Hasil untuk "American literature"

Amogh Gupta, Niharika Patil, Sourojit Ghosh et al.

Large Language Models (LLMs) are rapidly being adopted by STEM-focused educational institutions and students worldwide. They generate personalized instructions, explanations, and provide feedback on demand. However, these systems tailor instruction to demographic signals rather than demonstrated ability. In such cases, personalization becomes a mechanism of inequality. We conduct one of the first large-scale intersectional audits of LLM-generated STEM educational content, constructing synthetic student profiles. We combine dimensions specific to Indian education (caste, medium of instruction, college tier) and American education (race, HBCU attendance, school type), alongside shared dimensions of income, gender, and disability. We audit four LLMs (Qwen 2.5-32B-Instruct, GPT-4o, GPT-4o-mini, GPT-OSS 20B) across ranking and generation tasks on two STEM datasets, evaluating outputs with FDR-corrected significance testing and SHAP feature attribution. Across both cultural contexts, marginalized profiles receive lower-quality outputs. Income is the most pervasive bias, producing significant effects across every model and context. Disability triggers simpler explanations. Intersectional analysis reveals non-additive compounding: the gap between the most privileged and most marginalized profiles reaches 2.55 grade levels. These biases persist even when marginalized students attend elite institutions. All four models converge on similar patterns. These findings carry direct design and policy implications for incorporating AI into global STEM education.

Payam Manochehri, Aeizh Azmi

Having a large number of bird species in all seasons of the year and in most regions, Iran has many capabilities to implement bird watching programs. Villages, as places that are far from the hustle and bustle of the city and close to the pristine nature, have the ability to accommodate and welcome tourists, can benefit from this enjoyable and growing branch of ecotourism. Therefore, the main goal of this research is the effect of migratory bird attraction areas on the development of rural tourism (case study: villages around Heshilan Wetland). It is a quantitative, applied, descriptive, analytical research method that uses a questionnaire tool to collect information. The software used is spss. The reliability of the research was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (economic, 0.88, social and cultural, 0.84, physical, 0.83, tourism, 0.77) and validity was confirmed by experts in geography, environment and social sciences. The sample size of 256 households was 100 households. The sampling method was systematic random sampling. The findings show that bird watching and incoming tourists have had a positive effect on the economy, society and culture. Also, from an environmental point of view, with the government paying more attention to migratory birds, good environmental opportunities have been created, but pollution, waste, and a lot of garbage were collected in the place. Unfortunately, investment in tourism in the region is limited and the infrastructure is inadequate, which needs attention. The findings from Kruskal Wallis show that there is no significant difference between villages in terms of the impact of bird watching on tourism. Also, Spearman's correlation findings show that there is a significant relationship between bird watching and economic, social and cultural, physical and environmental components. Finally, the regression findings show that the effect on the village environment is the most important strength of bird watching. It is also in the second rank of job creation. In the third place, the reduction of migration has been introduced as the most important effect of bird watching. 1. Introduction Heshilan Wetland has an important role in increasing the biodiversity of the region and has created a suitable habitat for attracting various species of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish and especially birds. Heshilan Wetland creates a nutritional habitat and a suitable resting place for various types of winter, transient, summer and native birds. On the other hand, the appropriate depth of water, the feeding of plants by aquatic birds and the diversity of aquatic plants provide a suitable substrate for the habitat of aquatic birds in the wetland (Baghrabadi, 1400: 19). The set of these factors shows that this wetland is suitable for the development of rural tourism based on bird watching. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to investigate the impact of migratory bird attraction sites on the development of rural tourism in the villages around Heshilan Wetland. 2. Literature Review Ecotourism or nature tourism is one of the branches of tourism that is based on natural attractions. Identifying areas prone to nature tourism and planning for these areas, in order to attract those interested and create infrastructure facilities for them, is one of the solutions for the development of the ecotourism industry. Since the previous research related to ecotourism is very extensive, in this part it is enough to mention only the cases related to bird watching. In 2010, Rhonda J. Green and Daryl N. Jones studied the characteristics of birdwatching tourists. According to the results of their research, the majority of bird watchers are middle-aged people and they hate hunting. In addition to birds, these people are also interested in other wildlife and have the ability to recognize more birds, and most of them are concerned about environmental issues. Wildlife watching tourism is one of the important forms of nature tourism and ecotourism. The wide variety of animals and their habitats has made this type of travel very diverse. Meanwhile, bird watching or "bird watching" is considered one of the most important types of wildlife watching tourism. A research conducted by the American Wildlife, Hunting and Fishing Recreation Association in this country shows that birds ‌ Viewing is a people-friendly and popular form of outdoor recreation and it is growing at a high speed, the reason for attracting a lot of attention is the negative environmental consequences, in this regard, there are also forms of tourism under the title of green, responsible, low-harm tourism (based on special environmental considerations) (And finally, ecotourism was brought up Ecotourism is one of the forms and actually the important concepts of alternative tourism. Buckley, one of the theorists, emphasizes that ecotourism should be based on the environment and natural products; be accompanied by environmental education or interpretations; contribute to conservation; Along with benefits for the local community, in many parts of the world, ecotourism has contributed to the dual goals of economic development (along with reducing poverty) and protecting natural resources. Watching birds in their natural habitat is known as birdwatching tourism. According to a comprehensive definition, birdwatching is the recreational activity of observing birds with the naked eye or with the help of optical equipment, which has protective, educational and moral aspects. 3. Methodology The research methodology is descriptive-analytical. In terms of the general approach: the current research was of a quantitative type. In terms of the purpose: the present research is applied and results-oriented, because the purpose of the research is to reach the principles and rules that are applied in real and practical situations and help to improve the implementation methods. Heshilan Wetland is located in the northwest of Kermanshah on the Kermanshah-Ravansar road. This wetland is located at a distance of 36 kilometers northwest of Kermanshah city at 34 degrees and 35 minutes north and 45 degrees and 53 minutes east longitude. According to the existing research, there are 6 villages with a population of 936 people and 261 households living around the Heshilan lagoon. 4. Results Research findings show that tourism can have positive economic effects. Considering that bird watching is the most important attraction of tourism in the region, it can be said that bird watching has created employment, income, and job opportunities for rural women. Also, the findings of this research show that the social and cultural effects of bird watching are extensive. Reduction of poverty and reduction of the migration process, along with the creation of cultural interactions between local communities and tourists and recognition of non-local people and their culture, are among the concrete effects of bird watching. Also, in the physical dimension, paying attention to the reconstruction of roads and buildings and investing in the improvement of the village is one of the physical effects of bird watching development. In the environmental aspect, noise pollution and waste are among the negative results, but besides that, it is important to pay attention to animals and biodiversity, the surrounding environment, and the government's environmental investment. Finally, in the aspect of tourism, the growth of employment opportunities in tourism and the development of visitors and the presence of investors are among the results of the research. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test show that there is no significant difference between the villages in terms of the effects of tourism and birdwatching components. Also, the results of Spearman's correlation and regression show that the effect on the village environment is the most important strength of bird watching. It is also in the second rank of job creation. In the third order, the reduction of migration has been introduced as the most important impact of bird watching. 5. Conclusion There are various types of tourism that any society can attract tourists according to the existing conditions and characteristics. Today, thanks to the virtual space and the media, there are few people who are not interested in tourism and the concept is unfamiliar to them; In all advanced societies where tourism has become a job and profession, continuous education to residents is inevitable. Certainly, the tourism industry requires planning and facilitation by the officials and by holding classes and courses they can help the local communities in this important matter and also the wetland even in terms of basic facilities such as proper access, security, Water and electricity remain at zero. Undoubtedly, tourism without accommodation and serving local food will be meaningless. The first step in the tourism industry is to establish a residence. Recently, eco-tourism residences have opened up in many rural communities. In many villages there are special species that cannot be found in other places. For example, in one of the villages studied in this research, a large number of storks have built nests on electric poles, which can be interesting for tourists. Heshilan Wetland is one of the rare and unique wetlands in the world, which unfortunately has not yet been registered in the world and has a semi-functional bird-watching building, from which no bird-watcher has yet visited with a camera. A lagoon that even many local people have only heard of.

Paula Sadkowska

Ever since Wayne C. Booth named the phenomenon of unreliability in narrative fiction, multiple attempts have been made to deepen the knowledge regarding its theoretical scope and practical implementation, resulting in two different approaches to its source and recognition. The initial association of narrative unreliability with the implied reader evoked a mixture of responses that included both approval and objections from narratologists worldwide, such as Greta Olson, Ansgar Nünning, or James Phelan, eventually leading to a significant shift that permanently regarded unreliability as multi-dimensional and dependable on diverse circumstances rooted both in the internal and the external contexts. The main objective of the essay is, therefore, to combine a set of textual and contextual narrative unreliability clues proposed by Nünning with Olson’s comprehension of the fallible-untrustworthy distinction in order to examine an intriguing instance of a second-person narration provided by the relatively well-known today and obsessive storyteller Joe Goldberg, the protagonist of You by Caroline Kepnes. The study aims to make a practical and detailed analysis of the protagonist’s narrative tendencies and peculiarities in order to enrich the dialogue regarding the matter of the complexity of the said literary concept and attempt to conclude the message that seems to be conveyed between the lines of his both reliable and unreliable discourse. By making a comparison of the narrator’s utterances, acts, and verbal habits with the common understanding of both the ordinary and the questionable, I will address the implications, which might encourage the reader to deeply consider the amount of trust given to Joe’s reports, additionally showcasing where his discourse should be placed on the (un)reliability spectrum.

Moffat Nyirenda, Cally J Tann, Melissa M Medvedev et al.

Objectives Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is high impact for survival of low birth weight neonates, but there are few rigorous evaluations of duration required for impact. We conducted a scoping review of KMC duration measurement methods and assessed their validation.Design Scoping review in accordance with Joanna Briggs Institute guidance for conducting scoping review.Data sources MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, African Index Medicus, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, ClinicalTrials.gov, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Registry, Medrxiv and OpenGrey were searched through November 2022.Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Publications with primary data on KMC duration were included. We excluded short procedural skin-to-skin care studies.Data extraction and synthesis Selection and data abstraction were conducted by two independent reviewers. A data charting form based on the variables of interest was used to abstract data.Results A total of 213 publications were included, of which 54 (25%) documented a method of measuring KMC duration. Only 20 publications (9%) provided a detailed description of the duration measurement method, and none reported validity. Most studies used caregiver reports (29, 54%) or healthcare worker observations (17, 31%). Other methods included independent observers and electronic monitoring devices.Conclusion Only 9% of KMC studies reporting duration documented the measurement method applied, and no studies were found with documented validation of duration measurement methods. Accurate and comparable data on the dose response of KMC will require duration measurement methods to be validated against a gold standard such as an independent observer.

Milin Patel, Rolf Jung, Marzana Khatun

In the automobile industry, ensuring the safety of automated vehicles equipped with the Automated Driving System (ADS) is becoming a significant focus due to the increasing development and deployment of automated driving. Automated driving depends on sensing both the external and internal environments of a vehicle, utilizing perception sensors and algorithms, and Electrical/Electronic (E/E) systems for situational awareness and response. ISO 21448 is the standard for Safety of the Intended Functionality (SOTIF) that aims to ensure that the ADS operate safely within their intended functionality. SOTIF focuses on preventing or mitigating potential hazards that may arise from the limitations or failures of the ADS, including hazards due to insufficiencies of specification, or performance insufficiencies, as well as foreseeable misuse of the intended functionality. However, the challenge lies in ensuring the safety of vehicles despite the limited availability of extensive and systematic literature on SOTIF. To address this challenge, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on SOTIF for the ADS is performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The objective is to methodically gather and analyze the existing literature on SOTIF. The major contributions of this paper are: (i) presenting a summary of the literature by synthesizing and organizing the collective findings, methodologies, and insights into distinct thematic groups, and (ii) summarizing and categorizing the acknowledged limitations based on data extracted from an SLR of 51 research papers published between 2018 and 2023. Furthermore, research gaps are determined, and future research directions are proposed.

Kazi Mahathir Rahman, Naveed Imtiaz Nafis, Md. Farhan Sadik et al.

Helping deaf and hard-of-hearing people communicate more easily is the main goal of Automatic Sign Language Translation. Although most past research has focused on turning sign language into text, doing the reverse, turning spoken English into sign language animations, has been largely overlooked. That's because it involves multiple steps, such as understanding speech, translating it into sign-friendly grammar, and generating natural human motion. In this work, we introduce a complete pipeline that converts English speech into smooth, realistic 3D sign language animations. Our system starts with Whisper to translate spoken English into text. Then, we use a MarianMT machine translation model to translate that text into American Sign Language (ASL) gloss, a simplified version of sign language that captures meaning without grammar. This model performs well, reaching BLEU scores of 0.7714 and 0.8923. To make the gloss translation more accurate, we also use word embeddings such as Word2Vec and FastText to understand word meanings. Finally, we animate the translated gloss using a 3D keypoint-based motion system trained on Sign3D-WLASL, a dataset we created by extracting body, hand, and face key points from real ASL videos in the WLASL dataset. To support the gloss translation stage, we also built a new dataset called BookGlossCorpus-CG, which turns everyday English sentences from the BookCorpus dataset into ASL gloss using grammar rules. Our system stitches everything together by smoothly interpolating between signs to create natural, continuous animations. Unlike previous works like How2Sign and Phoenix-2014T that focus on recognition or use only one type of data, our pipeline brings together audio, text, and motion in a single framework that goes all the way from spoken English to lifelike 3D sign language animation.

Grínor Rojo

Archivo histórico de Kipus: Revista Andina de Letras y Estudios Culturales, 1997. Esta información es parte del repositorio institucional UASB-Digital, de la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Sede Ecuador.

Alberto Rodríguez Carucci

Archivo histórico de Kipus: Revista Andina de Letras y Estudios Culturales, 1997. Esta información es parte del repositorio institucional UASB-Digital, de la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Sede Ecuador.

Olena Boylu

Paul Auster, one of the most distinguished contemporary American writers, creates a multi-layered narrative within his novel Man in the Dark. Published in 2008, this literary work addresses essential themes and concerns relating to American history as well as social and political agendas of the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. Precisely the events of September 11, which dramatically added a new dimension to the trauma studies, lie in the core of the Auster’s narrative. The author besides focusing on the effects of a traumatic experience on a human being, creates an alternative vision of history that pushes the reader to question the essence of existence. By merging countless narratives, both personal and national, the author initiates a journey of healing for his characters, ultimately guiding them toward recovery. Thus, one of the major focuses of this article will be to follow the evolution of traumatized personalities within the frames of current trauma studies. On the other hand, investigating the subtle bond between national and personal traumas will illuminate the reciprocal relationship between collective memory and individual experience, shedding light on the profound ways in which historical events can shape personal narratives. Hence the article seeks to disentangle the intricate connections between history, memory, and healing, offering a comprehensive exploration of Auster's contribution to the understanding of the human predicament.

Linfeng Zhang, Changyue Hu, Zhiyu Quan

As the body of academic literature continues to grow, researchers face increasing difficulties in effectively searching for relevant resources. Existing databases and search engines often fall short of providing a comprehensive and contextually relevant collection of academic literature. To address this issue, we propose a novel framework that leverages Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. This framework automates the retrieval, summarization, and clustering of academic literature within a specific research domain. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we introduce CyLit, an NLP-powered repository specifically designed for the cyber risk literature. CyLit empowers researchers by providing access to context-specific resources and enabling the tracking of trends in the dynamic and rapidly evolving field of cyber risk. Through the automatic processing of large volumes of data, our NLP-powered solution significantly enhances the efficiency and specificity of academic literature searches. We compare the literature categorization results of CyLit to those presented in survey papers or generated by ChatGPT, highlighting the distinctive insights this tool provides into cyber risk research literature. Using NLP techniques, we aim to revolutionize the way researchers discover, analyze, and utilize academic resources, ultimately fostering advancements in various domains of knowledge.

Alioune Diallo, Jordan Samhi, Tegawendé Bissyandé et al.

In developing countries, several key sectors, including education, finance, agriculture, and healthcare, mainly deliver their services via mobile app technology on handheld devices. As a result, mobile app security has emerged as a paramount issue in developing countries. In this paper, we investigate the state of research on mobile app security, focusing on developing countries. More specifically, we performed a systematic literature review exploring the research directions taken by existing works, the different security concerns addressed, and the techniques used by researchers to highlight or address app security issues. Our main findings are: (1) the literature includes only a few studies on mobile app security in the context of developing countries ; (2) among the different security concerns that researchers study, vulnerability detection appears to be the leading research topic; (3) FinTech apps are revealed as the main target in the relevant literature. Overall, our work highlights that there is largely room for developing further specialized techniques addressing mobile app security in the context of developing countries.

Alex Wollman, John Hastings

Literature reviews are a critical component of formulating and justifying new research, but are a manual and often time-consuming process. This research introduces a novel, generalizable approach to literature analysis called CEKER which uses a three-step process to streamline the collection of literature, the extraction of key insights, and the summarized analysis of key trends and gaps. Leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs), this methodology represents a significant shift from traditional manual literature reviews, offering a scalable, flexible, and repeatable approach that can be applied across diverse research domains. A case study on unikernel security illustrates CEKER's ability to generate novel insights validated against previous manual methods. CEKER's analysis highlighted reduced attack surface as the most prominent theme. Key security gaps included the absence of Address Space Layout Randomization, missing debugging tools, and limited entropy generation, all of which represent important challenges to unikernel security. The study also revealed a reliance on hypervisors as a potential attack vector and emphasized the need for dynamic security adjustments to address real-time threats.

Haokun Liu, Yangqiaoyu Zhou, Mingxuan Li et al.

AI holds promise for transforming scientific processes, including hypothesis generation. Prior work on hypothesis generation can be broadly categorized into theory-driven and data-driven approaches. While both have proven effective in generating novel and plausible hypotheses, it remains an open question whether they can complement each other. To address this, we develop the first method that combines literature-based insights with data to perform LLM-powered hypothesis generation. We apply our method on five different datasets and demonstrate that integrating literature and data outperforms other baselines (8.97\% over few-shot, 15.75\% over literature-based alone, and 3.37\% over data-driven alone). Additionally, we conduct the first human evaluation to assess the utility of LLM-generated hypotheses in assisting human decision-making on two challenging tasks: deception detection and AI generated content detection. Our results show that human accuracy improves significantly by 7.44\% and 14.19\% on these tasks, respectively. These findings suggest that integrating literature-based and data-driven approaches provides a comprehensive and nuanced framework for hypothesis generation and could open new avenues for scientific inquiry.

Tim Schopf, Florian Matthes

Scientific literature searches are often exploratory, whereby users are not yet familiar with a particular field or concept but are interested in learning more about it. However, existing systems for scientific literature search are typically tailored to keyword-based lookup searches, limiting the possibilities for exploration. We propose NLP-KG, a feature-rich system designed to support the exploration of research literature in unfamiliar natural language processing (NLP) fields. In addition to a semantic search, NLP-KG allows users to easily find survey papers that provide a quick introduction to a field of interest. Further, a Fields of Study hierarchy graph enables users to familiarize themselves with a field and its related areas. Finally, a chat interface allows users to ask questions about unfamiliar concepts or specific articles in NLP and obtain answers grounded in knowledge retrieved from scientific publications. Our system provides users with comprehensive exploration possibilities, supporting them in investigating the relationships between different fields, understanding unfamiliar concepts in NLP, and finding relevant research literature. Demo, video, and code are available at: https://github.com/NLP-Knowledge-Graph/NLP-KG-WebApp.

Alicia Julia Wilson Takaoka, Kshitij Sharma

The intersections of mental health and computing education is under-examined. In this systematic literature review, we evaluate the state-of-the-art of research in mental health and well-being interventions, assessments, and concerns like anxiety and depression in computer science and computing education. The studies evaluated occurred across the computing education pipeline from introductory to PhD courses and found some commonalities contributing to high reporting of anxiety and depression in those studied. In addition, interventions that were designed to address mental health topics often revolved around self-guidance. Based on our review of the literature, we recommend increasing sample sizes and focusing on the design and development of tools and interventions specifically designed for computing professionals and students.

Penghai Zhao, Xin Zhang, Jiayue Cao et al.

The rapid growth of research in Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (PAMI) has rendered literature reviews essential for consolidating and interpreting knowledge across its many subfields. In this work, we present a comprehensive tertiary analysis of PAMI reviews along three complementary dimensions: (i) identifying structural and statistical regularities in existing surveys; (ii) developing quantitative strategies that help researchers navigate and prioritize within the expanding review corpus; and (iii) critically assessing emerging AI-generated review systems. To support this study, we construct RiPAMI, a large-scale database containing more than 3,000 review articles, and combine narrative synthesis with statistical analysis to capture structural and content-level features. Our analyses reveal distinctive organizational patterns as well as persistent gaps in current review practices. Building on these insights, we propose practical, article-level strategies for indicator-guided navigation that move beyond simple citation counts. Finally, our evaluation of state-of-the-art AI-generated reviews indicates encouraging advances in coherence and organization, yet also highlights enduring weaknesses in reference retrieval, coverage of recent work, and the incorporation of visual elements. Together, these findings provide both a critical appraisal of existing review practices and a forward-looking perspective on how AI-generated reviews can evolve into trustworthy, customizable, and transformative complements to traditional human-authored surveys.

Dr. Mujahid Abbas, Dr. Kamran Abbas Kazmi

Cultural Materialism theory is proposed by an American Anthropologist Marvin Harris. This theory has a scientific strategy to find the facts about human cultures. This theory suggests that in every sociocultural system, three major parts, infrastructure, structure, and superstructure, interact with each other. Infrastructure refers to material resources of the culture that man established to get energy and food from his physical environment. Structure refers to the laws and procedures of social institutions which regulate the distribution of food and power among the members of the society. Superstructure refers to the soft images of society like art, music, language, literature, and behaviors of individuals in a social setup. This theory provides a comprehensive analysis pattern of any literary text by finding the infrastructure in the base of structure and superstructure. In this article, it is tried to formulate theoretical bases and practical dimensions of cultural materialism۔

Danielle Samara Bandeira Duarte, Anna Marial de Lira Cabral, Diana Babini Lapa de Albuquerque Britto

Objective: To describe the main vestibular assessment tests performed in children aged zero to twelve years and the main causes of referral for vestibular assessment. Methods: The review was guided by the following question: What are the main vestibular assessment tests performed in children aged zero to twelve years and the main causes of referral for vestibular assessment? The PVO strategy was used, being defined as: Population (P) – newborns and children; study Variable (V) – causes of referral for vestibular assessment; study Outcome (O): the main vestibular assessment tests and the main findings. This study was carried out using the main available databases in the months of July, August and September 2021, with no restrictions regarding language and publication date, namely: PubMed, Web of Science, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Latin-American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library and Embase. The descriptors were obtained from the MeSH database: newborn, infant, child, children, vestibular screening, vestibular infant screening, vestibular newborn screening, test, vestibular function, vestibular function test. Results: A total of 7,078 studies were identified. After reading the titles and abstracts, 107 of them were selected, with 101 remaining after the exclusion of duplicates. After the full-text reading, 31 articles were included. It was observed that the most frequently used tests were: rotational tests, caloric stimulation and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential and the main causes of referral for vestibular evaluation were hearing loss and vestibular screening. Conclusion: The main tests for vestibular screening and/or assessment of children aged zero to twelve years are the rotary chair testing, caloric stimulation and cervical-vestibular evoked myogenic potential. Consequently, performing these procedures is extremely important, since the presence of vestibular dysfunction is quite common in the studied population.

Zichen Wang

Since the term "Cyber threat hunting" was introduced in 2016, there have been a rising trend of proactive defensive measure to create more cyber security. This research will look into peer reviewed literature on the subject of cyber threat hunting. Our study shows an increase in the field with methods of machine learning.\\ Keywords: Cyber threat, Cyber security, threat hunting , security system, data driven, Intel, analytic driven, TTPs

Sravanti Chinta, Rajat Bothra Jain

The literature review presented below on Image Compression, Transmission of 3D data over wireless networks and tracking of objects is the in depth study of Research Papers done in Multimedia lab. Most of the papers presented in this literature review have tackled the problems present in the conventional system and offered an optimal and practical solution.