Hasil untuk "Physical anthropology. Somatology"

Antoine Pictet, Serge Ferry, Lara Pietra

This study presents a high-resolution biostratigraphic analysis of a nearly 30 km long platform-to-slope transect on the southern margin of the Vercors Urgonian platform, based on detailed ammonite data. The primary objective is to refine the chronostratigraphic framework of the upper Barremian Urgonian series and to reassess the timing and significance of marlstone intercalations within the carbonate succession. For this purpose, more than 100 ammonite specimens were collected along the transect at various stratigraphic levels. All standard ammonite biozones and most subzones of the upper Barremian have been confidently identified, allowing precise dating of key sedimentary and stratigraphic events. A central issue concerns the platform-to-basin correlation of Paquier’s so-called “Heteroceras marlstone”, which conflates two distinct marly intercalations of different ages under a single term. We distinguish two major marlstone complexes – (1) Ambel / Font Froide – La Béguère and (2) Pas de la Couronne / La Révolte / Lower Orbitolina Beds – that have been variously attributed to, or confused with, the Heteroceras marlstone by Paquier, his followers, and his detractors. Based on ammonite biostratigraphy, only the second complex can be confidently correlated with the Heteroceras marlstone. Together with the Upper Orbitolina Beds, these intervals are interpreted as recording three successive ingressions, the final one marking the ultimate demise of the Urgonian platform near the Barremian–Aptian boundary. This revised biostratigraphic framework clarifies long-standing stratigraphic ambiguities, strengthens regional correlations, and provides new insights into the timing and mechanisms of Lower Cretaceous carbonate platform evolution in the western Tethys.

Ali Taani

We summarize the current state of the art and calculate gravitational wave strain amplitudes for known binary pulsars, using data from current ground-based detectors (LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA) and the upcoming space-based missions (LISA). We present detailed calculations of the characteristic gravitational wave strain values, ranging from 3.0 to 73 $\times10^{-22}$, across frequencies between 0.66 and 5.87 $\times10^{-4}$ Hz. Our post-Newtonian approximation analysis yields predicted periastron advance rates from 1.6 to 80.5 deg/yr and orbital period decay rates between -5 and -176 $μ$s/yr for the binary pulsar population. We derive common envelope efficiency parameters ($α_{CE}$) for representative progenitor scenarios within our sample, finding values between 0.63 and 1.16, with notable sensitivity to the binding energy parameter $λ$. Binary neutron star merger rates are estimated at $22.77^{+6.83}_{-6.83}$ Myr$^{-1}$ for the Milky Way, corresponding to a volumetric rate of $227.71^{+68.31}_{-68.31}$ Gpc$^{-3}$ yr$^{-1}$, consistent with the latest LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observational constraints. Our results illustrate how multi-band gravitational wave observations, from LIGO/Virgo to LISA, can contribute to precise measurements of binary pulsar strain and orbital evolution histories, improving merger time predictions and constraining neutron star physics and common envelope processes

Madison Clarke, Tyler Bonnell, Rosemary Blersch et al.

We assess the proposition that intergroup conflict (IGC) in non-human primates offers a useful comparison for studies of human IGC and its links to parochial altruism and prosociality. That is, for non-linguistic animals, social network integration and maternal influence promote juvenile engagement in IGC and can serve as the initial grounding for sociocultural processes that drive human cooperation. Using longitudinal data from three cohorts of non-adult vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus), we show that non-adults are sensitive to personal (age) and situational risk (participant numbers). The frequency and intensity of participation, although modulated by rank and temperament, both mirrors maternal participation and reflects non-adult centrality in the grooming network. The possibility of social induction is corroborated by the distribution of grooming during IGC, with non-adults being more likely to be groomed if they were female, higher-ranking and participants themselves. Mothers were more likely to groom younger offspring participants of either sex, whereas other adults targeted higher-ranking female participants. Although we caution against a facile alignment of these outcomes to human culturally mediated induction, there is merit in considering how the embodied act of participation and the resultant social give-and-take might serve as the basis for a unified comparative investigation of prosociality.

LI Chun-Xiao, TANG Jian-Rong, WANG Shi-Qi, WANG Lin-Chang, ZHENG Ying-Kai, DENG Ke, LIN Min, CHEN Run-Sheng, ZHOU Guo-Wu, CHEN Zhong-Yang

Stegolophodon is an age-informative genus of mammals that had a widespread distribution during the Neogene. This paper reports the discovery of Stegolophodon fossils from the Middle Miocene lower Fotan Formation at the Zhangpu locality, Fujian Province, China. This discovery represents the first evidence of Neogene proboscidean fossils in southeastern China. The newly found molar materials have low tooth crowns, very straight lophs/lophids, and an indistinct median sulcus. The mesoconelets and posterior cingulum are well-developed, while the second posterior pretrite central conule is significantly reduced. These specimens closely resemble Stegolophodon pseudolatidens in cheek tooth morphology, and can thus be attributed to the same species. This discovery fills a gap in the fossil record of large mammals in this region during the Neogene and provides valuable insights into the evolution of proboscideans and paleoenvironments.

Muhammad Yarahmadi, Amin Salehi

We present a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) framework for reconstructing the redshift-dependent Hubble parameter \(H(z)\) within the Tsallis Holographic Dark Energy (THDE) model extended by massive neutrinos. In this approach, the modified Friedmann equation is incorporated into the neural network loss function, enabling training on Cosmic Chronometers data up to \(z \leq 2\). The framework allows for the simultaneous estimation of the Hubble constant \(H_0\), the neutrino density parameter \(Ω_ν\), and the Tsallis non-extensivity index \(δ\). Uncertainty quantification is performed through dropout simulations, resulting in statistically consistent \(1σ\) confidence bands. Our results show that the THDE+$ν$ model, reconstructed via PINN, alleviates the statistical Hubble tension from the canonical \(\sim 5σ\) level down to a range of \(0.5σ\leq T \leq 2.2σ\), depending on the redshift sampling. Additionally, we constrain the total neutrino mass to \(Σm_ν< 0.11\,\text{eV}\). A detailed comparison with the traditional Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis demonstrates the consistency of both methods, while highlighting the competitiveness of the PINN-based THDE framework as a robust, data-driven approach for non-parametric cosmological inference within generalized thermodynamics.

Chen Wang, Chuhao Chen, Yiming Huang et al.

Existing video generation models excel at producing photo-realistic videos from text or images, but often lack physical plausibility and 3D controllability. To overcome these limitations, we introduce PhysCtrl, a novel framework for physics-grounded image-to-video generation with physical parameters and force control. At its core is a generative physics network that learns the distribution of physical dynamics across four materials (elastic, sand, plasticine, and rigid) via a diffusion model conditioned on physics parameters and applied forces. We represent physical dynamics as 3D point trajectories and train on a large-scale synthetic dataset of 550K animations generated by physics simulators. We enhance the diffusion model with a novel spatiotemporal attention block that emulates particle interactions and incorporates physics-based constraints during training to enforce physical plausibility. Experiments show that PhysCtrl generates realistic, physics-grounded motion trajectories which, when used to drive image-to-video models, yield high-fidelity, controllable videos that outperform existing methods in both visual quality and physical plausibility. Project Page: https://cwchenwang.github.io/physctrl

CMS Collaboration

A search for new physics in events featuring a single photon and missing transverse momentum is presented, using proton-proton $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 101 fb$^{-1}$ collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC between 2017 and 2018. This analysis, combined with a previous study of 36 fb$^{-1}$ of 2016 data (totaling 137 fb$^{-1}$), reveals no significant deviations from standard model expectations. The results are then used to establish 95% confidence level limits on parameters in theoretical models involving dark matter and large extra dimensions. Compared to the 2016-only analysis, this search achieves up to a 14% improvement in exclusion reach for mediator masses in simplified dark matter models, along with 11% and 1% enhancements in the limits on the effective field theory suppression scale and the fundamental Planck scale, respectively. These results are the most stringent constraints on these parameters to date.

Christian Klug, Timur Sivgin, Feiko Miedema et al.

Abstract Switzerland is an ichthyosaur country: it has a rich record of marine reptile fossils, particularly the fish-shaped ichthyosaurs, and the according research. Here, we provide an overview over the 12 or more genera and at least 13 species plus numerous fragmentary remains of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic to the Cretaceous that have been discovered in twelve cantons thus far, of which four species are based on Swiss holotypes. This wealth of ichthyosaur species can be explained by their abundance in the Middle Triassic conservation deposits (Konservat Lagerstätte) of Monte San Giorgio, as well as occasional discoveries in strata of Middle Triassic to Early Cretaceous age. The moderate abundance of outcrops in reasonable conditions in combination with the long history of palaeontological research in Switzerland explains this good fossil record. In addition to this unique overview, we provide more data for further studies and update the knowledge of these taxa.

Vidrige H. Kandza, Haneul Jang, Francy Kiabiya Ntamboudila et al.

Understanding the dynamics of inter-group cooperation in human adaptation has been the subject of recent empirical and theoretical studies in evolutionary anthropology, beginning to fill gaps in our knowledge of how interactions across political, economic and social domains can – and often do – lead to stable, large-scale cooperation. Here we investigate dyadic intergroup cooperation in shotgun hunting in the Republic of the Congo. In the Congo Basin, inter-group cooperation between foragers and farmers is at the centre of an exchange system maintained by traditional norms and institutions such as fictive kinship. Here, we focused on what factors predict cooperative shotgun hunting exchanges between BaYaka and Yambe. We conducted structured interviews with 48 BaYaka hunters and 18 Yambe men who organise hunts in a village along the Motaba River. We used Bayesian multilevel regression models to investigate the influence of Yambe and BaYaka attributes on probability of dyadic cooperation. We found that BaYaka men's reputations as skilled hunters and their family size each predicted cooperation in shotgun hunting, whereas there was no effect of Yambe attributes (status, wealth, family size). We discuss the results in terms of evolutionary models of men as hunters and inter-group cooperation, as well as biodiversity conservation implications.

ROMAIN BURLOT, LAURA CODORNIÚ, LENNA DEFEND et al.

The hindlimb of pterosaurs has been much less studied than the pterosaur wing. However, it is relevant to understand the evolution, phylogeny and ecology of these animals. This study provides the first complete and detailed description of the ankle of Pterodaustro guinazui. It documents three ontogenetic stages observed for the fusion of the tibiotarsus: in the youngest specimens the proximal tarsals are not fused to the tibia; in the subadults the tibiotarsus is formed, but with the suture still visible; in the adults, the tibiotarsus is entirely formed, without any suture. The fusion between astragalus and calcaneum precedes tibiotarsal fusion, but in close succession. The medial condyle of the tibiotarsus is made up of the astragalus, and the lateral condyle is composed of the calcaneum and part of the astragalus. The distal tibiotarsus has three articular facets, the most medial of which seems to greatly restrict the flexion-extension movement, a feature atypical of pterosaurs. The lateral part of the distal tibiotarsus, on the contrary, allows a very wide range of movement. Pterodaustro guinazui seems to have had an asymmetrical ankle joint, which could facilitate movements linked to wading behavior. We describe juvenile specimens that retain discrete distal tarsals Ⅱ and Ⅲ (common in the “non-pterodactyloid” pterosaurs), but also more mature specimens with completely fused distal tarsals Ⅱ and Ⅲ (a condition always observed in the late pterodactyloids). Moreover, the lateral distal tarsal (LDT) appears more robust in Pterodaustro than in Peteinosaurus or Dimorphodon, but shares a waisted shape with these taxa, unlike the more robust shape of the LDT of late pterodacty-loids. The new information on the Pterodaustro ankle improves our anatomical knowledge of the basal Pterodactyloidea.

Emily Adlam

Recent developments in foundations of physics have given rise to a class of views suggesting that physically meaningful descriptions must always be relativized to a physical perspective. In this article I distinguish between strong physical perspectivalism, which maintains that all facts must be relativized to a perspective, and moderate physical perspectivalism, which maintains that all empirically meaningful descriptions must be relativized to a perspective. I argue that both scientific evidence and philosophical considerations support moderate physical perspectivalism over strong physical perspectivalism. In particular, motivations connected to epistemic humility and the social nature of science are more compatible with the moderate approach.

Vineet Jagadeesan Nair, Priyank Srivastava, Anuradha Annaswamy

We propose using a hierarchical retail market structure to alert and dispatch resources to mitigate cyber-physical attacks on a distribution grid. We simulate attacks where a number of generation nodes in a distribution grid are attacked. We show that the market is able to successfully meet the shortfall between demand and supply by utilizing the flexibility of remaining resources while minimizing any extra power that needs to be imported from the main transmission grid. This includes utilizing upward flexibility or reserves of remaining online generators and some curtailment or shifting of flexible loads, which results in higher costs. Using price signals and market-based coordination, the grid operator can achieve its objectives without direct control over distributed energy resources and is able to accurately compensate prosumers for the grid support they provide.

Biao Wu

The world of mathematics is often considered abstract, with its symbols, concepts, and topics appearing unrelated to physical objects. However, it is important to recognize that the development of mathematics is fundamentally influenced by a basic fact: mathematicians and computers are physical objects subject to the laws of physics. Through an analysis of the Turing machine, it becomes evident that Turing and his contemporaries overlooked a physical possibility: information carriers can be quantum systems. As a result, computing models like the Turing machine can only process classical information, limiting their computing power. Gödel's incompleteness theorem highlights the basic fact that mathematicians and computers are made up of finite numbers of atoms and molecules. They can only start with a finite number of axioms, use a finite number of symbols and deduction rules, and arrive at theorems with a finite number of steps. While the number of proofs may be infinite after including all future mathematicians and computers, they must still be enumerable. In contrast, the number of mathematical statements is uncountable, meaning that there will always be mathematical statements that cannot be proved true or false. Just as Landauer claimed that information is physical, mathematics is also physical, limited or empowered by the physical entities that carry it out or embody it.

Kazuo Yonekura

This short note describes the concept of guided training of deep neural networks (DNNs) to learn physically reasonable solutions. DNNs are being widely used to predict phenomena in physics and mechanics. One of the issues of DNNs is that their output does not always satisfy physical equations. One approach to consider physical equations is adding a residual of equations into the loss function; this is called physics-informed neural network (PINN). One feature of PINNs is that the physical equations and corresponding residual must be implemented as part of a neural network model. In addition, the residual does not always converge to a small value. The proposed model is a physics-guided generative adversarial network (PG-GAN) that uses a GAN architecture in which physical equations are used to judge whether the neural network's output is consistent with physics. The proposed method was applied to a simple problem to assess its potential usability.

A. Omar

This paper contains a study of symbols which represent the objects hill and mountain, with data taken from 53 Malaysian languages and dialects over several decades. The objectives include constructing the ontology of the semantics of the words that represent the names for these objects, and to expose the connection between language and culture in these names. The theory I apply in the analysis is the theory of the sign. In Ferdinand de Saussure’s theory, the sign is the language symbol, as the union of the signifier and the signified. I also apply Roland Barthes’ application of Saussure’s theory with modification to suit non-language symbols; here the sign is the object. From the analysis, the results present a picture of processes of the developments of the semantics and the phylogenetics of the words that refer to the objects, that is, the toponyms. From the anthropological aspect of the study, I argue that, while the meaning differences of the objects taken to be hill and mountain in English are shown through their height and size, this is not the case in the Malay language. In the Malay language, while physical features of these objects are recognized by society, the cultural and psychological factors seem to override the physical ones to indicate a mountain as different from a hill.

О. Гарус

В статье на основе полевых материалов автора и научной антропологической и медицинской литературы анализируется специфика лечения и реабилитации после COVID-19 методами традиционной китайской медицины (ТКМ), рассматриваются сообщения информантов о побочных эффектах от перенесенного коронавируса и методы их устранения с помощью ТКМ, а также культурные составляющие данных процессов в Китае и в России. В китайской системе здравоохранения официально практикуется сочетание ТКМ и биомедицины, в частности, такая синергия применялась в лечении и реабилитации после COVID-19. В период реабилитации после перенесенного коронавируса также использовалось сочетание двух медицинских систем, что давало максимальный терапевтический эффект. В российском обществе есть значительный спрос на ТКМ, поскольку люди ищут альтернативные официальной системе пути лечения и реабилитации. Несмотря на то, что в РФ ТКМ не является официальной составляющей системы здравоохранения, она применяется в частных клиниках, число которых только Москве превысило 50. Пациентов привлекает индивидуальный подход и отсутствие побочных эффектов –– учитывается не только само заболевание, но и состояние больного, местоположение, его привычки и даже время года, когда проходит лечение. В этом плане ТКМ сильно отличается от биомедицины, в которой все манипуляции и назначения происходят по стандартизированным медицинским протоколам. Based on the author’s field materials and academic anthropological and medical literature, the article analyzes the specifics of treatment and rehabilitation after COVID-19 using Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) methods, discusses informants’ experiences of side effects from the coronavirus and methods of their elimination using TCM, and the cultural components of these processes in China and Russia. The Chinese health care system officially practices a combination of TCM and biomedicine, in particular, such a synergy was applied in treatment and rehabilitation after COVID-19. During the rehabilitation period after coronavirus, a combination of the two medical systems was also used to maximize the therapeutic effect. There is a significant demand for TCM in Russian society as people seek alternative to the official medical system ways of treatment and rehabilitation. Although TCM is not an official part of the health care system in the Russian Federation, it is practiced in private clinics, the number of which exceeds 50 in Moscow alone. Patients are attracted by the individualized approach and lack of side effects — TCM takes into account not only the disease itself, but also the patient’s physical condition, location, habits, and even the time of year when treatment takes place. In this respect, TCM is very different from biomedicine, in which all manipulations and appointments follow standardized medical protocols.

Hugh D. Turpin, Aiyana K. Willard

Credibility Enhancing Displays have been shown to be an important component in the transmission of empirically unverifiable cultural content such as religious beliefs. Decreased Credibility Enhancing Displays are a major predictor of religious decline. However, because declines in belief are often paired with the decreasing importance of religious institutions, existing research has not yet shown the effect of Credibility Enhancing Displays as separate from this institutional decline. Here, we assess the role of past Credibility Enhancing Display exposure among the baptised Catholic population of Ireland in predicting who retains a Catholic identity and religious beliefs among those who reject the Catholic Church. We find that leaving Catholicism outright (i.e. ‘ex-Catholicism’) is predicted by low Credibility Enhancing Display exposure, but rejecting the Church while retaining a Catholic identity (i.e. ‘liminal Catholicism’) and theistic belief is not. High perceived prevalence of clerical paedophiles (i.e. religious hypocrisy) predicts both groups similarly. Higher exposure to Credibility Enhancing Displays predicts higher orthodox Catholic beliefs and Catholic morality among Catholics, but with inconsistent and even negative effects among the other groups. High perceived prevalence of clerical paedophiles predicts the rejection of orthodox Catholic beliefs, but not the rejection of theism or a Catholic identity.

Marina L. Butovskaya, Victoria V. Rostovtseva, Anna A. Mezentseva

Abstract Background In this paper, we investigate facial sexual dimorphism and its’ association with body dimorphism in Maasai, the traditional seminomadic population of Tanzania. We discuss findings on other human populations and possible factors affecting the developmental processes in Maasai. Methods Full-face anthropological photographs were obtained from 305 Maasai (185 men, 120 women) aged 17–90 years. Facial shape was assessed combining geometric morphometrics and classical facial indices. Body parameters were measured directly using precise anthropological instruments. Results Sexual dimorphism in Maasai faces was low, sex explained 1.8% of the total shape variance. However, male faces were relatively narrower and vertically prolonged, with slightly wider noses, narrower-set and lower eyebrows, wider mouths, and higher forehead hairline. The most sexually dimorphic regions of the face were the lower jaw and the nose. Facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR), measured in six known variants, revealed no significant sexual dimorphism. The allometric effects on facial traits were mostly related to the face growth, rather than the growth of the whole body (body height). Significant body dimorphism was demonstrated, men being significantly higher, with larger wrist diameter and hand grip strength, and women having higher BMI, hips circumferences, upper arm circumferences, triceps skinfolds. Facial and body sexual dimorphisms were not associated. Conclusions Facial sex differences in Maasai are very low, while on the contrary, the body sexual dimorphism is high. There were practically no associations between facial and body measures. These findings are interpreted in the light of trade-offs between environmental, cultural, and sexual selection pressures.

Jessica Chamberlin, Camryn Soehnlein, Jason Evans et al.

Salt marshes and mangroves are currently being affected by rising temperatures. Mangroves thrive below −29° N latitude in Florida, USA, and have a low tolerance for extreme cold events, whereas salt marshes dominate further north. One potential effect of climate change is a reduction in the frequency of extreme cold events, which may lead to mangrove expansion into salt marsh systems. Our research identified sediment proxy indicators of salt marsh and mangrove environments. These indicators were applied to soil cores from intertidal wetlands near the current northern limit of mangrove presence on the east coast of Florida, to determine if mangrove expansion into salt marsh environments has precedence in the deeper past. Our findings suggest that mangrove and salt marsh sediments can be distinguished using a combination of stable carbon isotope ratios of sedimentary organic matter and macroscopic plant fragments, and our results showed that a mangrove stand that we cored established only recently. This result is consistent with other work in the southeastern United States that suggests that mangroves established at the current boreal limit only recently after the end of the Little Ice Age, and that the current mangrove expansion may be fueled by anthropogenic climate change.

Céline Weber, Michael Hautmann, Amane Tajika et al.

Abstract The impact of increasing atmospheric CO2 and the resulting decreasing pH of seawater are in the focus of current environmental research. These factors cause problems for marine calcifiers such as reduced calcification rates and the dissolution of calcareous skeletons. While the impact on recent organisms is well established, little is known about long-term evolutionary consequences. Here, we assessed whether ammonoids reacted to environmental change by changing septal thickness. We measured the septal thickness of ammonoid phragmocones through ontogeny in order to test the hypothesis that atmospheric pCO2, seawater pH and other factors affected aragonite biomineralisation in ammonoids. Particularly, we studied septal thickness of ammonoids before and after the ocean acidification event in the latest Triassic until the Early Cretaceous. Early Jurassic ammonoid lineages had thinner septa relative to diameter than their Late Triassic relatives, which we tentatively interpret as consequence of a positive selection for reduced shell material as an evolutionary response to this ocean acidification event. This response was preserved within several lineages among the Early Jurassic descendants of these ammonoids. By contrast, we did not find a significant correlation between septal thickness and long-term atmospheric pCO2 or seawater pH, but we discovered a correlation with palaeolatitude.