Hasil untuk "Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings"

Xiaofeng Zhang, Harry Far

In the traditional design method, structures are usually assumed as rigid base structures without considering soil-structure interaction (SSI). However, whether the effect of SSI on the seismic performance of structures is beneficial or detrimental is far from consensus among researchers. Moreover, previous literature mostly concentrated on the seismic behaviour of mid-rise buildings and moment-resisting frames. Therefore, it is in real need to comprehensively investigate the seismic response of tall buildings considering SSI. In this study, a soil-foundation-structure model developed in finite element software and verified by shaking table tests is used to critically explore the effects of SSI on high-rise buildings with a series of superstructure and substructure parameters. The beneficial and detrimental impacts of SSI are identified and discussed. Numerical simulation results indicate the rise in the stiffness of subsoil can dramatically amplify the base shear of structures. As the foundation rotation increases, inter-storey drifts are increased, and base shears are reduced. In general, SSI amplifies the inter-storey drifts showing detrimental effects of SSI. However, as for the base shear, SSI exerts detrimental effects on most piled foundation cases as well as classical compensated foundation structures resting on Ce soil, whereas, for compensated foundation structures resting on soil types De and Ee, effects of SSI are beneficial since the base shear is reduced. Moreover, regarding buildings with different structural systems and foundation types, minimum base shear ratios considering the SSI reduction effect are presented.

Buroog Mahmood, Alaa Khurbat Almosawi

It is a very importance, both theoretically and practically, to create an indicator system to evaluate the factors affecting construction productivity. This paper uses the expert consultation opinion, the questionnaire survey technique, and the documentary research methods to analyze the and prioritizing influencing factors on construction productivity and evaluate it from the aspects of construction, management, special circumstances, and building the evaluation index system of those factors. Based on the principle of Dempster-Schaffer evidence theory to make group decisions by constructing a comprehensive judgment matrix (to effectively gather the opinions of experts and solve the problem of conflicting opinions, then determine the weights of the indicators through the analytical hierarchy process,. In the end, an index system was obtained to evaluate the factors affecting construction productivity in Iraqi projects, including three first-level indicators/indicators, seven secondary indicators, and 56 third-level indicators, which provides theoretical guidance for project departments in order to study these factors. And work towards developing a system to effectively increase project productivity.

Kiefer O. Ramberg, P. B. Crowley

The donut-shaped cucurbit[n]urils (Qn) are a class of rigid macrocyclic receptor with protein recognition capabilities. Qn encapsulation of amino acid side chains can enable protein assembly. Recently, cucurbit[7]uril (Q7) has been applied as a molecular glue for organizing protein building blocks into crystalline architectures. Q7 co-crystallization with dimethylated Ralstonia solanacearum lectin (RSL*) has yielded novel crystalline architectures. Co-crystallization of RSL* and Q7 yields either cage- or sheet-like architectures which may be modulated via protein engineering. However, questions remain as to the factors dictating the formation of one architecture over another (cage versus sheet). Here, we make use of an engineered RSL*-Q7 system which co-crystallizes as the cage or sheet assembly with easily-distinguished crystal morphologies. Using this model system, we probe how the crystallization conditions dictate which crystalline architecture is adopted. Protein-ligand ratios and the sodium concentration were identified as key determinants for the growth of the cage versus sheet assemblies.

Thomas Parkinson, Stefano Schiavon, Jungsoo Kim et al.

Previously unpublished data from over 600 office buildings in the Center for the Built Environment (CBE) Occupant Survey database are used to perform a systematic analysis of dissatisfaction in contemporary workspaces. A total of 81% of respondents expressed dissatisfaction with at least one aspect of their workspace, and 67% with more than one. Acoustics were the most common source of dissatisfaction, particularly related to people talking, speech privacy, and phones. Other challenges included a perceived lack of control over the temperature and insufficient space, along with other associated problems of densely populated offices. The analysis shows that context matters when understanding occupant dissatisfaction. Occupants of open-plan offices with low or no partitions were almost twice as likely to complain about their workspace than someone in a private, enclosed office. Being near a window decreased the likelihood of dissatisfaction compared with those who were not near a window. There was a clear relationship between self-perceived performance and satisfaction with the indoor environment. Dissatisfaction profiles found that acoustics, space, and privacy-related items co-occur for many occupants dissatisfied with more than one workspace aspect. 'Practical relevance' Post-occupancy surveys are a useful tool for evaluating whether an office environment supports occupants while conducting their work. While highlighting the successes is important, complaints from dissatisfied occupants can identify issues and pinpoint reasons why spaces do not meet expectations. The reported challenges generally relate to the simultaneous reduction in control and personalization with increasingly open and densely populated layouts. Occupant dissatisfaction may impact performance given the reported relationship between satisfaction with the environment and feeling supported by the workspace to complete work tasks. The themes emerging from this analysis identify common dissatisfaction sources that can serve as an empirical basis to identify common problems in contemporary workspace designs.

Yevgeny V. Leontiev, Vladimir I. Travush

The authors deal with the vibration of the pipeline that occurs during the transportation of a gas-containing liquid due to the uneven distribution of gas accumulation along the length of the pipeline, which produces pulsating movements of the center of gravity of the moving liquid, when the conditions for supporting the middle part change. The solution is constructed using the calculation scheme of a beam lying on an elastic foundation described by the Winkler model. To assess the impact on the stress-strain state of the beam of the sudden exclusion of the elastic foundation under the middle part of the beam, the circular frequencies and forms of natural transverse vibrations of the beam that occur in the absence of disturbing forces are determined. The given solution of the problem of vibrations of a pipe, through which a gas-containing liquid is transported, with a change in the conditions of support of the middle part of the beam, can be used to predict the durability of the pipe.

Alessio Cascardi, Salvatore Verre, Alessandra Sportillo et al.

The cultural building Heritage is a valuable trace of the past social life in a city. One peculiar typology of building is the theatre or, more recently, the cinema. Within this indoor space, the community of people actively live an emotional feeling over the time causing memories linked to not only the show itself, but also to the place. Furthermore, cinemas are often located in city centers where buildings are historical-oriented form the architectural point of view and, for this reason, their added-value needs to be recognized. Currently, the modernization and the improvement of old cinemas is becoming an interesting topic in the field of civil engineering. In order to empathize this aspect, the structural strengthening for a multiplex conversion of an historical cinema is herein reported. The studied structure required a seismic joint (separating the masonry to the reinforced concrete structural bodies) and a severe strengthening of a very long span beam due to a relevant overloading (in seismic loads combination) caused by the new architectonical project. The numerical simulations demonstrated the validity of two bending strengthening systems (i.e. Fiber Reinforced Polymer-plate and Beton Plaquè) in terms of both load bearing capacity and maximum deflection. This overview is a part of a larger study in the way of a global structural interventions which will also involve the masonry members.

Henrik Schoenefeldt

Mechanical air-conditioning is only a relatively recent development in countries with moderate temperate climates. It was preceded by earlier, less energy-intensive methods of climate control. These methods were deployed in British public buildings from the 1830s until the mid-20th century, when heritage buildings began to be adapted for air-conditioning. The 19th-century methods for providing thermal comfort are examined within the debating chamber of the House of Lords (part the Houses of Parliament in London, UK). This was equipped with facilities for ventilation, cooling, heating, humidification and air purification. These facilities, introduced in 1854, were in use for 112 years. This example shows the idea that thermal comfort is a cultural practice, which was not independent from the particular technologies or social contexts, but substantively shaped by them. This long operational history provides a basis for critical insights into their performance and operation, and also illuminates the cultural and technical factors leading to their substitution with air-conditioning in 1966. 'Practice relevance' In light of the climate crisis, the architectural profession is required to reappraise the 20th-century practices and reconsider the utility of the historical methods for providing thermal comfort. Revitalising such methods could provide alternatives to air-conditioning in heritage buildings. To address this fundamental question, however, a deep understanding is needed of these past methods. A reconstruction and critical examination of the design, operation and performance of the House of Lords’ original 19th-century system reveals the history of its adaptation and provides a basis for understanding and employing original approaches to thermal comfort which can be useful when renovating historical buildings as well as informing new designs This example provides a useful alternative facilities management model of agency and control, based on occupant experience.

Fawzia Al-Assadi

The Bio metaphor concept plays a significant role in architectural design process, by employing diverse a specifics organism sources like a plants or animals. As the metaphor was an essential source for many architects in their achievements throughout the ages. So Plants have represented one of the inspiration sources metaphoric in architecture. From that point, the general goal of this research is to study the bio metaphor from date palm tree in Iraqi architecture, and the effect of the morphological of this tree on Iraqi architects, and thus its effect on production. This research deals specifically and practically with Employing the concept of metaphor in Iraqi architecture throughout the ages, by studying models of various buildings from different stages of the Mesopotamian civilization, starting from the Sumerian to contemporary of Iraqi architecture. From all that above the main problem that this research deals with is “The unclear approach to employing bio metaphor "date palm tree" in specific”. in Iraqi architecture.Accomplishing the methodology of this research lies in two points: First: Studying the rules which govern employed of metaphor in architecture in general. Second: Extracting the indicators of the theoretical framework and then applying them to various buildings for different periods of Mesopotamia civilization, as for the most prominent results that research reached was "bio metaphor used palm tree in different ways and methods including structural and decorative aspect” so, the metaphor that relates to the structural aspect is stronger than the metaphor that relates to the ornamental aspect. Because the first be within the morphological of the building, while the second It just final addition to the façade of the building.

Yuichi Akiyama, Emika Miyake, Riho Matsuzaki et al.

Abstract This field survey was conducted during summer in actual bedrooms and used polysomnography to evaluate the effect of thermal environment on sleep quality by analyzing electroencephalogram, electro‐oculogram, and electromyogram signals, which were continuously measured during sleep. It was found that the effect of the thermal environment (ie, air temperature, air velocity, and air turbulence) on sleep quality varied according to the sleep cycle and stages. The effect of air turbulence depended mainly on the air temperature. At low or neutral temperatures, air turbulence had negative effects on sleep quality, whereas under warm temperatures, air turbulence had negligible effects on sleep quality.

D. Ghosh, L. P. Datta, T. Govindaraju

DNA is the key biomolecule central to almost all processes in living organisms. The eccentric idea of utilizing DNA as a material building block in molecular and structural engineering led to the creation of numerous molecular-assembly systems and materials at the nanoscale. The molecular structure of DNA is believed to have evolved over billions of years, with structure and stability optimizations that allow life forms to sustain through the storage and transmission of genetic information with fidelity. The nanoscale structural characteristics of DNA (2 nm thickness and ca. 40–50 nm persistence length) have inspired the creation of numerous functional patterns and architectures through noncovalent conventional and unconventional base pairings as well as through mutual templating-interactions with small organic molecules and metal ions. The recent advancements in structural DNA nanotechnology allowed researchers to design new DNA-based functional materials with chemical and biological properties distinct from their parent components. The modulation of structural and functional properties of hybrid DNA ensembles of small functional molecules (SFMs) and short oligonucleotides by adapting the principles of molecular architectonics enabled the creation of novel DNA nanoarchitectures with potential applications, which has been termed as templated DNA nanotechnology or functional DNA nanoarchitectonics. This review highlights the molecular architectonics-guided design principles and applications of the derived DNA nanoarchitectures. The advantages and ability of functional DNA nanoarchitectonics to overcome the trivial drawbacks of classical DNA nanotechnology to fulfill realistic and practical applications are highlighted, and an outlook on future developments is presented.

Yu Chen, Kai Tao, Wei Ji et al.

Supramolecular self-assembled functional materials comprised of cyclic dipeptide building blocks have excellent prospects for biotechnology applications due to their exceptional structural rigidity, morphological flexibility, ease of preparation and modification. Although the pharmacological uses of many natural cyclic dipeptides have been studied in detail, relatively little is reported on the engineering of these supramolecular architectures for the fabrication of functional materials. In this review, we discuss the progress in the design, synthesis, and characterization of cyclic dipeptide supramolecular nanomaterials over the past few decades, highlighting applications in biotechnology and optoelectronics engineering.

Gonçal Costa, Á. Sicilia

Abstract In the Architecture Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry, Building Information Model (BIM) authoring tools enable the creation of digital representations of buildings. Each tool implements its own building data model, which makes it difficult to achieve the desired interoperability when building data have to be exchanged with other software (e.g., building energy simulation tools). The representation of BIM models through open standards (e.g., IFC) and Semantic Web technologies can facilitate building data transformation in an automated and flexible way. This is achieved by taking advantage of the logical basis of the Resource Description Framework (RDF) data model and queries created in the Semantic Web query languages. The result is a pragmatic mechanism to transform the data from one data domain to another. This article analyses the potential of Semantic Web query languages to facilitate the data transformation of building data through different alternatives. The first contribution is the identification of fourteen data mapping patterns and three cases of data transformation that enable transforming one data model into another, considering the semantic and structural differences between them. The second contribution is the review and comparison of query languages to carry out the transformations through two different alternatives: using SPARQL-Generate and SPARQL Construct queries. And finally, the third contribution is the definition of a metric to assess the complexity of SPARQL queries.

Nicolae Badea, George Vlad Badea, Andreia Podasca

This paper makes a technical analysis of the methods that can be used to provide Energy to Residential Buildings. The paper firstly describes the legislative framework for increasing the efficiency in the building sector and building certification. The key for improving the energy efficiency of buildings is ‘Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings(nZEB)‘. The main research in nZEB is described in section three and the technologies for increasing the energy performance of buildings, in summary, are presented in section four. A case study of the integration of renewable sources in the energy supply of residential buildings describes the calculation methodology of required energy, the specific consumption, and energy performance of building after inclusion of renewable energy for powering the building. The results of this analysis show that the energy uses in nZEB buildings are influenced by the building location, their architecture, energy system design, and level of renewable energy production.

Gunavathy Kanniyapan, L. J. Nesan, I. Mohammad et al.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate the principles and criteria that govern selection of building materials in achieving building maintainability. The methodological approach used findings generated from extant literature to establish a set of principles and respective criteria for selecting building materials in respect of their influence in achieving building maintainability in post construction (occupancy) period. Further, a modified Delphi method, comprised of a series of questionnaire surveys among the sample of experts drawn from relevant fields including architecture, maintenance, structural engineering and so on, was conducted and the data obtained from which were used to reveal the relationships between the criteria and building maintainability. This paper presents findings on material selection criteria and their relationship to building maintainability. A structural relationship model showing the relationship between maintainable building material selection criteria - attributed to respective principles - and building maintainability is presented. Principles like “Technical Performance of Materials”, “Documentation and Details”, “Mechanical Properties of Materials”, “Chemical Properties of Materials”, “Material Economy” and “Social Benefit” have been identified as the most significant ones for optimising building maintainability in general. It is advocated that these sets of criteria attributed to respective principles need to be formally used in selecting materials for achieving building maintainability. This research is context-bound exclusively to the Malaysian construction industry. Its wider implications need further investigations. This study contributes to the building industry and maintainability research in at least one significant aspect that it widens understanding on maintainability criteria to be considered in selecting maintenance friendly materials and their influence in partially achieving post construction maintainability. The model presented in this paper would enable decision makers to ascertain, during the design phase, what maintainability principles and criteria would require more attention than others to achieve building maintainability.

Pablo Bellido-Montesinos, F. Lozano-Galant, F. Castilla et al.

Abstract The use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) is getting more and more popular since governments worldwide are increasing the demand of this methodology as a requirement in their projects. One of the most encouraging ways to promote the use of this methodology is based on the so-called BIM contests, where practitioners are challenged to build a virtual model of a structure collaboratively. These challenges are usually designed to take the participants out of their comfort zone and to encourage them to experiment in the use of the latest software and collaborative software connections. Unlike other activities encouraging BIM, these contests have the additional advantage of easing the comparison in terms of software, exchange file formats and information flows as all the proposals are framed into a common project with the same working time. Despite the interest of this kind of comparative analyses, no studies of the results of BIM contest proposals can be found in the literature. To fill this gap, this paper analyses the summary reports of the different proposals submitted in three editions (2014, 2015 and 2016) of the BIM Valladolid contest in Spain. The results of this study provide usefull insights into the use of software in a number of disciplines (Architecture, Structural Analysis, Energy Efficiency, Measurements and Budget, Facilities, Planning Execution and Coordination) and the most common file exchange formats. The evolution of teams in software use throughout the different contest editions as well as the information flow among the Architecture and the Structural Analysis disciplines are also analyzed.

Rahele Khosromanesh, M. Asefi

Abstract The paper provides a mechanism of an eco-friendly building envelope that adapts itself to environmental conditions and its design principles. In particular, the proposed envelope helps to reduce energy consumption in buildings due to the use of bio-inspired materials. Although several bio-inspired design approaches in architecture are currently available, the implementation of these principles in real life projects is still a challenge. A major challenge is a difference between their structural systems and their functional scales that creates several problems in the application of the main concept. A few research studies have been carried out in the response of plants to environmental stimuli and changes by botanical scientists. However, the application of the principles behind these changes into the field of engineering especially architecture is yet to be investigated and developed despite the existence of a few examples. Furthermore, the development of materials, fabrication and construction technology in conjunction with the advancement of computer and parametric design technology have made it possible to employ the underlying principles and mechanisms in real buildings. The paper considers issues associated with plants responsive to environmental stimulus, integration of bio-materials into building design, and structural analogies related to the most recent bio-inspired building. The paper is divided into two main parts. In the first part, an introduction to the design concept of building envelopes, and its strategies are presented. A design methodology is also provided. This is followed by the presentation of the fundamental concepts of bio-inspired building envelopes. In the second part, an innovative method for facade design is proposed based on the obtained information. As an outcome, a movement mechanism that is derived from a plant called Ice plant seed capsules is used in the design of a building facade. Then a dynamic strategy is proposed to obtain the form of these bio-inspired design concepts. This dynamic strategy is under the effect of two functions; hydro-actuated texture and deformability based on bending-active capability. In general, the presented envelope is created by arranging a basic module in a regular network of a building facade that reacts to changing dry/wet conditions.

S. Grillo, E. Pilia, G. Vacca

Abstract. Between 1839 and 1849, the architect Gaetano Cima built a very interesting neoclassical church with a central plan, covered by a dome about 20 meters in diameter in Guasila (in the province of Cagliari, Italy). Already during the construction, Cima highlighted a series of problems related to the quality of the materials used, the technical skills of the builders, and the cost-cutting measures taken during construction, which proved to be the cause of the deterioration that characterised the life of the building and the numerous restorations works that have occurred over time. Faced with this situation, the Municipality of Guasila has commissioned a group of researchers from the DICAAR (Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering) of the University of Cagliari to carry out a multidisciplinary study aimed at defining in a complete and exhaustive way the state of conservation of the church. Overall, this study concerned historical-critical analysis, geometric-architectural survey, structural survey and analysis, analysis of materials and the study of foundations involving architectural historians, geomatics, structuralists, petrographers and geophysicists.In detail, this paper presents the integrated results obtained from archival research on the restoration works, the close range photogrammetric (CRP) and minero-petrographic surveys performed for implementing the knowledge of the painted dome of this basilic, characterised by several static problems since its construction. The support of the three fields of research has allowed not only to define an in-depth level of information concerning the origins of the issues in terms of geometries, materials and building techniques for the design of future interventions of conservation of the structures, but also to define potentialities and accuracy of this interoperable approach in the study of other similar case studies.

M. L. Mercuri, F. Congiu, G. Concas et al.

The aim of the present work is to highlight the unique role of anilato-ligands, derivatives of the 2,5-dioxy-1,4-benzoquinone framework containing various substituents at the 3 and 6 positions (X = H, Cl, Br, I, CN, etc.), in engineering a great variety of new materials showing peculiar magnetic and/or conducting properties. Homoleptic anilato-based molecular building blocks and related materials will be discussed. Selected examples of such materials, spanning from graphene-related layered magnetic materials to intercalated supramolecular arrays, ferromagnetic 3D monometallic lanthanoid assemblies, multifunctional materials with coexistence of magnetic/conducting properties and/or chirality and multifunctional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) will be discussed herein. The influence of (i) the electronic nature of the X substituents and (ii) intermolecular interactions i.e., H-Bonding, Halogen-Bonding, π-π stacking and dipolar interactions, on the physical properties of the resulting material will be also highlighted. A combined structural/physical properties analysis will be reported to provide an effective tool for designing novel anilate-based supramolecular architectures showing improved and/or novel physical properties. The role of the molecular approach in this context is pointed out as well, since it enables the chemical design of the molecular building blocks being suitable for self-assembly to form supramolecular structures with the desired interactions and physical properties.

Nicusor Baroiu, Georgiana-Alexandra Costin

The valves are elements which provide the opening of a hydraulic circuit when the flow in one direction exceeds a certain value. This paper presents the basic concepts about valves, in general, and also the 3D graphic model of a normally open direct-acting valve in the Autodesk Inventor design environment, respectively, an analysis of such a valve, both functionally and constructively, as well as from the point of view of a calculation of forces acting on some elements of the valve. At the same time, carry out the CAM simulation in the manufacturing process of the mark "Screw".

Nezha Tlemçani Mekaoui, Khalid El HarrouniI

Les progrès technologiques et les progrès techniques qui se développent constamment et rapidement ont eu un impact considérable sur la pratique de l’architecture dans le monde entier. Les architectes disposent désormais d'une large palette technique leur permettant une plus grande gamme d'expression utilisant des structures complexes avec des technologies de construction et des matériaux de pointe. Cette situation a conduit à produire des constructions spectaculaires et des bâtiments singuliers qui deviennent des "icônes" de l'architecture. Néanmoins, la question du développement durable et de l’efficacité énergétique s’impose aujourd’hui, comme une priorité à laquelle s’inscrivent également les architectures singulières. Cette question implique aussi le bâtiment singulier dans son interaction avec son milieu urbain. Le présent article traite de la conception d’un édifice au travers la combinaison des trois notions regroupées dans sa conception à savoir, la singularité de son architecture, le rapport à son milieu et son efficacité énergétique. Le choix s’est porté sur l’analyse de la tour Casablanca Finance City (CFC) du fait de la singularité de son architecture par rapport à son milieu et à son efficacité énergétique supposée. Une approche conceptuelle liée au paysage urbain et à l’environnement de la tour a été élaborée dans le cadre de l’analyse du site étudié par Morphosis Architects. Des outils de modélisation tridimensionnelle et de simulation thermique dynamique de quelques modèles de la tour, proposés par application de mesures d’efficacité énergétique, ont permis d’optimiser la consommation énergétique de la tour avec une réduction importante par rapport au modèle de référence, et assurer ainsi le confort des usagers d’ambiances intérieures de la tour.