estudios de opinión en especialistas de psiquiatría. Metodología: se encuesta a psiquiatras sobre cuestiones relativas a su experiencia en procesos relacionados con eutanasia por trastorno mental, su opinión sobre aspectos de la valoración y sobre la Ley española de regulación de la eutanasia. Resultados: entre el 32-48% de los psiquiatras apoyaron la eutanasia en distintos trastornos psiquiátricos. Más del 80% de los encuestados apoyó la posibilidad de adecuada capacidad de decisión del paciente, la existencia de un sufrimiento insoportable y la incurabilidad de la enfermedad. El 100% de la muestra creía necesario valorar alternativas de tratamiento durante la evaluación de la solicitud de eutanasia. Conclusiones: los resultados del estudio validan la complejidad de la eutanasia en el trastorno mental y se sugieren recomendaciones al respecto.
Medical philosophy. Medical ethics, Business ethics
Objective: This study explores the implementation of entrepreneurial models in three pesantren: Islamic Boarding School ‘A’ in Ngawi, Islamic Boarding School ‘B’ in Sukoharjo, and Islamic Boarding School ‘C’ in Surakarta. Each pesantren employs distinct approaches—namely, the in-house business model, the ‘maklon’ (outsourced production) partnership model, and the contract-based partnership model. Pesantren, as traditional Islamic educational institutions in Indonesia, have long served as centers for character-building and moral education. With the advent of global economic challenges, these institutions are tasked with bridging religious teachings and modern economic competencies, particularly through entrepreneurship education. Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework of this research integrates Islamic educational philosophy and sustainable development goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 4 (quality education) and SDG 8 (decent work and economic growth). Literature Review: A literature review reveals that entrepreneurial education contributes significantly to students' readiness for real-world challenges, fostering economic self-reliance while maintaining ethical integrity. Methods: Using a qualitative approach, this study combines case study analysis, interviews, and field observations. Results: The findings indicate that the ‘maklon’ partnership model has the most significant impact, increasing pesantren revenue and equipping Santri with practical skills in business management, marketing, and finance. Additionally, all three models emphasize ethical entrepreneurship rooted in Islamic principles, contributing to SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production). Implications: The implications of this study are profound, suggesting that pesantren can serve as hubs for sustainable economic education that aligns with religious values. By adopting entrepreneurial models, these institutions not only enhance the economic resilience of their students but also contribute to broader societal development. Novelty: The novelty of this study lies in its exploration of how pesantren-based entrepreneurship education can simultaneously advance religious and economic goals while addressing SDGs. It provides a replicable framework for integrating ethics and entrepreneurship in similar educational contexts.
This study aims to investigate the influence of word of mouth, business location, and product quality on customer satisfaction from the perspective of Islamic business management. The research was conducted on consumers of Mie Gacoan at the Antasari branch in Bandar Lampung, employing a quantitative approach with data collected through questionnaires. The findings indicate that all three independent variables significantly affect customer satisfaction, both individually and collectively, with product quality emerging as the most dominant factor. Within the framework of Islamic business ethics, customer satisfaction is closely associated with the implementation of core values such as honesty (shidq) in communication, trustworthiness (amanah) in service delivery, and excellence (ihsan) in maintaining product quality. These results highlight the importance of integrating Islamic ethical principles into modern business practices to cultivate sustainable customer relationships and enhance trust in an increasingly competitive marketplace.
This research aims to investigate the influence of psychological empowerment, work-life balance, and creative self-efficacy on the innovative work behavior of workers at regionally owned enterprises (BUMD), with employee engagement serving as a mediating variable. The research was conducted in 2025 in Indonesia, primarily targeting workers of regionally owned enterprises in North Sumatra Province. Data were collected from 190 respondents using a quantitative study design and survey methodology, employing structured questionnaires issued to permanent BUMD workers who met specific requirements. The data gathered were analyzed using structural equation modelling with the partial least squares method (SEM-PLS) to investigate both direct and indirect correlations among variables. The results demonstrate that psychological empowerment, work-life balance, and creative self-efficacy have a positive and significant influence on innovative work behavior, either directly or indirectly through employee engagement. The findings highlight the essential function of employee engagement as a mediating factor that enhances the influence of individual psychological and work-related elements on creative behavior. The findings underscore the significance of managerial policies that bolster psychological empowerment, facilitate work-life balance, and cultivate employees' creative self-efficacy, while concurrently enhancing employee engagement, as strategic initiatives to establish a flexible, productive, and innovation-driven work environment within regionally owned enterprises.
Abdelrahman Ahmed Abdelhai Abdelghani, Hebatallah Ahmed Mokhtar Ahmed
Background: Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 positions tourism as a key economic pillar, emphasizing Sharīʿa-compliant services. Despite rapid investment, the ethical–spiritual nexus in tourism remains underexplored, particularly regarding the role of Islamic Business Ethics (IBE) in shaping customer experience and financial outcomes.
Aims: This study investigates whether spiritual satisfaction and perceived value act as mediators between Islamic Business Ethics, customer loyalty, and profitability, while also examining religiosity as a moderating factor.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 385 tourists in Saudi Arabia (November 2024–February 2025) was conducted using validated measurement scales. Structural equation modeling and the Hayes PROCESS macro were employed to test direct, indirect, and moderating effects.
Result: A Findings reveal that IBE significantly enhances spiritual satisfaction (β = 0.582, p < 0.001) and profitability (β = 0.298, p < 0.001). Both spiritual satisfaction and perceived value partially mediated the link between IBE and customer loyalty, with explained variance in loyalty reaching 62.4%. Moreover, religiosity amplified the relationship between IBE and spiritual satisfaction, indicating stronger effects among highly religious guests.
Conclusion: Islamic business ethics drive spiritual satisfaction and loyalty while contributing to profitability in Saudi Arabia’s hospitality sector. For managers, authentic ethical practices—especially when tailored to the needs of highly religious consumers—can yield deeper guest connections and long-term financial sustainability, aligning with the ambitions of Vision 2030.
The article addresses the pressing issue of increasing social tension and localized conflicts in Ukrainian municipalities during 2020–2024, encompassing both the pre-war phase and the period of full-scale war. Special attention is given to modeling the trajectories of social dynamics, including a potential post-war recovery scenario. The study's primary objective is to construct a Conflict Index and develop a stochastic model of state transitions within the social environment to assess the conflict potential of local communities. The research focuses on urban territorial communities in Ukraine, with the Kyiv municipal community selected for in-depth case analysis ‒ given its role as the capital with the highest concentration of political activity, budgetary resources, and social challenges, as well as the availability of detailed statistical data for the period 2020–2024. The data sources include official publications from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, analytical reports, and publicly available local budgets. The methodological framework combines cluster analysis, transition probability matrix construction, and Monte Carlo simulation modeling. The modeling results revealed the most probable trajectories of social developments, notably the transition from a state of “normalcy” to “social tension” (0.48), and from “escalation” to “crisis” (0.67). A high probability of returning to a normal state from the "recovery" phase (0.80) was also confirmed. Conflict Index scores were calculated for ten key communities, followed by clustering based on the level of social risk. The findings may be utilized by national public authorities, analytical think tanks, and local governments for purposes of strategic planning, conflict monitoring, and response.
This paper introduces Fortune Analytics Language Model (FALM). FALM empowers users with direct access to comprehensive business analysis, including market trends, company performance metrics, and expert insights. Unlike generic LLMs, FALM leverages a curated knowledge base built from professional journalism, enabling it to deliver precise and in-depth answers to intricate business questions. Users can further leverage natural language queries to directly visualize financial data, generating insightful charts and graphs to understand trends across diverse business sectors clearly. FALM fosters user trust and ensures output accuracy through three novel methods: 1) Time-aware reasoning guarantees accurate event registration and prioritizes recent updates. 2) Thematic trend analysis explicitly examines topic evolution over time, providing insights into emerging business landscapes. 3) Content referencing and task decomposition enhance answer fidelity and data visualization accuracy. We conduct both automated and human evaluations, demonstrating FALM's significant performance improvements over baseline methods while prioritizing responsible AI practices. These benchmarks establish FALM as a cutting-edge LLM in the business and media domains, with exceptional accuracy and trustworthiness.
Larysa Kovbasyuk, Yevheniia Vakulenko, Iryna Ivanets
et al.
From an ethical standpoint, combating corruption is crucial for promoting justice and equality. The rule of law and ethical governance involves clear standards of behavior for public servants and mechanisms for ensuring these standards are upheld. Corruption undermines public trust in government and democratic institutions and exacerbates social inequality and injustice (disproportionately affects the poor and marginalized groups, denying them access to essential services and opportunities). The fight against corruption during a full-scale war has ethical and purely pragmatic implications for Ukraine, the data of which formed the basis of this study. The lack of tangible progress in the fight against corruption in general, the lack of transparency of many institutional mechanisms in public administration, the revealed corruption schemes in the distribution of international military and humanitarian aid, as well as in the field of public defence procurement, the lack of punishment for corrupt officials in the highest echelons of power threaten the loyalty of international donors and allies, reduce Ukraine’s authority in the international arena, slows down Ukraine’s movement towards the EU, and significantly affects the decisions of foreign partners. The article demonstrates the results of forecasting the future level of corruption in Ukraine (for 2024‒2027) based on the retrospective dynamics of the Corruption Perceptions Index by Transparency International for 1998‒2023. Two economic and mathematical models are used for forecasting: Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), which better reflects long-term historical trends and fluctuations, and the exponential smoothing method, which is more sensitive to the latest values of the time series. The statistical analysis package STATISTICA was used for the calculations. The forecasting results are disappointing since both methods showed an expected decrease in the level of corruption in 2024-2027, but in critically low volumes: by 1 point according to the ARIMA model and by 3-4 points according to the exponential smoothing method. The results of this study can serve as a basis for public advocacy campaigns as an argument for the need to radically revise the existing format of anti-corruption policy in Ukraine given its European future.
Emmanuel Jeffrey Dzage, Muhammad Rizwan Hussain, Paul Opuni Dapaah
et al.
Abstract As the discourse around business ethics and sustainable development intensifies, many organizations are adopting initiatives in corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a strategic tool to satisfy regulatory requirements and also stakeholder expectations. While exploring the relationship between sustainable environmental practices and green innovation, this study identifies four critical stakeholder-centered CSR activities as precursors to sustainable environmental practices using data from 404 manufacturing firms in Ghana. The data was analyzed using the partial least squares method to structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results established a positively significant relationship between employee-centered CSR initiatives and sustainable environmental practices while the relationship between community-centered CSR, consumer-centered CSR and environment-centered with sustainable environmental practices CSR were each not significant. However, sustainable environmental practices were found to advance green innovation. The study further recommended a multi-dimensional stakeholder-centered approach to the practice of CSR as a strategic tool for sustainable environmental development by the leadership of manufacturing firms, policy makers and regulatory bodies.
Social responsibility of business, Business ethics
Introduction:In today's knowledge-based economy, focusing on intellectual capital is vital for maintaining competitiveness. Intellectual capital serves as a foundation for new resources that organizations can leverage to compete effectively. Its significance stems from the need for skilled employees, the rising value of customers, and an emphasis on learning and innovation, which drive organizational performance and value creation. This value manifests through innovation, productivity increases, cost reductions, and enhanced customer loyalty. Effective management of intellectual capital is crucial for organizational productivity and business performance. Moreover, there has been a growing focus on environmental protection and sustainable development principles. Green absorptive capacity, which includes acquisition, assimilation, transformation, and exploitation, enables companies to adapt to changing environments. Organizations with higher green absorptive capacity can better identify and utilize knowledge to develop valuable business strategies, promoting sustainable practices internally. A green business strategy is formed when companies integrate environmental regulations into their operations through ethical guidelines. Strong environmental ethics guide organizations to reduce pollution and invest in green initiatives. As noted by Chen and Kyung (2019), corporate ethical laws incorporate environmental concerns into decision-making, fostering green competitive advantages. Dena Tire Manufacturing Company should prioritize green intellectual capital, green absorptive capacity, and ethical regulations in its business strategy formulation. This approach is essential for achieving sustainability in manufacturing, especially given increasing public and policy pressures. Since no prior studies have focused on this area within Dena Tire Manufacturing Company, this research is both important and necessary. The primary goal of this study is to investigate the impact of green intellectual capital on green business strategy, considering the roles of green absorptive capacity and organizational environmental ethics. Materials and Methods:This study is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of its nature and method. The statistical population of this research consists of all managers and supervisors working at Dena Tire Manufacturing Company, totaling 365 individuals. To determine the sample size of this population, Cochran's formula was used, resulting in a sample size of 187 individuals. The sampling method used in this research is simple random sampling, and the data collection method is both library-based and field-based. The tool used in this research is a standard questionnaire derived from the work of Bagham and colleagues (2023), consisting of 35 questions. The questionnaire is designed in two sections: the first section collects general demographic information for descriptive statistics, while the second section contains questions related to testing hypotheses. The questionnaire is designed based on a five-point Likert scale, and to maintain the confidentiality of personnel information, the questionnaires were distributed anonymously among employees. The green intellectual capital section of the questionnaire includes three dimensions: green human capital, green structural capital, and green relational capital. The green intellectual capital scale consists of 14 items and was initially developed by Chen (2008) and validated in many studies (Yang et al., 2019). Green absorptive capacity includes 10 items and is adapted from the work of Pachakoo and colleagues (2018), which has also been validated by Wang et al. (2022) and Zhang et al. (2020). To measure green business strategy, 7 items developed by Bikaksioğlu and colleagues (2019) were used, which were previously validated by Banerjee et al. (2003). Additionally, to examine and evaluate ethical laws, a scale developed by Chang (2011) with 4 items was used, which was validated by Han et al. (2019) and Gu et al. (2020). To assess the reliability of the questionnaires, Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability were used. For determining the validity of the research tool, both face validity and content validity were employed, and for examining and confirming convergent validity, the average variance extracted was used. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics indicators reflect the current status of the statistical population regarding various variables, and inferential statistics were used to generalize the research results. In the inferential statistics section, structural equation modeling was employed, and Smart PLS version 3 and SPSS version 19 software were used for data analysis. Findings:The results of data analysis indicate that green intellectual capital has a positive and significant impact on green business strategy and green absorptive capacity. Green absorptive capacity positively and significantly affects green business strategy. Green absorptive capacity serves as a mediating role in the relationship between green intellectual capital and green business strategy. Organizational environmental ethics does not have a moderating role in the relationship between green intellectual capital and green business strategy. Discussion and Conclusion:This research explores how green intellectual capital influences green business strategy, focusing on the roles of green absorptive capacity and organizational environmental ethics at Dena Tire Manufacturing Company. The findings reveal a strong positive relationship between green intellectual capital and green business strategy, highlighting its importance in reducing environmental degradation and promoting sustainable practices while ensuring economic profitability. Additionally, green intellectual capital significantly enhances green absorptive capacity, which helps the company absorb and manage green knowledge from external sources. This capacity acts as a mediator in the relationship between green intellectual capital and green business strategy, facilitating the development of effective environmental policies. The study also indicates that corporate ethical laws positively moderate the relationship between green intellectual capital and green business strategy, although their impact was not statistically significant. Amid growing environmental concerns, companies are encouraged to adopt strong ethical principles, which can attract green talent, boost productivity, and enhance brand reputation. However, Dena Tire Manufacturing Company struggles with insufficient enforcement of environmental ethics, limiting the effectiveness of its green strategies. Without a strong commitment to these ethical values, the potential of green intellectual capital to drive sustainable practices remains unfulfilled.
Ugochukwu Orji, Ezugwu Obianuju, Modesta Ezema
et al.
The data revolution experienced in recent times has thrown up new challenges and opportunities for businesses of all sizes in diverse industries. Big data analytics is already at the forefront of innovations to help make meaningful business decisions from the abundance of raw data available today. Business intelligence and analytics has become a huge trend in todays IT world as companies of all sizes are looking to improve their business processes and scale up using data driven solutions. This paper aims to demonstrate the data analytical process of deriving business intelligence via the historical data of a fictional bike share company seeking to find innovative ways to convert their casual riders to annual paying registered members. The dataset used is freely available as Chicago Divvy Bicycle Sharing Data on Kaggle. The authors used the RTidyverse library in RStudio to analyse the data and followed the six data analysis steps of ask, prepare, process, analyse, share, and act to recommend some actionable approaches the company could adopt to convert casual riders to paying annual members. The findings from this research serve as a valuable case example, of a real world deployment of BIA technologies in the industry, and a demonstration of the data analysis cycle for data practitioners, researchers, and other potential users.
Ethics have become an urgent concern for data science research, practice, and instruction in the wake of growing critique of algorithms and systems showing that they reinforce structural oppression. There has been increasing desire on the part of data science educators to craft curricula that speak to these critiques, yet much ethics education remains individualized, focused on specific cases, or too abstract and unapplicable. We synthesized some of the most popular critical data science works and designed a data science ethics course that spoke to the social phenomena at the root of critical data studies -- theories of oppression, social systems, power, history, and change -- through analysis of a pressing sociotechnical system: surveillance systems. Through analysis of student reflections and final projects, we determined that at the conclusion of the semester, all students had developed critical analysis skills that allowed them to investigate surveillance systems of their own and identify their benefits, harms, main proponents, those who resist them, and their interplay with social systems, all while considering dimensions of race, class, gender, and more. We argue that this type of instruction -- directly teaching data science ethics alongside social theory -- is a crucial next step for the field.
MASOUMEH ALBOOGHOBEISH, SIAMAK NAZARI, SARA ADARVISHI
et al.
Introduction: Learning professional ethics can enhance the effectiveness of medical graduates as future health care providers. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of professional ethics education based on a multi-method approach in organizational commitment and job involvement of senior nurse anesthesia students of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS), Ahvaz, Iran, in 2022.Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test post-test design including 64 senior nurse anesthesia students of AJUMS who were selected using census method and randomly divided (using simple random method) into two groups of intervention and control (n=32 each). For the intervention group, two 5-hour training workshops were held in 2 consecutive weeks using different training methods offered in an integrated manner, while participants in the control group received no education. Finally, the data were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 16, based on Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, paired and independent t-tests, chi-square test, and analysis of covariance.Results: Professional ethics education based on a multi-method approach had a positive effect on the organizational commitment and job involvement of senior nurse anesthesia students. There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of their job involvement (P=0.005 and F=1.65) and organizational commitment scores (P=0.025 and F=35.56). These findings suggest that professional ethics education based on a multimethod approach can improve job involvement and organizational commitment and its dimensions (normative, continuance, and affective).Conclusion: Teaching professional ethics by explaining the moral virtues of work, business affairs, and code of professional conduct promotes job involvement and organizational commitment of senior nurse anesthesia students.
Abstract Much has been written of the implications for government policy on ‘responsible business’ but a comprehensive review of the subject is needed. This literature review will offer an assessment of varied insights to inform academics and practitioners on an important topic in need of scrutiny. The post-war consensus and strength of collective bargaining is waning in the Western world, and an inflection point may be nearing with a new way of working. Governments leveraging responsible business is among the options, but an understanding of the risks inherent in this option available to society is crucial. The world of business is in a new epoch of accepting social responsibility and, at the same time, a crisis of inequality means there is a need for every element of society to put their shoulder to the wheel. Businesses are an extremely powerful element in society, so how should governments harness that productivity for a social purpose? Should governments be encouraging responsible business to improve living standards and rebalance the inequity of incomes, or should political leaders be wary of engaging well-resourced businesses in areas that should be controlled from a democratic mandate? This article examines responsible business by providing comprehensive coverage of the literature in this deceptively mature subject area. Insights from secondary sources are analysed in relation to four key questions to reach an understanding of the risks inherent in crafting policy that expects more from business. The literature review concludes with a focus on the policy area of education, discussing how responsible business has been put into practice to resolve a market failure identified by J. K. Galbraith in the 1940s. Identifying areas such as this will maximise the opportunity of responsible business.
Social responsibility of business, Business ethics