Hasil untuk "Public law"

Nesrine Fourati, Alisa Barkar, Marion Dragée et al.

Background: Public speaking is a vital professional skill, yet it remains a source of significant anxiety for many individuals. Traditional training relies heavily on expert coaching, but recent advances in AI has led to novel types of commercial automated public speaking feedback tools. However, most research has focused on prototypes rather than commercial applications, and little is known about how public speaking experts perceive these tools. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate expert opinions on the efficacy and design of commercial AI-based public speaking training tools and to propose guidelines for their improvement. Methods: The research involved 16 semi-structured interviews and 2 focus groups with public speaking experts. Participants discussed their views on current commercial tools, their potential integration into traditional coaching, and suggestions for enhancing these systems. Results and Conclusions: Experts acknowledged the value of AI tools in handling repetitive, technical aspects of training, allowing coaches to focus on higher-level skills. However they found key issues in current tools, emphasising the need for personalised, understandable, carefully selected feedback and clear instructional design. Overall, they supported a hybrid model combining traditional coaching with AI-supported exercises.

Xi Long, Paul P. Plucinsky, Terrance J. Gaetz et al.

We present results from the Chandra X-ray Observatory Large Project (878 ks in 28 observations) of the Large Magellanic Cloud supernova remnant N132D. We measure the expansion of the forward shock in the bright southern rim to be $0.\!^{\prime\prime}10 \pm 0.\!^{\prime\prime}02$ over the $\sim14.5$ yr baseline, which corresponds to a velocity of $1620\pm400~\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}$ after accounting for several instrumental effects. We measure an expansion of $0.\!^{\prime\prime}23 \pm 0.\!^{\prime\prime}02$ and a shock velocity of $3840\pm260~\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}$ for two features in an apparent blowout region in the northeast. The emission-measure-weighted average temperature inferred from X-ray spectral fits to regions in the southern rim is $0.95\pm0.17$ keV, consistent with the electron temperature implied by the shock velocity after accounting for Coulomb equilibration and adiabatic expansion. In contrast, the emission-measure-weighted average temperature for the northeast region is $0.77\pm0.04$ keV, which is significantly lower than the value inferred from the shock velocity. We fit 1-D evolutionary models for the shock in the southern rim and northeast region, using the measured radius and propagation velocity into a constant density and power-law profile circumstellar medium. We find good agreement with the age of $\sim2500$ years derived from optical expansion measurements for explosion energies of $1.5-3.0 \times 10^{51}\,\mathrm{erg}$, ejecta masses of $2-6 \,\mathrm{M_{\odot}}$ and ambient medium densities of $\sim0.33-0.66$ $\mathrm{amu~cm}^{-3}$ in the south and $\sim0.01-0.02$ $\mathrm{amu~cm}^{-3}$ in the northeast assuming a constant density medium. These results are consistent with previous studies that suggested the progenitor of N132D was an energetic supernova that exploded into a pre-existing cavity.

Łukasz Dębowski

We inspect the deductive connection between the neural scaling law and Zipf's law -- two statements discussed in machine learning and quantitative linguistics. The neural scaling law describes how the cross entropy rate of a foundation model -- such as a large language model -- changes with respect to the amount of training tokens, parameters, and compute. By contrast, Zipf's law posits that the distribution of tokens exhibits a power law tail. Whereas similar claims have been made in more specific settings, we show that the neural scaling law is a consequence of Zipf's law under certain broad assumptions that we reveal systematically. The derivation steps are as follows: We derive Heaps' law on the vocabulary growth from Zipf's law, Hilberg's hypothesis on the entropy scaling from Heaps' law, and the neural scaling from Hilberg's hypothesis. We illustrate these inference steps by a toy example of the Santa Fe process that satisfies all the four statistical laws.

Ambre Jarassier

Inspired by ancient Rome, the Napoleonic senatus-consulte is a legal norm drafted by the conservative Senate under the aegis of Napoleon. This text embodies a norm that is both contra legem and contra constitutionem. The dissolution of the marriage between Napoleon and Josephine was contrary to the articles of the Civil Code concerning divorce by mutual consent. Joséphine's rights were violated. Moreover, the senatus-consulte violated article 14 of the Imperial Constitution of Floréal 28, Year XII, which provided for the establishment of a statute relating to the imperial family. The latter, dated March 30, 1806, prohibits divorce for all members of the imperial family, including the Emperor. Such violations were justified by necessity: the continuity of the Empire depended on the birth of an imperial prince. Joséphine would thus be responsible for the absence of a male heir, according to the Emperor and the Senate. The senatus-consulte, the Emperor's political weapon, crossed a new threshold with Napoleon's divorce. Whereas this senatorial norm had hitherto been used in the context of public law to further the Emperor's designs, it now came to regulate private law and provoke Empress Josephine's vulnerability.

Mohammad Ali Farahani, Ali Arian Nezhad, Ali Bahadori Jahromi

∴ Introduction ∴ ‌The constitutional framework of the Islamic Republic of Iran entrusts the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Parliament) with the authority to approve the national budget as stipulated in Article 52 of the Constitution. Article 94 further mandates that all parliamentary approvals undergo prior scrutiny by the Guardian Council to ensure conformity with the Constitution and Islamic law. Recognizing the unique characteristics and complexities of the Budget Law, the Law of Internal Regulations of the Parliament has established a specialized mechanism for its approval, distinct from other legislative bills and proposals.     Historically, the budget approval process was conducted in a single stage, wherein the Parliament reviewed and approved the entire budget in one consolidated document before submitting it to the Guardian Council. However, this approach led to superficial examinations, with representatives often focusing on select sections, without adequately considering the underlying computational foundations and interrelationships within the budget. To address these shortcomings, legislative reforms were introduced through the Law Amending Articles 180 and 182 of the Internal Regulations of the Parliament, transitioning the approval mechanism to a two-stage process. This bifurcated system aims to enhance legislative scrutiny and ensure a more thorough evaluation of the budget's components.‌ ∴ Research Question ∴ ‌What specific changes have occurred in the supervisory process of the Iranian Guardian Council over the two-stage approval mechanism of the public budget, and how have these changes affected the criteria and methods utilized by the Council in ensuring constitutional and legal compliance?‌ ∴ Research Hypothesis ∴ ‌The transition to a two-stage budgeting process has fundamentally altered both the number and the conceptual framework of the criteria employed by the Guardian Council in its budgetary review. It is hypothesized that each stage of the approval process necessitates the application of distinct criteria by the Council, thereby modifying its supervisory approach in both substantive and formal dimensions.‌ ∴ Methodology & Framework, if Applicable ∴ ‌This research adopts a procedural analysis method to explore the implications of the two-stage budget approval mechanism on the Guardian Council's supervisory role. The study begins by dissecting the legislative provisions and requirements intrinsic to each stage of the budget process. It involves a critical examination of constitutional articles, legislative reforms, and the Law of Internal Regulations of the Parliament to understand the structural changes implemented.     The framework includes a comparative analysis of the single-stage and two-stage approval processes to highlight shifts in legislative oversight and Guardian Council supervision. By distinguishing between substantive changes (those affecting the content and criteria of review) and formal changes (those affecting procedural aspects), the research aims to elucidate how the new mechanism influences the Council's methods. Data sources encompass constitutional texts, parliamentary records, and relevant legal commentaries to ensure a comprehensive evaluation of the altered supervisory dynamics.‌ ∴ Results & Discussion ∴ ‌The analysis of the legislative changes to the budget approval mechanism in Iran reveals significant impacts on the supervisory role of the Guardian Council. The transition from a single-stage to a two-stage approval process necessitates adjustments in both the substantive and formal aspects of the Council's oversight.     Substantively, the nature and application of certain criteria used by the Guardian Council have evolved. Four existing criteria require a revised approach:     Realism of Revenues: Previously, the Council assessed the realism of projected revenues in a single, comprehensive review. Under the two-stage system, this assessment must be more nuanced, with an initial evaluation of general revenue projections in the first stage and a detailed scrutiny of specific revenue sources in the second stage.     Adherence to Budget Structure: The structural integrity of the budget now demands separate considerations at each stage. The first stage focuses on the overarching framework, while the second stage examines the detailed alignment of expenditures and revenues within that framework.     Prioritization of Revenues over Expenditures: The Council must ensure that revenue generation strategies are solidified before approving expenditure plans. This sequential emphasis reinforces fiscal responsibility and reduces the risk of budget deficits.     Timely Approval before Fiscal Year Commencement: The staggered approval process imposes stricter timelines. The Council must expedite its reviews to meet the deadlines of each stage, ensuring the budget is fully approved before the new fiscal year begins.     Additionally, two new criteria have emerged:     Compliance with Sectional Requirements: Each stage has specific legislative and procedural requirements. The Council must verify that the government's submissions for each stage meet these distinct mandates.     Consistency between Budget Sections: The Council must ensure that the detailed allocations in the second stage are consistent with the general principles and allocations approved in the first stage. This alignment is crucial for maintaining budgeting integrity.     Formally, the timing and application of certain criteria have shifted. Some criteria are now exclusive to a particular stage:     First Stage Exclusive Criteria: The Council assesses whether the budget content is confined to revenues and expenditures and verifies its time-bound nature, focusing on annual fiscal planning.     Second Stage Exclusive Criteria: The emphasis is on the comprehensiveness and inclusiveness of the budget, ensuring all necessary details and allocations are appropriately addressed.     These adjustments in the Guardian Council's supervisory process enhance the thoroughness and efficacy of budget oversight, promoting greater fiscal discipline and legislative accountability.‌ ∴ Conclusion ∴ ‌In conclusion, the modification of the budget approval mechanism to a two-stage process in Iran has necessitated a re-evaluation of the Guardian Council's supervisory methods. The Council must adapt to the substantive changes by revising the application of existing criteria and incorporating new ones that reflect the distinct requirements of each stage.     The formal changes demand a recalibration of the timing for applying specific criteria, ensuring that the Council's oversight is appropriately aligned with the new procedural structure. By focusing certain criteria exclusively on the first or second stage, the Council can provide more targeted and effective supervision.     It is imperative for the Guardian Council to implement these changes to fulfill its constitutional mandate effectively. By conducting stage-specific evaluations and transparently communicating its findings, the Council can enhance the legitimacy and accountability of the budgeting process. Publishing research reports and engaging with the academic community can further contribute to refining its supervisory role and fostering constructive dialogue.

Shrey Aryan, Michael B. Law

We establish a concavity principle for solutions to elliptic and parabolic equations on locally symmetric spaces with nonnegative sectional curvature, extending the results of Langford and Scheuer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first general concavity principle established on spaces with non-constant sectional curvature.

Xin Tong, Bo Jin, Zhi Lin et al.

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential and effectiveness across multiple application domains. To assess the performance of mainstream LLMs in public security tasks, this study aims to construct a specialized evaluation benchmark tailored to the Chinese public security domain--CPSDbench. CPSDbench integrates datasets related to public security collected from real-world scenarios, supporting a comprehensive assessment of LLMs across four key dimensions: text classification, information extraction, question answering, and text generation. Furthermore, this study introduces a set of innovative evaluation metrics designed to more precisely quantify the efficacy of LLMs in executing tasks related to public security. Through the in-depth analysis and evaluation conducted in this research, we not only enhance our understanding of the performance strengths and limitations of existing models in addressing public security issues but also provide references for the future development of more accurate and customized LLM models targeted at applications in this field.

Ramit Debnath, Pengyu Zhang, Tianzhu Qin et al.

As the conversation around using geoengineering to combat climate change intensifies, it is imperative to engage the public and deeply understand their perspectives on geoengineering research, development, and potential deployment. Through a comprehensive data-driven investigation, this paper explores the types of news that captivate public interest in geoengineering. We delved into 30,773 English-language news articles from the BBC and the New York Times, combined with Google Trends data spanning 2018 to 2022, to explore how public interest in geoengineering fluctuates in response to news coverage of broader climate issues. Using BERT-based topic modeling, sentiment analysis, and time-series regression models, we found that positive sentiment in energy-related news serves as a good predictor of heightened public interest in geoengineering, a trend that persists over time. Our findings suggest that public engagement with geoengineering and climate action is not uniform, with some topics being more potent in shaping interest over time, such as climate news related to energy, disasters, and politics. Understanding these patterns is crucial for scientists, policymakers, and educators aiming to craft effective strategies for engaging with the public and fostering dialogue around emerging climate technologies.

Jessy Xinyi Han, Andrew Miller, S. Craig Watkins et al.

We are interested in developing a data-driven method to evaluate race-induced biases in law enforcement systems. While the recent works have addressed this question in the context of police-civilian interactions using police stop data, they have two key limitations. First, bias can only be properly quantified if true criminality is accounted for in addition to race, but it is absent in prior works. Second, law enforcement systems are multi-stage and hence it is important to isolate the true source of bias within the "causal chain of interactions" rather than simply focusing on the end outcome; this can help guide reforms. In this work, we address these challenges by presenting a multi-stage causal framework incorporating criminality. We provide a theoretical characterization and an associated data-driven method to evaluate (a) the presence of any form of racial bias, and (b) if so, the primary source of such a bias in terms of race and criminality. Our framework identifies three canonical scenarios with distinct characteristics: in settings like (1) airport security, the primary source of observed bias against a race is likely to be bias in law enforcement against innocents of that race; (2) AI-empowered policing, the primary source of observed bias against a race is likely to be bias in law enforcement against criminals of that race; and (3) police-civilian interaction, the primary source of observed bias against a race could be bias in law enforcement against that race or bias from the general public in reporting against the other race. Through an extensive empirical study using police-civilian interaction data and 911 call data, we find an instance of such a counter-intuitive phenomenon: in New Orleans, the observed bias is against the majority race and the likely reason for it is the over-reporting (via 911 calls) of incidents involving the minority race by the general public.

‪Sharee Nanakaly, Mandan mohammed

Abstract:There is no doubt That any developments in the scientific and technological field lead to the development of the concept of some other legal terms, whether in national or international laws; The idea of the international river is a purely legal idea. Therefore, the contemporary trend of the concept of the international river has undergone fundamental changes in it by the International Law Commission of the United Nations, as It tends to abandon the traditional idea of the international river and replace it with the idea of the international drainage basin or the international water network as a natural resource. Common, so we will try in this research to explain the contemporary concept of the international river in light of the technological and scientific development in accordance with contemporary international legal rules and jurisprudential opinions on the subject of the research.

Tomasz Knepka

Since the financial crisis of 2007/2008, we have been dealing - at the level of the European Union - with a special "dialogue" between the European and German courts. The subject of this "dialogue" is the decisions of the European Central Bank on the program for the purchase of public sector assets on secondary markets. The ECB's activity, as well as the involvement of the national central banks of the Eurosystem in the implementation of these decisions, has been met with dissatisfaction by German politicians, culminating in the title judgment of the Constitutional Court of the Federal Republic of Germany. In the paper, the author analyzed the judgments, particularly from the perspective of the process of integration of the European Union financial market and the importance of the judgments for this process taking into account the key principles of EU law: proportionality and supremacy of EU law. JEL Classification: E58, K8

Dedy Afrizal, Ahmad Luthfi, Muslimin Bin Wallang et al.

In contemporary society, the widespread adoption of information and communication technologies has become integral to meeting daily needs. E-Government leverages these technologies to deliver efficient and secure services to citizens, particularly at the local government level. However, existing literature lacks comprehensive exploration into citizen preferences for utilizing e-government services, especially those offered by local governments. Addressing this gap, this study investigates citizen intentions to use e-government, focusing on the application system provided by local governments. Our research framework integrates three established models (UTAUT, TAM, and TPB) and employs empirical validation through a structured questionnaire. Data collection involved 97 respondents from diverse cities/regencies. Rigorous reliability and validity assessments were conducted on the questionnaire, with analysis performed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings underscore the significant influence of citizens' attitudes toward e-government, shaped by factors such as effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, and perceived risk. Furthermore, a positive and significant relationship between attitude and Intention to use revealed. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of citizen behavior towards e-government services, offering insights crucial for enhancing service delivery and citizen engagement at the local level.

Brianna M White, Chad A Melton, Parya Zareie et al.

The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced new opportunities for health communication, including an increase in the public use of online outlets for health-related emotions. People have turned to social media networks to share sentiments related to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper we examine the role of social messaging shared by Persons in the Public Eye (i.e. athletes, politicians, news personnel) in determining overall public discourse direction. We harvested approximately 13 million tweets ranging from 1 January 2020 to 1 March 2022. The sentiment was calculated for each tweet using a fine-tuned DistilRoBERTa model, which was used to compare COVID-19 vaccine-related Twitter posts (tweets) that co-occurred with mentions of People in the Public Eye. Our findings suggest the presence of consistent patterns of emotional content co-occurring with messaging shared by Persons in the Public Eye for the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic influenced public opinion and largely stimulated online public discourse. We demonstrate that as the pandemic progressed, public sentiment shared on social networks was shaped by risk perceptions, political ideologies and health-protective behaviours shared by Persons in the Public Eye, often in a negative light.

Lara Groves, Aidan Peppin, Andrew Strait et al.

In recent years, discussions of responsible AI practices have seen growing support for "participatory AI" approaches, intended to involve members of the public in the design and development of AI systems. Prior research has identified a lack of standardised methods or approaches for how to use participatory approaches in the AI development process. At present, there is a dearth of evidence on attitudes to and approaches for participation in the sites driving major AI developments: commercial AI labs. Through 12 semi-structured interviews with industry practitioners and subject-matter experts, this paper explores how commercial AI labs understand participatory AI approaches and the obstacles they have faced implementing these practices in the development of AI systems and research. We find that while interviewees view participation as a normative project that helps achieve "societally beneficial" AI systems, practitioners face numerous barriers to embedding participatory approaches in their companies: participation is expensive and resource intensive, it is "atomised" within companies, there is concern about exploitation, there is no incentive to be transparent about its adoption, and it is complicated by a lack of clear context. These barriers result in a piecemeal approach to participation that confers no decision-making power to participants and has little ongoing impact for AI labs. This papers contribution is to provide novel empirical research on the implementation of public participation in commercial AI labs, and shed light on the current challenges of using participatory approaches in this context.

Maria Danielle Toledo

O instituto da modulação de efeitos, antes aplicável apenas às Ações Diretas de Inconstitucionalidade, ganhou novas formas e passou a integrar as decisões judiciais com maior amplitude, especialmente para os processos com formação de precedentes qualificados ou de efeitos vinculantes, nos termos do Código de Processo Civil de 2015 (CPC/2015). Assim, conhecer as possibilidades e os efeitos decorrentes da modulação faz do instituto objeto de pesquisa para o presente artigo, com foco em compreender se a modulação temporal de efeitos pode ser realizada em favor do Estado, verificando-se erros e acertos decorrentes das decisões do STF nesse sentido.

Palmawati Tahir, Muhamad Muslih

The purpose of this research is to analyze and provide information to the public and to lawmakers that food is a primary need for every human being in terms of the halalness and safety of its products, it is a mandatory requirement for every consumer, especially Muslim consumers. Halal Food in Islamic Law explains about Halal Food or halal food in terms of aspects of Indonesian jurisprudence and Islamic law in Indonesia. Indonesia, which is a country with a predominantly Muslim population and is known for its very religious society, of course pays great attention to Islamic aspects in consuming food, namely halal food, both local production and imports from neighboring countries. The perspective of the basics of Islamic Law and Indonesian Law, especially regarding certification and labeling in the international trading system must receive strict attention in order to provide protection for Muslim consumers around the world, as well as a strategy to face the challenges of globalization. Lawmakers in Indonesia have made regulations related to this, namely Law Number 33 of 2014 concerning Guarantees for Halal Products (UUJPH). The method used in this study is using normative juridical methods by collecting data or information through library research, namely research conducted through literature studies via the internet and so on which are appropriate or have relevance to the problem being discussed. The results of this study state that the issue of halal and haram is very important and very urgent to be considered by all parties. The production chain from business actors to consumers is a concrete manifestation that must receive consumer protection by the state.

Maurizio Borghi

Intellectual property (IP) is the legal mechanism that transforms intangible instances into tradeable commodities. While creating the conditions for extraction of value and capital accumulation across all domains of economic and social life, IP law defines at the same time the boundaries of commodification by determining the scope of the public domain. Within this traditional framework, opponents of neo-liberal market expansionism have championed the role of IP doctrines and principles such as fair use, exceptions and limitations. However, new informational capitalism relies primarily on non-IP forms of appropriation and de facto control. To a large extent, commodification of intangibles and capital accumulation is no longer distressed by – and even benefits from – traditional public-domain-enhancing IP doctrines. This challenges traditional IP narratives and calls for a new foundation for a truly counter-hegemonic discourse in IP law.

Zhongxiang Sun, Jun Xu, Xiao Zhang et al.

Legal case matching, which automatically constructs a model to estimate the similarities between the source and target cases, has played an essential role in intelligent legal systems. Semantic text matching models have been applied to the task where the source and target legal cases are considered as long-form text documents. These general-purpose matching models make the predictions solely based on the texts in the legal cases, overlooking the essential role of the law articles in legal case matching. In the real world, the matching results (e.g., relevance labels) are dramatically affected by the law articles because the contents and the judgments of a legal case are radically formed on the basis of law. From the causal sense, a matching decision is affected by the mediation effect from the cited law articles by the legal cases, and the direct effect of the key circumstances (e.g., detailed fact descriptions) in the legal cases. In light of the observation, this paper proposes a model-agnostic causal learning framework called Law-Match, under which the legal case matching models are learned by respecting the corresponding law articles. Given a pair of legal cases and the related law articles, Law-Match considers the embeddings of the law articles as instrumental variables (IVs), and the embeddings of legal cases as treatments. Using IV regression, the treatments can be decomposed into law-related and law-unrelated parts, respectively reflecting the mediation and direct effects. These two parts are then combined with different weights to collectively support the final matching prediction. We show that the framework is model-agnostic, and a number of legal case matching models can be applied as the underlying models. Comprehensive experiments show that Law-Match can outperform state-of-the-art baselines on three public datasets.

M. Taylor

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Matthias Müller-Hannemann, Ralf Rückert, Alexander Schiewe et al.

The planning of attractive and cost efficient public transport systems is a highly complex optimization process involving many steps. Integrating robustness from a passenger's point of view makes the task even more challenging. With numerous different definitions of robustness in literature, a real-world acceptable evaluation of the robustness of a public transport system is to simulate its performance under a large number of possible scenarios. Unfortunately, this is computationally very expensive. In this paper, we therefore explore a new way of such a scenario-based robustness approximation by using methods from machine learning. We achieve a fast approach with a very high accuracy by gathering a subset of key features of a public transport system and its passenger demand and training an artificial neural network to learn the outcome of a given set of robustness tests. The network is then able to predict the robustness of untrained instances with high accuracy using only its key features, allowing for a robustness oracle for transport planners that approximates the robustness in constant time. Such an oracle can be used as black box to increase the robustness within a local search framework for integrated public transportation planning. In computational experiments with different benchmark instances we demonstrate an excellent quality of our predictions.