Hasil untuk "Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages"

Jelena Lazarević, Olivera Kitanović

Кирилл Александрович Кочегаров

По мере завершения русско-турецкой войны 1672–1681 гг. османская сторона теряла интерес к поддержке своего ставленника на Правобережной Украине, гетмана Юрия Хмельницкого. Для последнего это грозило скорым свержением с поста, тем более что известия о его замене на османского администратора появились уже в начале 1680 г. В этих условиях осенью 1680 г. Хмельницкий всячески поддерживал распространение слухов о готовящемся крупном османском нашествии на Киев весной следующего года и пытался организовать нападения татарских отрядов на окрестности города. Эти слухи крайне тревожили левобережного гетмана Ивана Самойловича, пересылавшего в Москву информацию о военных приготовлениях турок, поступавшую от лазутчиков и выходцев из турецко-татарской неволи. Весьма вероятно, что султанский двор также активно поддерживал распространение известий о своих военных приготовлениях, чтобы сделать Россию более уступчивой на мирных переговорах. В действительности Порта и Крым также стремились к миру, заключение которого окончательно решило судьбу Хмельницкого. Он был смещен со своего поста и отправлен в Константинополь. Статья поступила в редакцию 05.03.2025. Рецензирование завершено 12.03.2025. Статья принята к публикации 18.03.2025. Цитирование Кочегаров К. А. Последние дни Юрия Хмельницкого (осень 1680 – весна 1681 г.) // Славянский альманах. 2025. No 1–2. С. 12–46. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2025.1-2.01

Dorota Rembiszewska

Artykuł przybliża dorobek naukowy Profesora Janusza Siatkowskiego zmarłego 26 maja 2025 roku – wybitnego slawisty, dialektologa, wieloletniego pracowniku Instytutu Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk, członka licznych komitetów, rad i gremiów naukowych. Omówiono najważniejsze etapy życia i działalności wybitnego naukowca, wskazano główne dziedziny jego badań: dialekty polskie Warmii i Mazur, dialekty czeskie, historia języka czeskiego. Zwrócono także uwagę na znaczenie udziału profesora Siatkowskiego w przedsięwzięciach dotyczących geografii językowej: Ogólnosłowiańskiego atlasu językowego, Ogólnokarpackiego atlasu dialektalnego i Europejskiego atlasu językowego.

T. B. Radbil, I. S. Yukhnova

This study examines the distinctive authorial representation of the national-cultural concept of BLOOD in Mikhail Lermontov’s literary works. The research aims to analyze the semantic content of this concept within the Russian linguistic worldview and trace its transformation in Lermontov’s artistic system. The investigation draws upon encyclopedic sources, lexicographical materials, and Lermontov’s poetic and prose texts. The findings demonstrate that Lermontov’s literary universe incorporates nearly all semantic components of the Russian cultural concept of BLOOD: notions of kinship and shared ancestry, metaphors of death (particularly violent death), the semantics of blood vengeance, and expressions of extreme emotional intensity. The study reveals that Lermontov’s creative contribution expands the conceptual boundaries through: - The portrayal of blood as a complex amalgam of kinship, love, vengeance, and rebellion; - The use of blood symbolism in nature descriptions as metaphorical expressions of suffering, martyrdom, and evil; - The embodiment in blood imagery of supernatural forces invading human existence and manifestations of otherworldliness.

Janusz Szablewski

This paper is an attempt at tracing the origins of the Slavic names of the days of the week. Although these names have a clear etymology from a purely linguistic point of view, it is unknown whether they are of Christian or pagan origin, and if they were created by an individual – presumably Saint Cyril or Methodius – or arose more naturally. The paper examines the Slavic day-names in relation to other European languages and attempts to recreate the development process of the Slavic week from its supposedly pre-Christian beginnings to its final form that we know from written Slavic languages. The evidence shows that the Slavic names of the days of the week developed over a longer period, starting in pre-Christian times and introducing Christian elements through contact with neighboring cultures along the way. It also excludes the possibility of their creation by an individual, while leaving room to speculate about the original form of the Slavic week.

V. A.  Rodionov, O. Khatanbold

This study explores the role of the Dalai Lama institution in the political processes of Mongolia, both from a historical perspective and in the context of contemporary events. The aim of the article is to identify the key factors influencing the presence of the Dalai Lama in Mongolia’s socio-political life. Conceptually and methodologically, the research relies on the theory of post-secular society. The sources for this study include legal documents from Mongolia, data from national censuses, results from sociological surveys, and publications from Mongolian, Russian, and Western media that address the relationships between state, society, and religion. The authors argue that modern Mongolia exemplifies a post-secular society. It is noted that the abandonment of state atheism and the phenomenon of “Buddhist revival” have led to a significant intertwining of religious and secular institutions. The figure of the 14th Dalai Lama is regarded as a crucial participant in these processes. The study establishes that the main factors contributing to the involvement of the Dalai Lama in Mongolia’s socio-political processes include his high religious authority among believers, the legitimization of Mongolian reincarnations, and his image as a “democratic leader.” Factors that restrain the influence of the Dalai Lama include a significant segment of non-religious citizens in Mongolia, risks of deteriorating relations with the People’s Republic of China, and trends toward the nationalization of Mongolia’s Buddhist sangha.

Skirmantė Biržietienė, Viltė Nausėdaitė

Straipsnyje pristatomo tyrimo tikslas – ištirti okazionaliųjų posakių retorinę vertę lietuviškoje socialinėje reklamoje. Derinant retorinės diskurso analizės ir interpretacinę technikas, siekta identifikuoti, kokie okazionalieji posakiai yra pasitelkiami Lietuvos realijoms aktualizuoti, opioms problemoms spręsti, sociumo poreikiams, vertybėms ir nuostatoms perteikti. Taip pat bandyta išsiaiškinti, kaip pasirinktais okazionaliaisiais posakiais kuriamas reklamų paveikumas. Okazionalieji posakiai tiriami kaip adresanto komunikacines intencijas išpildantys ir diskurso įtaigumą kuriantys instrumentai. Atliktas tyrimas parodė, kad okazionalieji posakiai pasitelkiami, kai norima išryškinti įsisenėjusias problemas, visuomenės priimamas kaip tam tikrą normą. Perkuriami tie posakiai, kurie yra gerai įsitvirtinę adresato kalbinėje sąmonėje, sietini su kultūrine tradicija, yra tapę identiteto žymeniu, dėl to veikia kaip patikrintas argumentas.

Michaela Zormanová

This article aims to compare the presentation of national history in Czech and Polish literature textbooks for pupils from the first grade to the end of secondary school. Looking at history as a phenomenon will help to better understand the presentation of specific historical events. Comparisons will be made using discursive analysis.

Pedro Ferreira, Rúben Cardoso, A. Mendes

A. Beider

According to its main system-level characteristics, Yiddish belongs to the High German branch of West Germanic languages. During its development, it underwent an important influence of Hebrew. In modern times, we can distinguish three main varieties of Yiddish: (1) Western Yiddish in western German-speaking territories; (2) Yiddish spoken until the 20th century in Central Europe (Czech and East German lands), and (3) Eastern Yiddish in eastern Europe. From the point of view of Germanistics, it is appropriate to consider that the inception of Yiddish varieties corresponds to the Early New High German period (1350–1650). It was during that period that the Jewish vernacular idiom started to have system-level differences in comparison to the dialects spoken by German Christians, namely, in phonology and grammar. Before that period, differences surely existed in such domains, surface level for any language, as orthography and lexicon. The German dialects from southern Germany represent the linguistic basis for Western Yiddish. The medieval Bohemian dialect of German represents the linguistic basis for Yiddish spoken in Central Europe and eastern Europe. Due to permanent contacts with the Slavic Christian population, Eastern Yiddish underwent numerous changes in all of its systems due to the strong influence of Polish, Ukrainian, and Belarusian. It eventually branched into three subdialects: Lithuanian Yiddish, Polish Yiddish, and Ukrainian Yiddish. In modern times, in numerous countries the decline of the use of Yiddish as a living language was related to the assimilation of local Jews to the culture of the Gentile majority. At the end of the 18th century and during the 19th century it was the case in various German-speaking provinces of Central Europe and western Europe where local Jews abandoned Yiddish in favor to German. Similar shifts to the dominant non-Jewish languages took place during the 20th century in various western European countries. In the USSR, during the 1920s and the 1930s the shift to Russian was already well advanced. For those who survived the Holocaust, the assimilation accelerated during the following decades. In Poland, Lithuania, Hungary, and Romania, Yiddish-speaking communities were decimated by the Holocaust. In North America, most immigrant families shifted to English within a generation or two. Yet, because of a permanent influx of masses of native speakers between the 1880s and the 1920s, Yiddish was actively used until the mid-20th century even in certain secular Jewish groups. However, during the second half of the 20th century its decline was accelerated outside of certain Haredi groups.

Bradich Bradich

In this essay I analyze the structuring the sensible in the canonical book of poetry Lyric of Ithaca by Milos Crnjanski. The approach is interdisciplinary and based upon the conceptions developed by the sensory history, psychoanalytical theory of Jacques Lacan, and philosophy of Jacques Rancière. The essay focuses on the staged split with the dominant regime of the sensible, in the experiences of love and sexuality, urban spaces, and war, in whose place Crnjanski’s poetry attempts to establish alternative modes of interaction with the world, which can be recognized as the “Sumatraist” regime of the sensible. Consequently, sensory reality will be interpreted as a space of contention between different poetics and ideologies, which will further the understanding of Crnjanski’s poetry, as well as modernism in Slavic literatures in general. National language is an important part of the spiritual culture of every nation. And its units, such as phraseologisms, have long been a powerful means of knowing life, they truly reflect the thoughts, aspirations and hopes of the people, contribute to the cultivation of aesthetic tastes and ideals. It is they who have absorbed all the vital wisdom of the Belarussian and Ukrainian peoples, have been able to reflect their worldview in the smallest detail and are still widely used both in speech and in literature.

Jurģis Šķilters, L. Zariņa, Eglė Žilinskaitė-Šinkūnienė

The aim of the current study is to test what types of sentences according to their grammatical structure are (a) considered to be more plausible from a native speaker’s view and (b) perceived as better understandable even if not entirely grammatical. A quasi-experimental task in a repeated measures design was conducted. 83 native speakers of Latvian have rated a randomized and balanced set of most typical grammatical errors (together with correct sentences and the filler sentences). Importantly our sample contained all regions of Latvia with different dialects (and even a different writing system). According to our results, errors in usage of verbal prefixes, definite / indefinite endings, and word order errors are the closest to the ratings of correct sentences. The most crucial errors recognized by native speakers are the errors of prepositional usage and word coordination. To our knowledge, this is the first acceptability rating experiment for the Baltic languages.

V. V. Shchepalina

The article is devoted to art techniques most typical to A. Casona’s idiostyle - the author’s epithet - in the aspect of translation into Russian. The term “ author’s epithet ” means an unexpected, non-reproducible combination enriching the writer’s native language. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that it is difficult to find an equivalent for the author’s epithet in translation due to language asymmetry, mismatch of lexical compatibility of direct equivalents. The article provides an overview of studies on the translation of drama, as well as the extralinguistic factors that impose restrictions on the translator. The author analyzes her own translations of two plays belonging to different periods of the playwright’s work. Methods of contextual, component, discursive and stylistic analysis, method of observation, generalization and description are used in the work. The study suggests that the high frequency of use, structural diversity, the ability to express the functions of various means of artistic expression (metaphor, metonymy, impersonation, antithesis, etc.) make epithet one of the most productive artistic techniques in Casona’s drama. The functional approach to its translation is substantiated. The scientific novelty of the article is associated with a small study of Casona’s creativity both by domestic and foreign researchers.

Juris Borzovs

Мавжуда Ташполатовна Шахакимова

Phil J. Howson

Zuzanna Topolińska

Theoretical and practical benefits of late standardization (the example of Macedonian language) The author underlines the importance of the Macedonian language for the research of spontaneous linguistic evolution in the multiethnic and multilingual territories with the language of the administration foreign to the local linguistic communities. She analyzes both causes and results of the Macedonian processes of grammaticalization at the level of the noun phrase and at the sentential level and states that they concern information most important for successful communication and that they all lead to the transfer of the categorical formants from postposition to anteposition and – most often – from the morphological to the syntactic level.   Praktyczne i teoretyczne plusy późnej standaryzacji (na przykładzie języka macedońskiego) Autorka wyjaśnia wyjątkowe znaczenie języka macedońskiego dla badań spontanicznej ewolucji języka w środowisku multietnicznym i multilingwalnym, w sytuacji, gdy język administracji jest obcy dla nosicieli lokalnych dialektów. Badaczka analizuje przyczyny i rezultaty procesów gramatykalizacji, charakterystycznych dla języka macedońskiego na poziomie grupy imiennej oraz na poziomie zdania. Stwierdza, że dotyczą one informacji kluczowej dla udanego przebiegu aktu komunikacji językowej oraz że sprowadzają się one na ogół do przerzucania formantów kategorialnych z postpozycji do prepozycji i – najczęściej – z poziomu morfologicznego na poziom syntaktyczny.

Eva Ogiermann

Tanja Jelenko

L. Congdon