Hasil untuk "Regional economics. Space in economics"

Marcelo Gabriel Anachuri, María F. Justiniano

El donativo nace trifronte por cuanto reúne en su definición una dimensión económica, una política y una religiosa. Además, guarda consigo los valores de lealtad y fidelidad, primero al rey y luego al nuevo Estado. Este ramo de la Real Hacienda tiene una página americana. El presente artículo pretende mostrar la transformación de este ítem fiscal, desde los tiempos previos a la creación de las intendencias hasta la conformación de los primeros conatos de Estados independientes. El estudio de la Caja de Salta, a partir del análisis de los libros de la Real Hacienda, permite registrar sucesivos desacoplamientos que modifican sustancialmente aquella definición inicial.

Takatoshi Tabuchi

James W. H. Sonne

Questions regarding the nature and source of consciousness and individual agency to make decisions have enormous practical implications that include human health and wellbeing, social policy, and economics. Ethical issues involving the ability for patients to make conscious, informed choices, such as in cases of dementia or coma, abound, and the health implications of individual choice on public wellbeing are becoming increasingly important as population densities increase. Furthermore, the use of animals for drug testing presents moral dilemmas related to our concepts of consciousness, pain, and consent. While philosophers have long debated aspects of consciousness, the means to scientifically address specific questions regarding regional and cellular functions of the brain are constantly emerging, as are new theories of physical laws and particle interactions which allow for the formation of new hypotheses of the source of consciousness. These emerging capabilities and hypotheses are increasingly able to be subjected to methodological scrutiny by the scientific community. To facilitate open discussion and advances in investigations regarding the nature of consciousness, this Topical Collection is intended to provide a peer-reviewed space to discuss or propose falsifiable hypotheses of consciousness in a full range of systems, using methods across disciplines of biology, physics, computer science, and philosophy of science that can inform such a discussion, while emphasizing the role that our conception of consciousness has on human health, society, and policy.

Inna V. Manaeva

Глобальные климатические изменения становятся важным фактором, определяющим динамику и спектр значимых параметров развития мировой экономики в целом и российской экономики в частности, что актуализирует необходимость разработки методических подходов и специальных моделей, позволяющих оценить взаимодействие климата и экономики для формирования научно обоснованных управленческих решений. Цель статьи — разработать и апробировать методику анализа координации связи климата и городского экономического развития в городах России. Информационной базой послужили данные Федеральной службы государственной статистики, расчет среднегодовых температур проводился по данным портала «Погода и климат». Объект исследования — города России с численностью населения более 100 тыс. чел. Период исследования — 2009–2019 гг. Представленный авторский методический подход позволяет расчетным путем получить коэффициент координации связи климата и экономики в городах России. Полученные значения коэффициента координации связи определяют наличие и степень взаимосвязи. Стабильно высокие значения коэффициента координации связи получены для Москвы и Санкт-Петербурга. Значения коэффициента координации связи варьируют от нескоординированного до базового уровня. Оптимальная координация связи наблюдается в городах с высоким уровнем развития экономики. Высокие дифференциация и пространственная неоднородность коэффициента координации связи экономики и климата характерны для городов России, коэффициент Джини по данному показателю варьирует в диапазоне от 0,56 (УрФО в 2019 г.) до 0,88 (ЦФО в 2017, 2019 гг.). За период 2009–2019 гг. значимых изменений в динамике координации связи не выявлено, что демонстрирует стабильность городских систем России. Полученные автором количественные оценки могут стать предпосылкой для формирования раздела управления эколого-экономическим развитием в городских стратегиях и частью экологической политики регионов России.

Jan Prüser, Torsten Schmidt

Jakubowicz Anna

Subject and purpose of work: The presented text concerns possibilities of professional activation of persons with health issues. Due to health issues the affected persons are at the margin of professional, social and family life. In the paper an attempt has been made to present support instruments offered by the Social Insurance Institution to persons with health issues.

Li Jiang, Huiying Wen, Weiwei Qi

The aim of this paper was to systematically obtain the poverty reduction effects and diversified poverty alleviation paths of road infrastructure, to assist in the planning of transport poverty alleviation and rural revitalization in the concentrated contiguous poverty-stricken areas. The measurement methods for impact effects and paths of transport poverty alleviation have been scientifically proposed based on methods of transportation economics and transportation geography. Firstly, an overview of the interactive mechanism and processes by which road infrastructure investment influences poverty reduction has been offered, and the characteristics of poverty space and spatial coupling result of road infrastructure have been systematically obtained. The results show that about 70% of the district counties’ road infrastructure and poverty rate are in a state of spatial coupling imbalance; the coordinated synchronous type is mainly distributed along the road network. Secondly, the structural equation model system has been formulated with variables that reflect transportation input in adjacent geographical units to consider spatial spillover effects. The results show that the direct poverty reduction effect of road infrastructure (0.105) is much lower than the indirect poverty reduction effect (0.830). Thirdly, empirical analysis at regional level of the concentrated contiguous poverty-stricken areas in China has been conducted. As a result, while addressing the limitations of previous studies, the poverty alleviation path that has been proposed also aims to catalyze actions to reduce the transport-related exclusion in poverty-stricken areas caused by the lack of access to basic facilities.

Kevin Mulligan, Marta Zieba

This paper examines the relationship between unemployment and psychological well-being before and during the Great Recession across 249 UK local authority districts (LADs). Substantial evidence demonstrates that unemployment has a large negative effect on psychological well-being. However, unique social norms develop in geographical areas with high unemployment rates, which significantly reduce the negative impact of unemployment on well-being. Though the post-2007 Great Recession period was characterized by widespread unemployment, few studies have examined the impact of this crisis on well-being in high- and low-unemployment local areas. The analysis constructs a rich panel data set which follows 15,798 individuals from 1998 to 2014, and applies difference-in-differences fixed-effects and general method of moments estimators. The findings indicate that unemployment had a large negative impact on psychological well-being. However, the magnitude of this effect did not change (or was even slightly lower) during the Great Recession. Furthermore, the unemployment social norm also ceased to have any additional effect on well-being during the Great Recession in high-unemployment LADs, as opposed to the pre-recession period.

V. Kolmakov, A. Polyakova, S. Karpova et al.

“Bottom-up†cluster identification, as opposed to “assigning†clusters by the fact of enterprises coexisting on a compact territory, is an important scientific and practical problem. Its solution may be found in a survey of regions’ competitive specialization in order to identify spatial clusters based on industries with high-level competitive potential. The data on gross regional product (GRP) and national gross value added across industries were an empirical basis of the study. This article explores the possibility to identify territorial clusters in a region where its competitive specialization meets the high competitive potential of an industry. Research methodology stands on regional and spatial economics theories, employs traditional economic instruments of results’ verification. To achieve the expected results we employed traditional instruments of verification, economic and statistical analysis as research methodology. Studying a wide range of literature sources have resulted into development of innovative industrial approach to cluster formation by identifying clustering priorities and industries’ integration potential. The approach is based on the assessment of regions’ industrial specialization that can measure industry’s contribution to regions competitiveness, as well as density of interregional competitive relations. Such assessment is useful in determining industries potentially attractive for clustering. These industries can generate positive effect from utilizing territory’s specialization. Obvious specialization will either indicate potential’s depletion or reveal vectors for developing the most competitive industries that actually create efficient clusters. This approach contributes sufficiently to the theory and methodology of cluster paradigm of social and economic development, as it allows identifying de-facto existing clusters instead of creating them artificially. The key principle of the method is prioritizing as a cluster an industry, which is characterized by maximum productivity in social and economic spheres. Considering the competition between regions and different levels of industry development, it is possible to identify perspective directions for advancing regions strategic competitiveness. Further research will be aimed at the method’s verification and expansion by analyzing prolonged retrospective of specific data, including the gravity components of the connectedness of regions economic space and network interactions effects between the participants of “artificial†and “natural†clusters in the Russian Federation.

José Carlos Orihuela, V. Echenique

Abstract The macroeconomic impacts of resource-based development are diverse across national space. However, the more export dependent and geographically peripheral the region, the more susceptible it is to boom-and-bust cycles. We typify resource-based economic development in Peru in the period 2001–2015, analyzing regional export specialization, growth volatility, and de-industrialization, three resource curse symptoms. With the commodity cycle: (i) export specialization is not the same in all mineral regions; (ii) regional growth volatility is much higher at regional level than at national level; and (iii) there is no convincing case of de-industrialization and the Dutch disease, because a world economy surge does not operate as a national resource discovery. We say economic evolution within resource-rich Peru is volatile and spatially varied. At the national level, gold-and-copper-dependent Peru is not as vulnerable as other mineral dependent countries to external shocks. At the subnational level, growth volatility is very high for clusters of regions. Economic geography studies can contribute to challenging popular resource curse accounts of the development economics literature: we should be asking where, when, and why there is curse or blessing, and what type of it, rather than searching for a definitive universal answer on the developmental effects of mineral abundance.

Daniel Murphy

Guangliang Xi, F. Zhen, Jinliao He et al.

City networks have been a critical topic in the fields of urban geography and regional economics. Numerous studies have explored city networks, focusing mainly on infrastructure and industrial networks. Unlike traditional urban network of which the major measuring indexes are population sizes and entity industries, online commodity service networks could reflect well the influencing of emerging economies, especially the Internet economy, on city networks. This study analyzes and reveals structural features of China’s city networks through online commodity services, providing the internet economic approach on city networks. Results indicate that the core cities of online commodity service networks are mainly concentrated in eastern coastal areas. In addition, spatial polarization and layer structure of network connections are obvious, descending from the centers in eastern China to peripheral cities in central and western China. Online commodity services of different cities show apparent differences and uncertainties in terms of specialization rates of international connection, which presents a tendency toward diversification. Online commodity service networks are not only associated with goods production, supply, and consumption in physical space but also reflect virtual information, capital, and technology flows, thus providing a new empirical approach for understanding city networks in information and internet economic age.

Jaenal Effendi

Equity financing plays an important role in mobilizing financing in the real sector. The core business of sharia banking is based on the real sector, but the financing portion in sharia banking is still dominated by debt financing. This study aims to analyze the factors that affect equity financing in General Sharia Bank (BUS) and Sharia Business Unit (SBU) in Indonesia. This study uses Error Correction Model. The results show that in the long-term model of Third Party Fund (DPK), Finance to Deposit Ratio (FDR), Non-Performing Financing (NPF), Inflation and Interest Rates Credit of Conventional Bank (SBK) has a significant positive effect on equity financing. BOPO variables (Operating Cost Ratio to the Operating Income) and Return on Assets (ROA) have a positive but not significant effect on equity financing. The DPK and FDR variables have a positive and significant effect on equity financing on the short-term model.

Neagu Olimpia

The paper documents the impact of global competitiveness on economic growth in the EU Member States. In a panel data approach, for a time span of 10 years (2008- 2017), a validated influence of Global Competitiveness Index on annual rate of GDP in the EU countries was found. The impact is higher in the group of Eastern and Central European countries (ECE) than in the Western European (well developed) countries, as well as at European economy level.

A. Toimil, I. Losada, P. Díaz-Simal et al.

Fábio Antonio de Campos

Tendo como referência os modelos de desenvolvimento capitalista brasileiro nos anos 1950, nosso objetivo será mostrar o regime disciplinar ao investimento direto estrangeiro (ide) que originou a Instrução 113 da Superintendência da Moeda e do Crédito (Sumoc). O eixo analítico se alicerça pelas principais linhas de continuidade e inflexão intrínsecas à lógica interna dos instrumentos regulatórios ao capital internacional nessa fase. Tal pesquisa foi resultado da investigação de leis, decretos-lei, decretos e medidas cambiais em geral que constituem o marco institucional do período. Nossa conclusão foi que embora existam continuidades entre Kubitschek e Vargas no que diz respeito às condições para importação de bens de capital sem cobertura cambial na forma de ide, os critérios de seleção e essencialidade marcam uma ruptura fundamental nas distintas formas de associação com o capital internacional entre os dois governos.

Gúčik Marian, Marciš Matúš

Subject and purpose of work: The subject of this study is the region of Eastern Slovakia. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the impact of tourism on regional development. To analyse the influence of tourism facilities on regional development selected indicators of tourism development are used. Materials and methods: The material consists of data from the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic, the Ministry of Transport and Construction of the Slovak Republic and selected municipalities. The data are processed by methods of descriptive statistics. Results and conclusions: The article explains the importance of tourism in the development of the Eastern Slovakia region. Based on the analysis of economic impacts of tourism on the regional development we can conclude that tourism has minimal effects on this region.

M. McKelvey

The main contribution of this paper is a theory-based conceptual framework of innovation spaces, and how firms must navigate through them to innovate. The concept of innovation systems - at the regional, sectoral and national levels - have been highly influential. Previous literature developing the concept of innovation systems has stressed the importance of institutions, networks and knowledge bases at the regional, sectoral and national levels. This paper primarily draws upon an evolutionary and Schumpeterian economics perspective, in the following three senses. The conceptualization of 'innnovation spaces' focuses upon how and why firm search for innovations is influenced the opportunities within certain geographical contexts. This means that the firm create opportunities and can span different context, but they are influence by the context in term of the access, flow and co-evolution of ideas, resources, technology, people and knowledge, which help stimulate business innovation in terms of products, process and services. The paper concludes with an agenda for future research and especially the need to focus on globalization as a process of intensifying linkages across the globe.

Mubyarto Mubyarto

The one of basic weakness of Indonesia economy is its tendency to the haves and strong group more than the poor. This tendency that has deteriorated this current economic crisis occurs because of capital system implemented by Indonesia. So, Indonesia has to develop a people centered economy, both on its system and politics. This paper discusses the people centered economy in relation with some actual economic issues, ie : democracy of economic corruption - collusion - nepotism (KKN), free trade, formal sector, regional autonomy, and poverty.

Andrew Beer, Debbie Faulkner, Julia Law et al.

Regional studies globally has a strong focus on understanding the causes of variation in the economic performance and well-being of regions and this emphasis acknowledges that the strength of the local or regional economy plays a determinant role in shaping quality of life. Regional research has been less active in considering spatial variation in other factors that are critical to individual and societal well-being. For example, the regional studies community has been absent from the debate on the social determinants of health and how these influences vary spatially. This paper considers the results of a cross-sectional survey of Australians aged 65 years and over that focused on social connections and well-being. It examines regional variations in the incidence of social isolation within the older population. It finds that while the incidence of self-reported social isolation amongst older persons is broadly consistent with earlier studies, it demonstrates a spatial patterning that is unexpected. The paper considers community-building activities in addressing the impacts of social isolation, including the role of urban design, and suggests that there is a need to supplement the national overview presented there through more detailed studies focused on individual localities.