Identification of property in Imami jurisprudence and, accordingly, in Iranian law, is conditional on having exchange value, legitimacy, possession and transferability. Unusual digital tokens that have created a huge transformation in the field of intellectual property rights and virtual objects are known from the perspective of common property; However, the mere customary identification of its property is not the reason for the validity of the property from a jurisprudential and legal point of view, and other conditions for property identification must be met. This research, with a descriptive and analytical method and using library and internet tools, deals with the feasibility of applying the taxation conditions in Iranian law and Imami jurisprudence to Non-Fungible Token. related to property, such as whether it is movable or immovable, the ability to seize it, etc. in relation to this issue in future research. The results of the research indicate the conformity of the four criteria for identification of ownership obtained from the summation of the opinions of Imamiyyah jurists and the custom of economists on digital tokens. Therefore, such tokens in virtual space have financial conditions and will be classified as assets, and civil and commercial legal effects will follow them.1. Introduction
The world has entered a new era since the beginning of the 1980s. Understanding what it is and why it is and understanding the necessary planning to cope with it requires the use of new concepts and theories. Virtual space, as a product of new information and communication technology, has a decisive role in this. This real space, which is an extension of human society in the context of information and communication technology, is an infinite space that organizes all kinds of interactions through information and communication in a digital context. In this space, regardless of the limitation caused by physical geography, extensive communication between persons with each other, persons with objects and objects with each other is provided through computers and in a digital process.
One of the latest phenomena of organizing economic and non-economic interactions in the virtual space is called blockchain, which has created a huge evolution in terms of security, speed and transparency of data. Blockchain technology has brought many derivatives to humanity, one of the most prominent of which is Non-Federal Digital Tokens (NFT). These tokens have various applications in the field of economy, trade, culture, politics and other social and interactive affairs of humans with each other, humans with objects and objects with each other. Although today, art, business, and music are at the forefront of using this tool, and the buying and selling of things such as works of art, digital books, and in fact anything that can be converted into this type of token has become common.
The basic question regarding these tokens is that according to these economic functions, from the perspective of Imami jurisprudence and according to Iranian law, do these tokens have the conditions to be recognized as property so that it can be assumed that they can be owned and have legal effects on them? or that if buying and selling takes place, it is only for the common practice and basically these tokens do not have juridical value. The purpose of this research is to investigate the conformity of property identification criteria in Imamiyyah jurisprudence and Iranian law on non-homologous digital tokens.
Considering that previous researches have generally dealt with finance in the cyber space or paid attention to cryptocurrencies in general, the present research has this innovation that it specifically deals with the finance of non-traditional digital tokens, which until the time of writing this article, in Persian sources, there is no research in this field. The context is not visible.
2. Methodology
The method used for this research is descriptive-analytical. In this article, two categories of sources are used: the first category includes authentic books of Imami jurisprudence, laws related to property rights in Iran's legal system, and authentic articles that serve as a reference for obtaining the nature of property and the criteria required for token comparison. Non-homosexual digital tokens are considered in Imamiya and Iranian jurisprudence, and the second category includes valid educational courses, international authoritative articles and sites that are used to obtain the required information related to non-homosexual digital tokens.
Non-Fungible Token in Iran, like in other countries, is a new phenomenon and does not have a diverse and extensive research history. in other words, this article is the first research in Iran's legal system that comments on the property of these virtual objects.
It should be noted that some limited research related to the rights of Non-Fungible Token in Iran has been done in the form of a thesis in the field of intellectual and intellectual property rights, such as the role of Non-Fungible Token in supporting intellectual property rights at the University of Tehran.
3. Results and Discussion
In order to identify any issue in terms of whether it is tax or not, it is necessary to determine the classification of the issue, because each classification of property requires its own criteria for taxation. In Iranian law, property is divided into the same category as tangible property and benefits. A benefit that is included in the category of property can be manifested in two forms, object or service. As a result, in general, regardless of whether the subject of property is object or benefit, property can be considered in this division according to its different nature, object or service. Any non-physical activity that is transferred from its provider to the applicant is called a service, the characteristics of services include intangibility, non-storability, uniqueness, customer participation in services, and inseparability. In contrast to services, Non-Fungible Token have the ability to be stored in digital wallets, they are also independent of their creator after production and are portable in the virtual space through transfer on the blockchain platform, as a result, digital tokens are not considered services in this division and they should be put it in the category of tangible property.
The basis for examining the wealth criteria of tangible property can be pure Imamiyyah jurisprudence or special economic custom, which includes the opinions of economists. In Imamiyyah jurisprudence, there are three views on the property of the subjects, according to the first point of view, the mere presence of some kind of halal benefit is sufficient to consider the subject as property, but the criticism that can be made to this opinion is that there are some subjects that in the perspective of Iranian law And custom has value, but their benefit is not a generic; Like the photo of the father of the family, which has no benefit in generic standard, while it is very important for his family, and each member of the family may pay a lot of money to the owner to get this photo. The second view considers having a legitimate interest to be enough to be property, but this opinion is also incomplete; Because it is true that the condition of having a legitimate interest is comprehensive; But after examining more opinions, we will realize that the mere benefit and legitimacy does not make the title of property on an issue true. The third and final view in Imamiyyah jurisprudence also considers rational benefit as the criterion for property, which, like the previous views, faces the problem of being incomplete; Because there are many examples in Iran that may have a small rational benefit; However, from the perspective of Imami jurisprudence, they should not be considered property; Like pork, which is not worth eating due to impurity in Iranian law. The opinions of economists are also incomplete just like Imamiyyah jurisprudence and cannot provide comprehensive criteria and obstacles to identify tangible property. The first opinion is the theory of value and utility, which was presented by some thinkers in the 19th century. According to this theory, like the third opinion of the Imami jurists, any subject that has a rational benefit is considered property, while the mere possession of a rational benefit is not considered property and it is not under the ownership of individuals, for example, consider air, it is true that it has the rational benefit of life for humans, but it cannot be considered as property and considered as the property of limited individuals. The second opinion in the specific economic custom is the theory of value resulting from the cost of production and labor, which was presented by Adam Smith, so everything that is created based on human labor has value, but this opinion is also incomplete. Some examples of property, such as horses, are without value. The fact that a person does something on them, they are considered independently from the perspective of custom and property law.
In general, according to the fact that each of the examined opinions is incomplete, the criteria of tangible property should be found in the examination of the relationship between people and property, with a little thought in this connection, four criteria of having an exchange value that causes demand, having juridical and legal legitimacy, ability to possess and transferability can be declared as the criteria of tangible property and concluded that the criteria of tangible property in Iranian law is a combination of Imamiyyah jurists and the special custom of economists. on the same basis, Iranian law has established rules in paragraph 3 of article 190 and articles 215, 240, 348, 422, 637, 754, 773 that imply compliance with these criteria for tangible property. in the end, to check the value of digital tokens, it is necessary to verify the existence of the mentioned criteria in this type of virtual object. Non-fungible tokens due to multiple and unique applications such as creating wealth through selling works of art and playing games and creating virtual property security through providing intellectual and intellectual property rights qualify for the first criterion, i.e. having an exchange value that creates demand. In relation to the second criterion, in Imami jurisprudence as the basis of Iranian law, there are principles that can be used to leave it in case of doubt, in relation to non-fungible tokens due to the lack of a source that indicates sanctity or non-sanctity. There is a doubt in legal and jurisprudential legitimacy that by using the principle of falsity and the principle of authenticity, it is possible to judge the legitimacy of non-fungible tokens, so non-sexual digital tokens have juridical and legal legitimacy as well. Captivability is also subject to the ability to be available and assigned, which non-fungible tokens are also eligible for this criterion because they have the ability to be stored in digital wallets. In order to verify transferability as the fourth criterion, it should be noted that one of the reasons that a person reproduces and offers a work in the form of non-fungible tokens is because it is possible to maintain the intellectual property rights related to his work by selling these works and earn income, the premise of making money in this way is the transfer of non-fungible tokens to the buyer of the work, which in practice is done through the payment of the blockchain network fee and transfer to the person's wallet, as a result, digital tokens are also transferable.
4. Conclusions and Future Research
Finally, according to the comparisons made and the arguments expressed, it can be claimed that according to Imami jurisprudence and Iranian law, these tokens are considered property and are included in the property category. Considering the definition of property for non-fungible tokens can be the introduction of new and important research that is suggested by the author of the following topics:
The issue of the legitimacy of non-fungible tokens has been examined in this article only using practical principles to solve the initial confusion and it is suggested that experts in Islamic sciences deal with this aspect in a more specialized manner.
By discovering the value of these tokens, as mentioned in the conclusion, new legal issues are created that can be investigated in this direction. The topics that can be suggested for research are:
1- matching transactions based on non-representative digital assets with certain contracts,
2- the nature of creating non-representative digital assets is a contract or an event.
3- Since the value of these tokens was determined in this research, it is suggested that the legislator, by introducing a new law or amending the previous laws, consider the laws related to the value of digital tokens as illegal and establish special rules related to it.
4. The identification of these tokens as property is the reason for the authenticity of the transactions whose subject is non-ideal digital tokens (if there are other conditions for the authenticity of the transactions). Create transactions of these tokens.
Regulation of industry, trade, and commerce. Occupational law, Islamic law
Cirrus clouds, formed through various atmospheric processes, vary in distribution and microphysical properties, playing distinct roles in regulating Earth’s radiative balance. This study examined the characteristics of cirrus clouds formed through different mechanisms, using joint radar and lidar observations from the A-Train satellite and the cirrus classifications from the Identification and Classification of Cirrus system. It was found that orographic cirrus, commonly observed near major mountains, shows a slight seasonal variation, being more frequent during summer. Frontal cirrus, typically forming along storm tracks over oceans, exhibits a global occurrence frequency of approximately 6% and accounts for one-fifth of total cloud, with higher occurrences in winter. These clouds have a moderate to high ice water content (IWC) due to the uplift of liquid droplets by frontal systems. Convective cirrus, mainly forming in tropical regions, reaches the greatest heights and thickness among all cirrus types, with a global occurrence frequency of about 13%, contributing nearly half of the total cirrus. These clouds exhibit the highest IWC and largest ice crystal sizes (Rice) among all cirrus types. Jet-stream cirrus, occurring around 10 km in midlatitudes, exhibits limited IWC and lower Rice values due to its restricted ability to generate cirrus. Synoptic cirrus, prevalent in subtropical and polar regions, is widely distributed across altitudes but is generally thin, with a lower IWC and lower ice crystal concentrations (Nice) due to weaker vertical velocities. This study underscores the importance of formation mechanisms in determining the distribution and microphysical properties of cirrus clouds.
Cloud contamination is a common problem in Earth observation that hinders various remote sensing applications. To address this problem, recent studies have employed deep neural networks and multi-modal data fusion to reconstruct cloud-free optical imagery. However, this task faces many challenges, such as: (1) the scarcity of suitable multi-modal datasets; (2) the ineffective use of feature correlations; and (3) the limited applicability of existing models. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes a novel solution that fuses high-spatial SAR and low-spatial optical data to reconstruct high-quality cloud-free multi-spectral optical products. First, a curated benchmark dataset, named SMILE-CR, is created with a realistic cloud simulation strategy. The SMILE-CR serves as a global and multi-modal cloud removal dataset for the Landsat-8 sensor, with Sentinel-1 and MODIS data as additional supplementary data. Second, a Transformer-based cloud removal network, abbreviated as CRformer, is developed with two novel modules: multi-head dense and sparse attention and multi-scale gated-dconv feed-forward network. The CRformer achieves global attention while suppressing the weak correlations and enhancing the multi-scale cloud features by filtering out invalid features. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated through extensive experiments. The results show that the CRformer surpasses the state-of-the-art cloud removal methods with significant improvements in both quantitative and qualitative metrics. The fusion of MODIS and Sentinel-1 data is shown to be effective and necessary in reconstructing Landsat-8 observations. Moreover, the CRformer model can be readily applied to reconstruct time-series cloud-free Landsat-8 products in Wuhan city, which can improve the average accuracy of land cover mapping by over 3%.
Ionel HAIDU, Anca-Paula CIURBA (PASTOR), Dorina IANC
et al.
The problem of this research stems from the fact that in Bihor County there are 75 localities that have one or more thermal water wells, of which only 8 locations can provide balneological treatment. The purpose of the research is to evaluate whether the geothermal potential of the region would be sustainable for the development of balneology in other localities as well. In order to meet the above-mentioned requirement, an interdisciplinary methodology was necessary, starting from geophysics and geology, including hydrogeology, chemistry, physics and ending with elements of tourism and balneological potential. The research methods refer to field work, the inventory of all locations that have geothermal resources, the creation of a database, the analysis of the stability and continuity over time of the source of thermalism, the analysis of the stability and time continuity of those physical-chemical properties that are suitable for balneology. In conclusion, out of the 67 locations that still cannot provide balneological treatment, only 20 could fulfil the sustainability criteria and are able to diversify the exploitation of thermal waters. There are 47 other locations that have unexploited boreholes, but despite this, we have come to the conclusion that balneology and tourism based on geothermal waters in Bihor County has a sustainable future in dozens of localities.
This study investigates the eco-geological environmental challenges faced by Jiangxia District, a mining region in Wuhan City. By combining field surveys, literature analysis and multi-source data such as remote sensing images and on-site monitoring data, an eco-geological environment quality (EGEQ) assessment system was developed. The system consists of six indicators representing biological abundance, vegetation cover, land erosion, water abundance, surface deformation and socio-economic characteristics of the assessed area. The grey relational analysis method was utilized to calculate the weights of each indicator, and the eco-geological environment quality index (EGQI) value was obtained through the linear weighted method. The assessment results indicated a moderate grade of overall eco-geological condition in Jiangxia District between 2017 and 2021, with an 8.56% increase in the EGQI during that period. This suggests a stable and favorable eco-geo logical environment situation in the district during the specified timeframe.
Study region: China Study focus: This study focuses on the continental-scale spatiotemporal calibration of the Blaney–Criddle equation (BC) for different climate zones in China. Daily meteorological data from 82 weather stations in China were collected for the periods of 1970–2004 and 2005–2014, respectively, to calibrate and validate the BC model. The coefficients of the BC model were spatially and temporally calibrated in different climate types via a linear regression method. New hydrological insights for the region: (1) Performance of the quarterly calibrated BC model was the most satisfactory. Statistical indices were in the range of 0.449–0.797 mm d−1 for the mean absolute error, 0.567–0.969 mm d−1 for the root mean square error and 0.82–0.953 for the index of agreement. The accuracy ranges increased from 42.95–96.56 % to 87.18–98.74 %; (2) Correction coefficient b and a for every quarter was mapped. Value of b showed a bell-shaped consist with temperature, while a showed an opposite trend. The quarterly calibrated BC model provided satisfactory results in the temperate monsoon and temperate continental climate zones; and (3) results indicated maximum temperature was the most influential factor for reference evapotranspiration (ET0), followed by minimum temperature. This study provides a more accurate BC model to calculate ET0 for different climate types in China and a reference for agricultural decision-makers in irrigation areas that lack sufficient meteorological data.
Sachi D. Wong, Kenneth P. Wright, Robert L. Spencer
et al.
Abstract In humans, an adaptable internal biological system generates circadian rhythms that maintain synchronicity of behavior and physiology with the changing demands of the 24-h environment. Development of the circadian system begins in utero and continues throughout the first few years of life. Maturation of the clock can be measured through sleep/wake patterns and hormone secretion. Circadian rhythms, by definition, can persist in the absence of environmental input; however, their ability to adjust to external time cues is vital for adaptation and entrainment to the environment. The significance of these external factors that influence the emergence of a stable circadian clock in the first years of life remain poorly understood. Infants raised in our post-modern world face adverse external circadian signals, such as artificial light and mistimed hormonal cues via breast milk, which may increase interference with the physiological mechanisms that promote circadian synchronization. This review describes the very early developmental stages of the clock and common circadian misalignment scenarios that make the developing circadian system more susceptible to conflicting time cues and temporal disorder between the maternal, fetal, infant, and peripheral clocks.
Abstract Here, we review the history and the trends in the research on the nonvisual effect of light in the field of physiological anthropology. Research on the nonvisual effect of light in the field of physiological anthropology was pioneered by Sato and colleagues in the early 1990s. These authors found that the color temperature of light affected physiological functions in humans. The groundbreaking event with regard to the study of nonvisual effects of light was the discovery of the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in the mammalian retina in the early 2000s. The interest of the physiological anthropology scientific community in the nonvisual effects of light has been increasing since then. A total of 61 papers on nonvisual effects of light were published in the Journal of Physiological Anthropology (including its predecessor journals) until October 2018, 14 papers (1.4/year) in the decade from 1992 to 2001, 45 papers (2.8/year) in the 16 years between 2002 and 2017, and two papers in 2018 (January–October). The number of papers on this topic has been increasing in recent years. We categorized all papers according to light conditions, such as color temperature of light, light intensity, and monochromatic light. Among the 61 papers, 11 papers were related to color temperature, 20 papers were related to light intensity, 18 papers were related to monochromatic light, and 12 papers were classified as others. We provide an overview of these papers and mention future research prospects.
To support implementation of the Paris Agreement, the new HAPPI ensemble of 20 bias-corrected simulations of four climate models was used to drive two global hydrological models, WaterGAP and LPJmL, for assessing freshwater-related hazards and risks in worlds approximately 1.5 °C and 2 °C warmer than pre-industrial. Quasi-stationary HAPPI simulations are better suited than transient CMIP-like simulations for assessing hazards at the two targeted long-term global warming (GW) levels. We analyzed seven hydrological hazard indicators that characterize freshwater-related hazards for humans, freshwater biota and vegetation. Using a strict definition for significant differences, we identified for all but one indicator that areas with either significantly wetter or drier conditions (calculated as percent changes from 2006–2015) are smaller in the 1.5 °C world. For example, 7 day high flow is projected to increase significantly on 11% and 21% of the global land area at 1.5 °C and 2 °C, respectively. However, differences between hydrological hazards at the two GW levels are significant on less than 12% of the area. GW affects a larger area and more people by increases—rather than by decreases—of mean annual and 1-in-10 dry year streamflow, 7 day high flow, and groundwater recharge. The opposite is true for 7 day low flow, maximum snow storage, and soil moisture in the driest month of the growing period. Mean annual streamflow shows the lowest projected percent changes of all indicators. Among country groups, low income countries and lower middle income countries are most affected by decreased low flows and increased high flows, respectively, while high income countries are least affected by such changes. The incremental impact between 1.5 °C and 2 °C on high flows would be felt most by low income and lower middle income countries, the effect on soil moisture and low flows most by high income countries.
Jorge Machuca Sepúlveda, Matilde López Muñoz, Miguel Castillo-Soto
Se propone un modelo de cuantificación para definir la calidad hídrica en un ecosistema acuático en la ecorregión mediterránea de Chile. Este permite la superposición de información tanto cuantitativa (parámetros fisicoquímicos y biológicos) como cualitativa (usos del suelo). Dicha información se traduce a índices de calidad hídrica como elementos que componen unidades de análisis en un entorno de sistemas de información geográfica. Se utilizaron las siguientes variables: Conductividad eléctrica, pH, Solidos disueltos totales, Temperatura superficial del agua Índice biótico Diatómico General e Índice biótico de familias para macroinvertebrados bentónicos, los cuales estructuraron seis mapas temáticos, mientras que la información de usos del suelo cumple la función de caracterizar las zonas adyacentes al borde del humedal. El resultado final es la visualización cartográfica mediante métodos geoestadísticos (interpolación por Kriging ordinario y Distancia inversa ponderada), de la calidad hídrica combinada del humedal, acorde a la normativa chilena encontrada para este aspecto. El mapa resultante está definido por valores y/o clases de calidad hídrica, las cuales pueden ser interpretables y flexibles en cuanto a sus valores de corte o valores límite. En general, esta proposición provee de una valiosa herramienta visual que facilita el entendimiento de la planificación de los humedales, el potencial manejo de sus zonas adyacentes y un procedimiento metodológico para el monitoreo y evaluación de la calidad hídrica, la cual puede ser aplicable a otros humedales.
Francisco Willian Rodrigues Abreu, Gilney Monteiro Barbosa
O presente estudo caracteriza os componentes geoambientais do maciço úmido de Maranguape, com área aproximada de 117 km², situado entre os municípios de Maranguape, Caucaia e Maracanaú, no estado do Ceará, com uma distância média de 27 km de Fortaleza (capital) e fazendo parte da compartimentação dos maciços pré-litorâneos. Carregando aspectos ambientais distintos das áreas circundantes no semiárido cearense, especificamente das depressões interplanálticas e intermontanas, o maciço úmido em questão apresenta condições fundamentais ligados ao clima, à vegetação, ao solo e à hidrologia que certamente chama a atenção daqueles que almejam utilizar-se da terra e dos recursos naturais que ele dispõe. O estudo em si, feito de forma preliminar, trouxe diversos elementos para o debate geomorfológico e ambiental dentro de um contexto teórico e empírico, onde a serra de Maranguape foi o foco. O resultado da pesquisa pode ser apreciado a partir da caracterização dos componentes geoambientais da área e das suas relações mútuas, onde a estrutura e litologia têm implicações diretas no desenvolvimento do relevo e incide sobre a diversidade de solos, na disponibilidade de recursos hídricos que diretamente afetam no quadro fitogeográfico e nas potencialidades dos recursos naturais disponíveis.
Luis Felipe Xavier Valdivino, Luciola Silva de Matos, Francisca Leiliane Sousa de Oliveira
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo principal utilizar-se das técnicas de geoprocessamento aplicado na identificação de áreas com acessibilidade comprometida na Comunidade Alto Bela Vista, no município de Pacoti, Ceará. A pesquisa foi operacionalizada através de levantamentos e revisão bibliográfica e atividades de campo. Além da utilização do Software Google Earth Pro para identificação das residências. Visando nortear a população e as autoridades acerca das condições de acessibilidade na comunidade Alto Bela Vista e as principais barreiras urbanísticas enfrentadas pela população, em especial as pertencentes ao grupo de pessoas mais vulneráveis como crianças menores de dez anos, idosos com mais de sessenta anos e pessoas com dificuldade de locomoção, foi apresentado um panorama atual das condições de acessibilidade na comunidade, sendo quantificado o número de moradores que são afetados pela precária infraestrutura urbana do bairro. Além disso, constatou-se que na comunidade Alto Bela Vista verificou-se que a precária situação da infraestrutura urbana não vêm atendendo de forma hábil aos moradores, em especial os mais vulneráveis, que representam 13,6% da população residente na comunidade. Por fim, vale ressaltar que o presente estudo encontra-se em estágio inicial, evidenciando-se a necessidade de prosseguir com as análises pertinentes ao planejamento urbano atrelado as geotecnologias.
Metriorhynchidae was the only Crocodylomorpha with a pelagic marine lifestyle. Related to this lifestyle, its peculiar body plan al- lows clearly differentiate them from others Crocodylomorpha. The fossil record of metriorhynchids from Tithonian–Berriasian levels of the Vaca Muerta Formation (Neuquén Basin, Argentina) is outstanding, in terms of quantitative and qualitative record. Its taxonomical diversity is composed by four taxa: Cricosaurus araucanensis, Cricosaurus lithographicus, Dakosaurus andiniensis, and Purranisaurus potens. This fossil record is also characterized by the tridimensional preservation of the materials and by the preservation of numerous natural endocasts of the skull cavities. Here, I made a description of the natural endocasts of the brain of Cricosaurus araucanensis together with a synthesis of the advances in the knowledge of these four taxa that were performed during the last years. The information that provides the endocasts, to- gether with the quantity of endocasts, make of the Patagonian fossil record of metriorhynchids a key to the exploration and reconstruction of soft anatomy of these crocodylomorphs, and for the understanding of the physiological changes that accompanied the structural changes of the skeleton. Understanding these changes will allow defining the key innovations that allowed to the metriorhynchids conquer the pelagic environment, unparalleled among archosaurs.
Este texto tem como objetivo discutir a relação 'Políticas públicas e a questão agrária', tendo como referência a teoria social marxista – o materialismo histórico –, sobre a natureza e o papel do Estado
Human ecology. Anthropogeography, Physical geography
María Juliana Raja García, Pedro Miralles Martínez
Physical geography has a long tradition in the field of education, given the importance of the content that it covers. This content acts as the base of Geography, fundamental for understanding the rest of the discipline, and to understanding the social sciences in general. Furthermore, its study permits its students to develop the skills and abilities necessary for both academic and social growth.
The main objective of this study is to determine the evolution of the treatment of physical geography in the three main periods of change to Spain’s national curriculum over the past decades.
In order to do this, the study is based on what continues to be the main resource in the social studies classroom, the textbook. Today, textbooks are also used alongside new teaching resources (ICT), but remain highly valued for their functionality.
O artigo analisa a contribuição do geógrafo pernambucano Manuel Correia de Andrade (1922-2007) sobre as relações entre geografia e economia e a imperiosidade do caráter não disciplinar do planejamento como um dos instrumentos de minimização das desigualdades territoriais e sociais. Evita-se a pretensão de dissecar as bases teóricas do autor, pois ela está disseminada em quase uma centena de livros publicados desde o final dos anos de 1950 e centenas de artigos e plaquetes. Objetiva-se identificar numa parte da trajetória do mestre pernambucano a afirmação de uma formulação analítica: a formação econômica e social. O artigo está dividido em três partes. A primeira realiza um breve relato de sua trajetória intelectual procurando identificar elementos que o posicionam como um dos grandes geógrafos brasileiros. Na segunda parte busca-se o encontro das possibilidades abertas pelas ligações entre Geografia e Economia e encerra-se o texto com a emergência da retomada do planejamento com um dos instrumentos do crescimento para o desenvolvimento de para o analise e superação das desigualdades sociais e territoriais.
Human ecology. Anthropogeography, Physical geography
Harvey W. Armstrong, Benito Giordano, Thanasis Kizos
et al.
This paper presents results from a regional policy evaluation study conducted for the European Commission. The study examined the impact of the European Regional Development Fund and Cohesion Fund on EU regions with ‘specific geographical characteristics’, namely islands, mountain regions and sparsely populated areas. These types of regions have been attracting increasing EU regional policy attention and their economic development is considered important in helping the EU to attain its important ‘territorial cohesion’ objective. The focus of this paper is on the island regions. Evaluation of island regions in their own right has not been undertaken before by the EU. The study focuses on the 200006 and (still ongoing) 200713 EU regional policy programs. The paper presents the methodology adopted by the study before turning to the main findings concerning the types of policy initiatives adopted in the island regions, and the appropriateness of the policies used for the economic situation faced by the islands. The islands encompassed by the study are all normal subnational regions of EU member states. Islands with an unusual degree of administrative autonomy (e.g. the Outermost Regions) were excluded.