Over the past decade, algae have emerged as pivotal organisms, increasingly acknowledged for their profound ecological contributions and cutting-edge technological applications, particularly in the development of eco-friendly biomolecules. India's tropical climate and abundant sunlight create ideal conditions for large-scale algae cultivation, with oceans rich in microalgae, diatoms, and dinoflagellates. Of the 30,000 to 40,000 species, only a few are commercially utilized, but more can be explored for environmental, energy, and food security benefits. This review investigates algae-derived natural, carbon neutral biomolecules production and highlighting its scope and challenged in India It also outlines how algae can drive sustainability across sectors such as bio plastics, biofuels, food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, along with emerging trends in the fashion industry like bio beads and bio leather. By lowering costs and reducing carbon emissions in algal biorefineries, these strategies contribute to a sustainable future. However, obstacles such as the energy-intensive production process and the need for optimized biorefinery pathways impede large-scale commercialization. Moreover, India's algae products market faces challenges, including low consumer awareness, difficulties in ensuring sustainable sourcing, and strict regulatory standards. Competition from conventional products, coupled with the need for continuous innovation to improve taste and versatility, further complicates market expansion.
In this study, we have investigated the thermodynamic properties of the polar quantum disc having conical disclination. The spectrum of the non-interacting charged particle system was obtained with the aid of the Schrödinger equation with the effective mass approximation. The charged particle under investigation is confined by parabolic potential and a homogeneous magnetic field perpendicular to the quantum disc. We have shown the variation of internal energy (U) and specific heat Cv with the kink parameter α. Both U and Cv increase with the increase in α.
We review the main result of cond-mat/0503564. The Hamiltonian of the XXZ spin chain and the transfer matrix of the six-vertex model has the sl2 loop algebra symmetry if the q parameter is given by a root of unity, q 2N 0 = 1, for an integer N. We discuss the dimensions of the degenerate eigenspace generated by a regular Bethe state in some sectors, rigorously as follows: We show that every regular Bethe ansatz eigenvector in the sectors is a highest weight vector and derive the highest weight ¯ d ± , which leads to evaluation parameters aj. If the evaluation parameters are distinct, we obtain the dimensions of the highest weight representation generated by the regular Bethe state.
This article addresses the degree distribution of subnetworks, namely the number of links between the nodes in each subnetwork and the remainder of the structure (cond-mat/0408076). The transformation from a subnetwork-partitioned model to a standard weighted network, as well as its inverse, are formalized. Such concepts are then considered in order to obtain scale free subnetworks through design or through a dynamics of node exchange. While the former approach allows the immediate derivation of scale free subnetworks, in the latter nodes are sequentially selected with uniform probability among the subnetworks and moved into another subnetwork with probability proportional to the degree of the latter. Comparison of the designed scale-free subnetworks with random and Barab\'asi-Albert counterparts are performed in terms of a set of hierarchical measurements.
From magnetisation measurements we provide evidence that the ferromagnetic superconductor RuSr$_{2}$GdCu$_{2}$O$_{8}$ with \QTR{it}{T}$_{c}$=45 K and \QTR{it}{T}$_{M}$=137 K exhibits a sizeable diamagnetic signal at low temperature (\QTR{it}{T}<\QTR{it}{T}$^{\QTR{it}{ms}}$=30 K) and low magnetic field (\QTR{it}{H}$^{ext}$<30 Oe), corresponding to a bulk Meissner-phase. At intermediate temperatures, \QTR{it}{T}$^{\QTR{it}{ms}}$<\QTR{it}{T}<\QTR{it}{T}$_{c}$, a spontaneous vortex phase forms which is characterized by unique thermal hysteresis effects. We argue that a recent negative report [C.W. Chu et al., cond-mat/9910056] regarding the Meissner-effect in Ru-1212 can be explained by impurity scattering or grain size effects.
In a recent Letter, Kravchenko et al. [cond-mat/9608101] have provided evidence for a metal-insulator transition (MIT) in a two-dimensional electron system (2DES) in Si metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). The transition observed in these samples occurs at relatively low electron densities $n_{s}\sim (1-2)\times 10^{11}cm^{-2}$ and high disorder $\sigma_{c}\sim e^{2}/2h$. We present evidence for a 2D MIT in a structure where the disorderis about two orders of magnitude weaker than in Si MOSFETs. The MIT occurs in the same range of $n_s$ Providing very strong evidence that the 2D MIT in Si-based devices is caused by electron-electron interactions.