Hasil untuk "Psychology"

M. Milad, G. Quirk

Joseph Henrich

J. Call, M. Tomasello

D. McAdams, J. L. Pals

J. Novak

Jeanne E. Manese, James P. Croteau, J. Helms et al.

J. Bruner

Preface Culture, Mind, and Education Folk Pedagogy The Complexity of Educational Aims Teaching the Present, Past, and Possible Understanding and Explaining Other Minds Narratives of Science The Narrative Construal of Reality Knowing as Doing Psychology's Next Chapter Notes Credits Index

J. Snowman, E. Dobozy, Jill Scevak et al.

J. Swets

N. Endler, D. Magnusson

P. Pearce

H. Ebbinghaus

Andrew Gelman, Amy Krefman, Lauren Kennedy et al.

When designing and evaluating an experiment or observational study, it is useful to have a realistic hypothesis regarding the average treatment effect. We present an approach to conceptualizing this average by first considering a distribution of effects. We demonstrate with examples in medicine, economics, and psychology.

H. Tajfel

Yavuz Aslan, Orhan Koçak, Aysel Basmacı Kaya et al.

Purpose: University students often face psychological challenges, particularly loneliness and hopelessness, which are exacerbated by factors such as limited social interactions, economic uncertainty, lack of employment opportunities, and the increasing prevalence of online education. This study aims to investigate the relationships among perceived friend social support, loneliness, life satisfaction, and the sub-dimensions of hopelessness, which are positive feelings about the future and loss of motivation. Design/methodology/approach: This cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted with 420 university students who completed a series of self-reported measures, including the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale, the UCLA Loneliness Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Beck Hopelessness Scale. Findings: The findings revealed that perceived friend social support was positively associated with life satisfaction and positive future feelings and negatively associated with loneliness and loss of motivation. Both loneliness and life satisfaction individually and serially mediated the relationships between social support and the dimensions of hopelessness. Conclusion: These results highlight the crucial role of friend-based social support in alleviating loneliness and improving life satisfaction, thereby fostering optimism and preventing motivational decline among students. The findings provide valuable insights for designing interventions to enhance emotional well-being and psychological resilience among university populations.

Matthew Hunt, Ryoa Chung, Tzvetelina Tzoneva

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Bohao Xing, Xin Liu, Guoying Zhao et al.

Emotion understanding is a critical yet challenging task. Recent advances in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have significantly enhanced their capabilities in this area. However, MLLMs often suffer from hallucinations, generating irrelevant or nonsensical content. To the best of our knowledge, despite the importance of this issue, there has been no dedicated effort to evaluate emotion-related hallucinations in MLLMs. In this work, we introduce EmotionHallucer, the first benchmark for detecting and analyzing emotion hallucinations in MLLMs. Unlike humans, whose emotion understanding stems from the interplay of biology and social learning, MLLMs rely solely on data-driven learning and lack innate emotional instincts. Fortunately, emotion psychology provides a solid foundation of knowledge about human emotions. Building on this, we assess emotion hallucinations from two dimensions: emotion psychology knowledge and real-world multimodal perception. To support robust evaluation, we utilize an adversarial binary question-answer (QA) framework, which employs carefully crafted basic and hallucinated pairs to assess the emotion hallucination tendencies of MLLMs. By evaluating 38 LLMs and MLLMs on EmotionHallucer, we reveal that: i) most current models exhibit substantial issues with emotion hallucinations; ii) closed-source models outperform open-source ones in detecting emotion hallucinations, and reasoning capability provides additional advantages; iii) existing models perform better in emotion psychology knowledge than in multimodal emotion perception. As a byproduct, these findings inspire us to propose the PEP-MEK framework, which yields an average improvement of 9.90% in emotion hallucination detection across selected models. Resources will be available at https://github.com/xxtars/EmotionHallucer.

Barbara Karpowicz, Maciej Grzeszczuk, Adam Kuzdraliński et al.

Virtual, Augmented, and eXtended Reality (VR/AR/XR) technologies are increasingly recognized for their applications in training, diagnostics, and psychological research, particularly in high-risk and highly regulated environments. In this panel we discuss how immersive systems enhance human performance across multiple domains, including clinical psychology, space exploration, and medical education. In psychological research and training, XR can offer a controlled yet ecologically valid setting for measuring cognitive and affective processes. In space exploration, we discuss the development of VR-based astronaut training and diagnostic systems, allowing astronauts to perform real-time health assessments. In medical education and rehabilitation, we cover procedural training and patient engagement. From virtual surgical simulations to gamified rehabilitation exercises, immersive environments enhance both learning outcomes and treatment adherence.

Terri Kean, Patricia Charlton, Rima Azar et al.

Objective To describe stakeholder characteristics and perspectives about experiences, challenges and information needs related to the use of environmental scans (ESs).Design Cross-sectional study.Setting and participants A web-based survey platform was used to disseminate an online survey to stakeholders who had experience with conducting ESs in a health services delivery context (eg, researchers, policy makers, practitioners). Participants were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling. The survey was disseminated internationally, was available in English and French, and remained open for 6 weeks (15 October to 30 November 2022).Analysis Descriptive statistics were used to describe the characteristics and experiences of stakeholders. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the open-text questions.Results Of 47 participants who responded to the survey, 94% were from Canada, 4% from the USA and 2% from Australia. Respondents represented academic institutions (57%), health agency/government (32%) and non-government organisations or agencies (11%). Three themes were identified: (a) having a sense of value and utility; (b) experiencing uncertainty and confusion; and (c) seeking guidance. The data suggest stakeholders found value and utility in ESs and conducted them for varied purposes including to: (a) enhance knowledge, understanding and learning about the current landscape or state of various features of health services delivery (eg, programmes, practices, policies, services, best practices); (b) expose needs, service barriers, challenges, gaps, threats, opportunities; (c) help guide action for planning, policy and programme development; and (d) inform recommendations and decision-making. Stakeholders also experienced conceptual, methodological and practical barriers when conducting ESs, and expressed a need for methodological guidance delivered through published guidelines, checklists and other means.Conclusion ESs have value and utility for addressing health services delivery concerns, but conceptual and methodological challenges exist. Further research is needed to help advance the ES as a distinct design that provides a systematic approach to planning and conducting ESs.

Xinxin Sheng, Kaixin Liang, Kai Li et al.

AimThis research sought to identify the association between sports participation and resilience in children and adolescents as a means to enhance mental health.MethodsA comprehensive survey was carried out, encompassing primary, middle, and high school students from chosen educational institutions. The analytical sample comprised 67,281 students of school age. Sports participation and resilience were evaluated using validated assessment tools, while relevant covariates, such as sex and school grade, were assessed through self-reported questionnaires. Generalized Linear Models were applied to ascertain the association between sports participation and resilience for the entire sample, and separately for subgroups divided by gender or school grade, after controlling for covariates.ResultsAmong the 67,281 school students, males constituted 51.9% of the sample. Approximately 47.1% of the entire sample reported no sports participation, and the average resilience score was 24.7. The regression model analysis revealed that, in the entire sample, increased in sports participation was linked to higher resilience scores (odds ratio [OR] for 1–3 times per month: 1.20, 95%CI: 1.16–1.24; OR for 1–2 times per week: 1.38, 95%CI: 1.33–1.43; OR for 3 times or more per week: 1.72, 95%CI: 1.65–1.79). Analyses stratified by gender and school grade indicated that sports participation was consistently associated with greater resilience.ConclusionThis study provides cross-sectional evidence supporting the positive association between sports participation and the resilience of children and adolescents, underscoring the potential of encouraging sports participation as a strategy for promoting mental health resilience. The findings presented herein should be subject to further confirmation or refutation in future research endeavors.