Hasil untuk "Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages"

Кирилл Александрович Кочегаров

По мере завершения русско-турецкой войны 1672–1681 гг. османская сторона теряла интерес к поддержке своего ставленника на Правобережной Украине, гетмана Юрия Хмельницкого. Для последнего это грозило скорым свержением с поста, тем более что известия о его замене на османского администратора появились уже в начале 1680 г. В этих условиях осенью 1680 г. Хмельницкий всячески поддерживал распространение слухов о готовящемся крупном османском нашествии на Киев весной следующего года и пытался организовать нападения татарских отрядов на окрестности города. Эти слухи крайне тревожили левобережного гетмана Ивана Самойловича, пересылавшего в Москву информацию о военных приготовлениях турок, поступавшую от лазутчиков и выходцев из турецко-татарской неволи. Весьма вероятно, что султанский двор также активно поддерживал распространение известий о своих военных приготовлениях, чтобы сделать Россию более уступчивой на мирных переговорах. В действительности Порта и Крым также стремились к миру, заключение которого окончательно решило судьбу Хмельницкого. Он был смещен со своего поста и отправлен в Константинополь. Статья поступила в редакцию 05.03.2025. Рецензирование завершено 12.03.2025. Статья принята к публикации 18.03.2025. Цитирование Кочегаров К. А. Последние дни Юрия Хмельницкого (осень 1680 – весна 1681 г.) // Славянский альманах. 2025. No 1–2. С. 12–46. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2025.1-2.01

Dorota Rembiszewska

Artykuł przybliża dorobek naukowy Profesora Janusza Siatkowskiego zmarłego 26 maja 2025 roku – wybitnego slawisty, dialektologa, wieloletniego pracowniku Instytutu Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk, członka licznych komitetów, rad i gremiów naukowych. Omówiono najważniejsze etapy życia i działalności wybitnego naukowca, wskazano główne dziedziny jego badań: dialekty polskie Warmii i Mazur, dialekty czeskie, historia języka czeskiego. Zwrócono także uwagę na znaczenie udziału profesora Siatkowskiego w przedsięwzięciach dotyczących geografii językowej: Ogólnosłowiańskiego atlasu językowego, Ogólnokarpackiego atlasu dialektalnego i Europejskiego atlasu językowego.

T. B. Radbil, I. S. Yukhnova

This study examines the distinctive authorial representation of the national-cultural concept of BLOOD in Mikhail Lermontov’s literary works. The research aims to analyze the semantic content of this concept within the Russian linguistic worldview and trace its transformation in Lermontov’s artistic system. The investigation draws upon encyclopedic sources, lexicographical materials, and Lermontov’s poetic and prose texts. The findings demonstrate that Lermontov’s literary universe incorporates nearly all semantic components of the Russian cultural concept of BLOOD: notions of kinship and shared ancestry, metaphors of death (particularly violent death), the semantics of blood vengeance, and expressions of extreme emotional intensity. The study reveals that Lermontov’s creative contribution expands the conceptual boundaries through: - The portrayal of blood as a complex amalgam of kinship, love, vengeance, and rebellion; - The use of blood symbolism in nature descriptions as metaphorical expressions of suffering, martyrdom, and evil; - The embodiment in blood imagery of supernatural forces invading human existence and manifestations of otherworldliness.

Weijun Chen, Yuxi Fu, Huan Long

Runtime efficiency and termination are crucial properties in the studies of program verification. Instead of dealing with these issues in an ad hoc manner, it would be useful to develop a robust framework in which such properties are guaranteed by design. This paper introduces a new imperative programming language whose design is grounded in a static type system that ensures the following equivalence property: All definable programs are guaranteed to run in polynomial time; Conversely, all problems solvable in polynomial time can be solved by some programs of the language. The contribution of this work is twofold. On the theoretical side, the foundational equivalence property is established, and the proof of the equivalence theorem is non-trivial. On the practical side, a programming approach is proposed that can streamline program analysis and verification for feasible computations. An interpreter for the language has been implemented, demonstrating the feasibility of the approach in practice.

Nathan Lhote, Aliaume Lopez, Lia Schütze

The set of finite words over a well-quasi-ordered set is itself well-quasi-ordered. This seminal result by Higman is a cornerstone of the theory of well-quasi-orderings and has found numerous applications in computer science. However, this result is based on a specific choice of ordering on words, the (scattered) subword ordering. In this paper, we describe to what extent other natural orderings (prefix, suffix, and infix) on words can be used to derive Higman-like theorems. More specifically, we are interested in characterizing languages of words that are well-quasi-ordered under these orderings. We show that a simple characterization is possible for the prefix and suffix orderings, and that under extra regularity assumptions, this also extends to the infix ordering. We furthermore provide decision procedures for a large class of languages, that contains regular and context-free languages.

Marco Carbone, Adele Veschetti

We present a choreographic framework for modelling and analysing concurrent probabilistic systems based on the PRISM model-checker. This is achieved through the development of a choreography language, which is a specification language that allows to describe the desired interactions within a concurrent system from a global viewpoint. Using choreographies gives a clear and complete view of system interactions, making it easier to understand the process flow and identify potential errors, which helps ensure correct execution and improves system reliability. We equip our language with a probabilistic semantics and then define a formal encoding into the PRISM language and discuss its correctness. Properties of programs written in our choreographic language can be model-checked by the PRISM model-checker via their translation into the PRISM language. Finally, we implement a compiler for our language and demonstrate its practical applicability via examples drawn from the use cases featured in the PRISM website.

Janusz Szablewski

This paper is an attempt at tracing the origins of the Slavic names of the days of the week. Although these names have a clear etymology from a purely linguistic point of view, it is unknown whether they are of Christian or pagan origin, and if they were created by an individual – presumably Saint Cyril or Methodius – or arose more naturally. The paper examines the Slavic day-names in relation to other European languages and attempts to recreate the development process of the Slavic week from its supposedly pre-Christian beginnings to its final form that we know from written Slavic languages. The evidence shows that the Slavic names of the days of the week developed over a longer period, starting in pre-Christian times and introducing Christian elements through contact with neighboring cultures along the way. It also excludes the possibility of their creation by an individual, while leaving room to speculate about the original form of the Slavic week.

V. A.  Rodionov, O. Khatanbold

This study explores the role of the Dalai Lama institution in the political processes of Mongolia, both from a historical perspective and in the context of contemporary events. The aim of the article is to identify the key factors influencing the presence of the Dalai Lama in Mongolia’s socio-political life. Conceptually and methodologically, the research relies on the theory of post-secular society. The sources for this study include legal documents from Mongolia, data from national censuses, results from sociological surveys, and publications from Mongolian, Russian, and Western media that address the relationships between state, society, and religion. The authors argue that modern Mongolia exemplifies a post-secular society. It is noted that the abandonment of state atheism and the phenomenon of “Buddhist revival” have led to a significant intertwining of religious and secular institutions. The figure of the 14th Dalai Lama is regarded as a crucial participant in these processes. The study establishes that the main factors contributing to the involvement of the Dalai Lama in Mongolia’s socio-political processes include his high religious authority among believers, the legitimization of Mongolian reincarnations, and his image as a “democratic leader.” Factors that restrain the influence of the Dalai Lama include a significant segment of non-religious citizens in Mongolia, risks of deteriorating relations with the People’s Republic of China, and trends toward the nationalization of Mongolia’s Buddhist sangha.

Skirmantė Biržietienė, Viltė Nausėdaitė

Straipsnyje pristatomo tyrimo tikslas – ištirti okazionaliųjų posakių retorinę vertę lietuviškoje socialinėje reklamoje. Derinant retorinės diskurso analizės ir interpretacinę technikas, siekta identifikuoti, kokie okazionalieji posakiai yra pasitelkiami Lietuvos realijoms aktualizuoti, opioms problemoms spręsti, sociumo poreikiams, vertybėms ir nuostatoms perteikti. Taip pat bandyta išsiaiškinti, kaip pasirinktais okazionaliaisiais posakiais kuriamas reklamų paveikumas. Okazionalieji posakiai tiriami kaip adresanto komunikacines intencijas išpildantys ir diskurso įtaigumą kuriantys instrumentai. Atliktas tyrimas parodė, kad okazionalieji posakiai pasitelkiami, kai norima išryškinti įsisenėjusias problemas, visuomenės priimamas kaip tam tikrą normą. Perkuriami tie posakiai, kurie yra gerai įsitvirtinę adresato kalbinėje sąmonėje, sietini su kultūrine tradicija, yra tapę identiteto žymeniu, dėl to veikia kaip patikrintas argumentas.

Massimo Bartoletti, Lorenzo Benetollo, Michele Bugliesi et al.

Smart contracts have played a pivotal role in the evolution of blockchains and Decentralized Applications (DApps). As DApps continue to gain widespread adoption, multiple smart contract languages have been and are being made available to developers, each with its distinctive features, strengths, and weaknesses. In this paper, we examine the smart contract languages used in major blockchain platforms, with the goal of providing a comprehensive assessment of their main properties. Our analysis targets the programming languages rather than the underlying architecture: as a result, while we do consider the interplay between language design and blockchain model, our main focus remains on language-specific features such as usability, programming style, safety and security. To conduct our assessment, we propose an original benchmark which encompasses a wide, yet manageable, spectrum of key use cases that cut across all the smart contract languages under examination.

Mark Marron

Integration, composition, mechanization, and AI assisted development are the driving themes in the future of software development. At their core these concepts are rooted in the increasingly important role of computing in our world, the desire to deliver functionality faster, with higher quality, and to empower more people to benefit from programmatic automation. These themes, and how they impact the human developers driving them, are the foundations for the next generation of programming languages. At first glance the needs of mechanization tools, AI agents, and human developers along with the various goals around development velocity, software quality, and software democratization are a broad and seemingly diverse set of needs. However, at their core is a single challenge that, once resolved, enables us to make radical progress in all of these areas. Our hypothesis is that, fundamentally, software development is a problem of reasoning about code and semantics. This is true for human developers implementing a feature, symbolic tools building models of application behavior, and even for language based AI agents as they perform tasks. While the particular aspects of reasoning that each agent struggles with varies to some degree, they share many common themes and, surprisingly, most mainstream languages extensively employ (anti)features that make this task harder or infeasible! This paper proposes a novel approach to this challenge -- instead of new language features or logical constructs, that add more complexity to what is already a problem of complexity, we propose radical simplification in the form of the Bosque platform and language.

Michaela Zormanová

This article aims to compare the presentation of national history in Czech and Polish literature textbooks for pupils from the first grade to the end of secondary school. Looking at history as a phenomenon will help to better understand the presentation of specific historical events. Comparisons will be made using discursive analysis.

Pedro Ferreira, Rúben Cardoso, A. Mendes

Stefan Hoffmann

The projected language of a general deterministic automaton with $n$ states is recognizable by a deterministic automaton with $2^{n-1} + 2^{n-m} - 1$ states, where $m$ denotes the number of states incident to unobservable non-loop transitions, and this bound is best possible. Here, we derive the tight bound $2^{n - \lceil \frac{m}{2} \rceil} - 1$ for permutation automata. For a state-partition automaton with $n$ states (also called automata with the observer property) the projected language is recognizable with $n$ states. Up to now, these, and finite languages projected onto unary languages, were the only classes of automata known to possess this property. We show that this is also true for commutative automata and we find commutative automata that are not state-partition automata.

Michael Coblenz, Ariel Davis, Megan Hofmann et al.

Recently, user-centered methods have been proposed to improve the design of programming languages. In order to explore what benefits these methods might have for novice programming language designers, we taught a collection of user-centered programming language design methods to a group of eight students. We observed that natural programming and usability studies helped the students refine their language designs and identify opportunities for improvement, even in the short duration of a course project.

A. Beider

According to its main system-level characteristics, Yiddish belongs to the High German branch of West Germanic languages. During its development, it underwent an important influence of Hebrew. In modern times, we can distinguish three main varieties of Yiddish: (1) Western Yiddish in western German-speaking territories; (2) Yiddish spoken until the 20th century in Central Europe (Czech and East German lands), and (3) Eastern Yiddish in eastern Europe. From the point of view of Germanistics, it is appropriate to consider that the inception of Yiddish varieties corresponds to the Early New High German period (1350–1650). It was during that period that the Jewish vernacular idiom started to have system-level differences in comparison to the dialects spoken by German Christians, namely, in phonology and grammar. Before that period, differences surely existed in such domains, surface level for any language, as orthography and lexicon. The German dialects from southern Germany represent the linguistic basis for Western Yiddish. The medieval Bohemian dialect of German represents the linguistic basis for Yiddish spoken in Central Europe and eastern Europe. Due to permanent contacts with the Slavic Christian population, Eastern Yiddish underwent numerous changes in all of its systems due to the strong influence of Polish, Ukrainian, and Belarusian. It eventually branched into three subdialects: Lithuanian Yiddish, Polish Yiddish, and Ukrainian Yiddish. In modern times, in numerous countries the decline of the use of Yiddish as a living language was related to the assimilation of local Jews to the culture of the Gentile majority. At the end of the 18th century and during the 19th century it was the case in various German-speaking provinces of Central Europe and western Europe where local Jews abandoned Yiddish in favor to German. Similar shifts to the dominant non-Jewish languages took place during the 20th century in various western European countries. In the USSR, during the 1920s and the 1930s the shift to Russian was already well advanced. For those who survived the Holocaust, the assimilation accelerated during the following decades. In Poland, Lithuania, Hungary, and Romania, Yiddish-speaking communities were decimated by the Holocaust. In North America, most immigrant families shifted to English within a generation or two. Yet, because of a permanent influx of masses of native speakers between the 1880s and the 1920s, Yiddish was actively used until the mid-20th century even in certain secular Jewish groups. However, during the second half of the 20th century its decline was accelerated outside of certain Haredi groups.

William Merrill

This work attempts to explain the types of computation that neural networks can perform by relating them to automata. We first define what it means for a real-time network with bounded precision to accept a language. A measure of network memory follows from this definition. We then characterize the classes of languages acceptable by various recurrent networks, attention, and convolutional networks. We find that LSTMs function like counter machines and relate convolutional networks to the subregular hierarchy. Overall, this work attempts to increase our understanding and ability to interpret neural networks through the lens of theory. These theoretical insights help explain neural computation, as well as the relationship between neural networks and natural language grammar.

Andreas Fellner, Thorsten Tarrach, Georg Weissenbacher

We study the problem of language inclusion between finite, labeled prime event structures. Prime event structures are a formalism to compactly represent concurrent behavior of discrete systems. A labeled prime event structure induces a language of sequences of labels produced by the represented system. We study the problem of deciding inclusion and membership for languages encoded by finite prime event structures and provide complexity results for both problems. We provide a family of examples where prime event structures are exponentially more succinct than formalisms that do not take concurrency into account. We provide a decision algorithm for language inclusion that exploits this succinctness. Furthermore, we provide an implementation of the algorithm and an evaluation on a series of benchmarks. Finally, we demonstrate how our results can be applied to mutation-based test case generation.

Bradich Bradich

In this essay I analyze the structuring the sensible in the canonical book of poetry Lyric of Ithaca by Milos Crnjanski. The approach is interdisciplinary and based upon the conceptions developed by the sensory history, psychoanalytical theory of Jacques Lacan, and philosophy of Jacques Rancière. The essay focuses on the staged split with the dominant regime of the sensible, in the experiences of love and sexuality, urban spaces, and war, in whose place Crnjanski’s poetry attempts to establish alternative modes of interaction with the world, which can be recognized as the “Sumatraist” regime of the sensible. Consequently, sensory reality will be interpreted as a space of contention between different poetics and ideologies, which will further the understanding of Crnjanski’s poetry, as well as modernism in Slavic literatures in general. National language is an important part of the spiritual culture of every nation. And its units, such as phraseologisms, have long been a powerful means of knowing life, they truly reflect the thoughts, aspirations and hopes of the people, contribute to the cultivation of aesthetic tastes and ideals. It is they who have absorbed all the vital wisdom of the Belarussian and Ukrainian peoples, have been able to reflect their worldview in the smallest detail and are still widely used both in speech and in literature.

Jurģis Šķilters, L. Zariņa, Eglė Žilinskaitė-Šinkūnienė

The aim of the current study is to test what types of sentences according to their grammatical structure are (a) considered to be more plausible from a native speaker’s view and (b) perceived as better understandable even if not entirely grammatical. A quasi-experimental task in a repeated measures design was conducted. 83 native speakers of Latvian have rated a randomized and balanced set of most typical grammatical errors (together with correct sentences and the filler sentences). Importantly our sample contained all regions of Latvia with different dialects (and even a different writing system). According to our results, errors in usage of verbal prefixes, definite / indefinite endings, and word order errors are the closest to the ratings of correct sentences. The most crucial errors recognized by native speakers are the errors of prepositional usage and word coordination. To our knowledge, this is the first acceptability rating experiment for the Baltic languages.