Hasil untuk "Women. Feminism"

Md Mahmudul Hoque, Md Mehedi Hassain, Muntakimur Rahaman et al.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most familiar endocrine illness in women of reproductive age. Many Bangladeshi women suffer from PCOS disease in their older age. The aim of our research is to identify effective vision-based medical image analysis techniques and evaluate hybrid models for the accurate detection of PCOS. We introduced two novel hybrid models combining convolutional and transformer-based approaches. The training and testing data were organized into two categories: "infected" (PCOS-positive) and "noninfected" (healthy ovaries). In the initial stage, our first hybrid model, 'DenConST' (integrating DenseNet121, Swin Transformer, and ConvNeXt), achieved 85.69% accuracy. The final optimized model, 'DenConREST' (incorporating Swin Transformer, ConvNeXt, DenseNet121, ResNet18, and EfficientNetV2), demonstrated superior performance with 98.23% accuracy. Among all evaluated models, DenConREST showed the best performance. This research highlights an efficient solution for PCOS detection from ultrasound images, significantly improving diagnostic accuracy while reducing detection errors.

Arsema Gebreyesus, Agumasie Semahegn, Agumasie Semahegn et al.

BackgroundMaternal mortality has remained a major public health issue globally. Although there has been substantial reduction in maternal mortality, Ethiopia is still one of the highest burden countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Person-centered maternity care plays a key role in ending preventable maternal mortality. Nevertheless, little is known about the status of person-centered maternity care during facility-based childbirth in eastern Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the status of person-centered maternity care and its associated factors during childbirth at selected public hospitals in eastern Ethiopia.MethodsWe had conducted a facility-based cross-sectional study at selected public hospitals in eastern Ethiopia from May 16 to June 17, 2022. A total of 420 postpartum women, selected by a systematic random sampling technique, were included in the study. We had collected our data by face-to-face interview using a pretested structured questionnaire. Then, the data were entered into EpiData 4.6 and exported to SPSS version 26 for cleaning and analysis. We applied linear regression analyses to determine the associations between dependent and independent variables. The association was reported using a β coefficient with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and a p-value ≤0.05.ResultsThe percentage mean score of person-centered maternity care was 68.1 (CI: 59.94, 62.66), SD (±14.1). From the subscales of person-centered maternity care, the percentage mean score of dignity and respect was 80.6%, communication and autonomy 61.1%, and 67.3% for supportive care. Women who'd had antenatal care (ANC) follow-up (β = 5.66, 95% CI: 2.79, 8.53) and women who gave birth to a live newborn (β = 7.59, 95% CI: 3.97, 11.20) had a positive association with person-centered maternity care. However, women who had experienced childbirth complications (β = −7.01, 95% CI: −9.88, −4.13) and those who had a hospital stay of more than two days (β = −4.08, 95% CI: −6.79, −1.38) were negatively associated with person-centered maternity care.ConclusionOur study revealed that the mean person-centered maternity care score of the participants was significantly higher than in previous studies. Women who had antenatal care follow-up, experienced complications during childbirth, gave birth to a live newborn, and had a hospital stay of more than two days were significantly associated with person-centered maternity care. Therefore, we strongly concluded that strengthening antenatal care utilization and early detection and appropriate management of childbirth and pregnancy complications would greatly improve person-centered maternity care.

Sònia Sánchez-Canut, Mireia Usart-Rodríguez, Beatriz Lores-Gómez et al.

Los esfuerzos por cerrar la brecha digital de género deben dirigirse, no sólo a las nuevas generaciones, donde se aprecian menos diferencias, sino a todas las franjas de edad. Para ello, es necesario disponer tanto de instrumentos que evalúen el nivel de Competencia Digital Profesional, como de formaciones adaptadas y encaminadas a desarrollar esa competencia digital tanto para estudiantes universitarias, recién graduadas y mujeres profesionales en diferentes estadios de su carrera profesional. Se parte de la definición de Competencia Digital Profesional como el conjunto de conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes que permiten el uso eficaz y responsable de las tecnologías digitales para realizar tareas y resolver problemas en entornos de trabajo cada vez más digitalizados; construir relaciones profesionales significativas a través de la colaboración digital; fomentar la innovación en el lugar de trabajo; facilitar el desarrollo profesional a lo largo de la vida; y mejorar la empleabilidad de las personas. El objetivo de este estudio es diseñar y validar, a partir del marco DigComp, una herramienta de autoevaluación de la Competencia Digital Profesional que permita medir este constructo y proponer itinerarios personalizados de formación para capacitar a las mujeres en programas de formación continua y desarrollo profesional, ofertados en universidades y centros de formación corporativa. Los resultados muestran un instrumento válido y replicable, de aplicación práctica, tanto a instituciones educativas como para profesionales, para desarrollar programas de formación personalizada, que acompañen en el desarrollo del nivel de Competencia Digital Profesional y ayuden a cerrar la brecha digital en las diferentes generaciones de profesionales en una sociedad digital.

Jheelum Sarkar

Catastrophic floods directly risk 1.8 billion lives worldwide, most of whom are from East and South Asia. How do extreme floods reshape paid labor outcomes? To answer this, I focus on a 1-in-100 year flood event in India. I first combine Sentinel-1 SAR with JRC Global Surface Water dataset to generate flood map. Using information from this map in various rounds of periodic labor force surveys, I estimate gender-specific dynamic effects of the flood shock. Key results show that men experienced short-lived reduction in their employment while women faced a delayed but persistent decline in their working hours. Men suffered most in secondary sector and increased their participation in primary sector. Women were hit hardest in the tertiary sector. Such sectoral impacts could be attributable to disruptions in infrastructure and physical capital. Moreover, marital status and dependency burden further shape the gender differential effects of the extreme flood event. Results remain robust under alternative treatment definitions.

Smriti Joshi, Lidia Garrucho, Richard Osuala et al.

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in women, and early detection is essential for improving outcomes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a highly sensitive tool for breast cancer detection, particularly in women at high risk or with dense breast tissue, where mammography is less effective. The ODELIA consortium organized a multi-center challenge to foster AI-based solutions for breast cancer diagnosis and classification. The dataset included 511 studies from six European centers, acquired on scanners from multiple vendors at both 1.5 T and 3 T. Each study was labeled for the left and right breast as no lesion, benign lesion, or malignant lesion. We developed a SwinUNETR-based deep learning framework that incorporates breast region masking, extensive data augmentation, and ensemble learning to improve robustness and generalizability. Our method achieved second place on the challenge leaderboard, highlighting its potential to support clinical breast MRI interpretation. We publicly share our codebase at https://github.com/smriti-joshi/bcnaim-odelia-challenge.git.

Dunia Roquetti

Pioneira do movimento modernista português, Sarah Affonso (1899-1983) encontrou por todo seu caminho poderosos entraves concretos e inconscientes definidores do seu destino como mulher e como artista: coadjuvou sua identidade para protagonizar a do esposo e artista vanguardista, Almada Negreiros (1893-1970), e transmutou seu percurso artístico para gerir um projeto familiar. Será, pois, pela consciência da própria artista que apresentaremos à leitora brasileira a trajetória de uma mulher que se vestiu extraordinariamente de liberdade, mas logo despiu-se um pouco dela. Contextualizaremos ainda o seu lugar na história da arte moderna portuguesa retratando as figuras de linguagens e terminologias empregadas pela crítica coeva para defini-la embaixo de uma série de estereótipos ligados antes ao seu gênero que à sua pintura.

José Alberto Benítez-Andrades, María Teresa García-Ordás, María Álvarez-González et al.

Background: Postpartum urinary incontinence (PUI) is a common issue among postnatal women. Previous studies identified potential related variables, but lacked analysis on certain intrinsic and extrinsic patient variables during pregnancy. Objective: The study aims to evaluate the most influential variables in PUI using machine learning, focusing on intrinsic, extrinsic, and combined variable groups. Methods: Data from 93 pregnant women were analyzed using machine learning and oversampling techniques. Four key variables were predicted: occurrence, frequency, intensity of urinary incontinence, and stress urinary incontinence. Results: Models using extrinsic variables were most accurate, with 70% accuracy for urinary incontinence, 77% for frequency, 71% for intensity, and 93% for stress urinary incontinence. Conclusions: The study highlights extrinsic variables as significant predictors of PUI issues. This suggests that PUI prevention might be achievable through healthy habits during pregnancy, although further research is needed for confirmation.

Valentin Pelloin, Lena Dodson, Émile Chapuis et al.

This paper introduces a computational framework designed to delineate gender distribution biases in topics covered by French TV and radio news. We transcribe a dataset of 11.7k hours, broadcasted in 2023 on 21 French channels. A Large Language Model (LLM) is used in few-shot conversation mode to obtain a topic classification on those transcriptions. Using the generated LLM annotations, we explore the finetuning of a specialized smaller classification model, to reduce the computational cost. To evaluate the performances of these models, we construct and annotate a dataset of 804 dialogues. This dataset is made available free of charge for research purposes. We show that women are notably underrepresented in subjects such as sports, politics and conflicts. Conversely, on topics such as weather, commercials and health, women have more speaking time than their overall average across all subjects. We also observe representations differences between private and public service channels.

Irene de Lamo Velado

El objetivo de este artículo es revisar los principales mitos de la violación y cómo afectan en el sistema judicial español. Desde una perspectiva socio legal se realiza una revisión bibliográfica de investigaciones teóricas y empíricas sobre los mitos de la violación. Las investigaciones actuales en España sobre mitos de la violación y sistema judicial son un corpus pequeño de estudios que abordan de forman exploratoria la cuestión, pero ponen de manifiesto que los estereotipos sobre la violencia sexual influyen en los tribunales a la hora de valorar la prueba y dictar sentencia, aunque la bibliografía analizada explora principalmente mitos sobre las víctimas y apenas se incide en los estereotipos sobre los violadores

Andrea Luquin Calvo, Alberto Ferrer García, Anna Vives

El presente artículo realiza un recorrido por algunas reflexiones referentes al significado y deconstrucción del espacio desde propuestas feministas realizadas en el ámbito artístico. El feminismo ha abordado, desde sus comienzos, la crítica y subversión de los espacios públicos y privados y de las identidades que en ellos se construyen, así como la búsqueda de representación y reconocimiento. Para ello cuestiona los marcos discursivos de poder que conforman espacios binarios y patriarcales, y resignifica y reconoce categorías como cuerpo, clase, raza, sexualidad o género en su conformación. Este artículo pretende funcionar a modo de marco que permita recorrer los trabajos presentados sobre las propuestas artísticas realizadas por las diversas creadoras que componen este monográfico. Se trata de creadoras que utilizan el arte como lugar de conformación de nuevos significados, tanto en el orden político y social, como con respecto a la identidad y el género; unos significados que, por su parte, impelen a la reapropiación y transformación de nuestros espacios.

Jane T. Bertrand, John A. Ross, Sydney R. Sauter

BackgroundMethod mix – the percent distribution of contraceptive use by method among contraceptive users – reflects both client choice of method and method availability. In a country where clients have access to a wide range of methods at an affordable price, method mix is a strong proxy for method choice. In contrast, where access is limited by numerous factors – method availability, cost, or provider attitudes – method mix may not capture method choice well. Given that method mix can be measured reliably from population-based surveys, it is useful in exploring method choice. While the method mix for all women of reproductive age (15–49 years) has been described previously, the method mix for adolescents and young women aged 15–24 remains unexplored despite this population's high risk for unintended pregnancy.ObjectivesThis study investigates the contraceptive method mix for women aged 15–24 in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) with national survey data and describes how the method mix differs by age group, geographic region, and marital status for women.MethodsUsing data from the Demographic and Health (DHS) Surveys, the contraceptive method mix among women aged 15–24 across 64 LMICs is analyzed by age, marital status, and region, with measures of skew and average deviation. Three case studies are presented in which the trend over time in the method mix is examined.ResultsThere are large variations in method mixes across regions, which reflect their differences in various supply and demand constraints. However, there is consistently high usage of short-acting methods among both age groups, 15–19 and 20–24, compared to the full population of all women of reproductive age. Male condoms overwhelmingly predominate as the method used by women 15–24 in all regions.ConclusionThe marked differences found by marital status, region, and age show the need for programs to be tailored to local circumstances. Additionally, the large unmet need for contraception signals the ongoing urgency for strengthened programmatic efforts, and for a wider offering of methods to enlarge the choices available to young women. Unmarried women in particular deserve attention, as well as young married women who wish to postpone a pregnancy.

Daniel Añorve Añorve, Irma Nallely Baltazar Eliserio, Nathali Joselyn León Tovar

El deporte para el desarrollo y la paz ha tenido un espectacular crecimiento a nivel global en lo que va del siglo XXI; sin embargo, en México es poco estudiado. Se analiza una actividad universitaria mexicana -Tiro en Braille- coproducida y codesarrollada por profesores y estudiantes de dos universidades mexicanas, en colaboración con jugadores participantes con discapacidad visual. La evaluación del torneo inaugural se basa en el modelo VECTOR-I, desarrollado por profesoras y profesores universitarios con base en la retroalimentación de participantes en dicho torneo. La metodología es mixta; acción participativa para la coproducción y analítica para la interpretación de datos derivados de la aplicación de cuestionarios pre y post torneo para participantes y no participantes. Los resultados cualitativos y cuantitativos permiten pensar que existen diferencias y cambios en valores, actitudes y conductas entre la comunidad universitaria local no participante y quienes participaron en el torneo; sin embargo, la premura con la que se organizó el torneo, así como las restricciones que derivaron de la pandemia Covid-19 pueden haber disminuido los impactos y beneficios de los participantes en el torneo 2022.

Ana Valero Heredia

Along with prostitution, and more recently surrogate motherhood, pornography has been a contentious issue within the feminist movement ever since the 1970s. Perceived by abolitionists as the prelude to rape, for pro-Sex feminists it represents an ideal vehicle for expressing desire for women and minority sexual identities, and has a considerable transformative capacity. The latter school of thought proposes a paradigm shift and has aligned itself with Queer Theory, which advocates a non-binary approach to sexual identities through Post-porn. This study critically analyses the main arguments put forward by feminism in the field of pornography: women's rights and the principle of no-harm.

Wilson Silva, Maria Carvalho, Carlos Mavioso et al.

Treatments for breast cancer have continued to evolve and improve in recent years, resulting in a substantial increase in survival rates, with approximately 80\% of patients having a 10-year survival period. Given the serious impact that breast cancer treatments can have on a patient's body image, consequently affecting her self-confidence and sexual and intimate relationships, it is paramount to ensure that women receive the treatment that optimizes both survival and aesthetic outcomes. Currently, there is no gold standard for evaluating the aesthetic outcome of breast cancer treatment. In addition, there is no standard way to show patients the potential outcome of surgery. The presentation of similar cases from the past would be extremely important to manage women's expectations of the possible outcome. In this work, we propose a deep neural network to perform the aesthetic evaluation. As a proof-of-concept, we focus on a binary aesthetic evaluation. Besides its use for classification, this deep neural network can also be used to find the most similar past cases by searching for nearest neighbours in the highly semantic space before classification. We performed the experiments on a dataset consisting of 143 photos of women after conservative treatment for breast cancer. The results for accuracy and balanced accuracy showed the superior performance of our proposed model compared to the state of the art in aesthetic evaluation of breast cancer treatments. In addition, the model showed a good ability to retrieve similar previous cases, with the retrieved cases having the same or adjacent class (in the 4-class setting) and having similar types of asymmetry. Finally, a qualitative interpretability assessment was also performed to analyse the robustness and trustworthiness of the model.

Unaiza Sajid, Rizwan Ahmed Khan, Shahid Munir Shah et al.

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death among women across the globe. It is difficult to treat if detected at advanced stages, however, early detection can significantly increase chances of survival and improves lives of millions of women. Given the widespread prevalence of breast cancer, it is of utmost importance for the research community to come up with the framework for early detection, classification and diagnosis. Artificial intelligence research community in coordination with medical practitioners are developing such frameworks to automate the task of detection. With the surge in research activities coupled with availability of large datasets and enhanced computational powers, it expected that AI framework results will help even more clinicians in making correct predictions. In this article, a novel framework for classification of breast cancer using mammograms is proposed. The proposed framework combines robust features extracted from novel Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) features with handcrafted features including HOG (Histogram of Oriented Gradients) and LBP (Local Binary Pattern). The obtained results on CBIS-DDSM dataset exceed state of the art.

Arnaud Dupuy, Alfred Galichon

In the context of the Beckerian theory of marriage, when men and women match on a single-dimensional index that is the weighted sum of their respective multivariate attributes, many papers in the literature have used linear canonical correlation, and related techniques, in order to estimate these weights. We argue that this estimation technique is inconsistent and suggest some solutions.

Anthony Strittmatter, Conny Wunsch

The vast majority of existing studies that estimate the average unexplained gender pay gap use unnecessarily restrictive linear versions of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition. Using a notably rich and large data set of 1.7 million employees in Switzerland, we investigate how the methodological improvements made possible by such big data affect estimates of the unexplained gender pay gap. We study the sensitivity of the estimates with regard to i) the availability of observationally comparable men and women, ii) model flexibility when controlling for wage determinants, and iii) the choice of different parametric and semi-parametric estimators, including variants that make use of machine learning methods. We find that these three factors matter greatly. Blinder-Oaxaca estimates of the unexplained gender pay gap decline by up to 39% when we enforce comparability between men and women and use a more flexible specification of the wage equation. Semi-parametric matching yields estimates that when compared with the Blinder-Oaxaca estimates, are up to 50% smaller and also less sensitive to the way wage determinants are included.

Thomas F. Varley, Patrick Kaminski

The idea of intersectionality has become a frequent topic of discussion both in academic sociology, as well as among popular movements for social justice such as Black Lives Matter, intersectional feminism, and LGBT rights. Intersectionality proposes that an individual's experience of society has aspects that are irreducible to the sum of one's various identities considered individually, but are "greater than the sum of their parts." In this work, we show that the effects of intersectional identities can be statistically observed in empirical data using information theory. We show that, when considering the predictive relationship between various identities categories such as race, sex, and income (as a proxy for class) on outcomes such as health and wellness, robust statistical synergies appear. These synergies show that there are joint-effects of identities on outcomes that are irreducible to any identity considered individually and only appear when specific categories are considered together (for example, there is a large, synergistic effect of race and sex considered jointly on income irreducible to either race or sex). We then show using synthetic data that the current gold-standard method of assessing intersectionalities in data (linear regression with multiplicative interaction coefficients) fails to disambiguate between truly synergistic, greater-than-the-sum-of-their-parts interactions, and redundant interactions. We explore the significance of these two distinct types of interactions in the context of making inferences about intersectional relationships in data and the importance of being able to reliably differentiate the two. Finally, we conclude that information theory, as a model-free framework sensitive to nonlinearities and synergies in data, is a natural method by which to explore the space of higher-order social dynamics.

Aditya Khamparia, Subrato Bharati, Prajoy Podder et al.

Breast cancer is a common cancer for women. Early detection of breast cancer can considerably increase the survival rate of women. This paper mainly focuses on transfer learning process to detect breast cancer. Modified VGG (MVGG), residual network, mobile network is proposed and implemented in this paper. DDSM dataset is used in this paper. Experimental results show that our proposed hybrid transfers learning model (Fusion of MVGG16 and ImageNet) provides an accuracy of 88.3% where the number of epoch is 15. On the other hand, only modified VGG 16 architecture (MVGG 16) provides an accuracy 80.8% and MobileNet provides an accuracy of 77.2%. So, it is clearly stated that the proposed hybrid pre-trained network outperforms well compared to single architecture. This architecture can be considered as an effective tool for the radiologists in order to reduce the false negative and false positive rate. Therefore, the efficiency of mammography analysis will be improved.

Vanina Mozziconacci

This paper analyzes three kinds of feminist subversion of the university. Each subversion instantiates the rallying slogan “The personal is political” in the academic context, be it in its pedagogic, scientific or institutional dimensions. From an ethical perspective, “the personal” can be considered synonymous with “personal feelings” as it is taken into account in feminist pedagogies. Considering “personal experiences” is also an essential epistemological issue in both feminist scholarship and feminist activism, in relation with consciousness raising. Finally, to acknowledge “the private” implies to take into account the care work done in the domestic sphere and cannot go without a transformation of academic culture, in order to make room for the (so-called) reproductive labor in universities.