Hasil untuk "Nutrition. Foods and food supply"

Jinha Jung, M. Maeda, Anjin Chang et al.

Modern agriculture and food production systems are facing increasing pressures from climate change, land and water availability, and, more recently, a pandemic. These factors are threatening the environmental and economic sustainability of current and future food supply systems. Scientific and technological innovations are needed more than ever to secure enough food for a fast-growing global population. Scientific advances have led to a better understanding of how various components of the agricultural system interact, from the cell to the field level. Despite incredible advances in genetic tools over the past few decades, our ability to accurately assess crop status in the field, at scale, has been severely lacking until recently. Thanks to recent advances in remote sensing and Artificial Intelligence (AI), we can now quantify field scale phenotypic information accurately and integrate the big data into predictive and prescriptive management tools. This review focuses on the use of recent technological advances in remote sensing and AI to improve the resilience of agricultural systems, and we will present a unique opportunity for the development of prescriptive tools needed to address the next decade's agricultural and human nutrition challenges.

R. Rizzoli, E. Biver, T. Brennan-Speranza

Yong-ling Yang, Yi-sheng Huang, Yu-long Bai et al.

BackgroundSepsis is a life-threatening condition with high mortality, necessitating early risk stratification. This study aimed to develop and validate a predictive nomogram for 28-day mortality in sepsis patients incorporating machine learning-selected biomarkers.MethodsA total of 1,350 sepsis patients were retrospectively enrolled and divided into training (n = 944) and testing (n = 406) sets. LASSO and Random Forest (RF) algorithms were applied to screen key biomarkers associated with mortality. A logistic regression model was constructed using the selected features, and a nomogram was developed by integrating these biomarkers with APACHE II, SOFA score, and shock status. Model performance was evaluated by AUC, calibration, and decision curve analysis (DCA). External validation was performed in an independent cohort of 120 patients.ResultsSix biomarkers consistently selected by both LASSO and RF were: procalcitonin (PCT), prognostic nutritional index (PNI), red blood cell count (RBC), platelet count (PLT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and indirect bilirubin (IBIL). Non-survivors exhibited significantly higher levels of PCT, ALT, and IBIL, and lower levels of RBC, PLT, and PNI compared to survivors (all P < 0.05). The logistic regression model demonstrated strong discrimination [AUC: 0.841 (95% CI: 0.814–0.868) in training set; 0.808 (95% CI: 0.769–0.847) in testing set]. The nomogram showed good calibration and favorable net clinical benefit across a wide range of threshold probabilities. In the external validation cohort, the model maintained excellent predictive performance with an AUC of 0.921 (95% CI: 0.876–0.966).ConclusionWe developed and validated a clinically useful nomogram incorporating nutrition-related biomarkers, particularly PNI, for predicting 28-day mortality in sepsis patients. The model demonstrates robust performance and highlights the importance of nutritional status in sepsis outcomes.

Zebiao Li, Xueying Wu, Chengyi Tu

The global food system has metamorphosed from a loose aggregation of bilateral exchanges into a highly intricate, interdependent Global Food Trade Network (FTN). This comprehensive review synthesizes the extant literature to examine the FTN through the rigorous lens of complex network science, moving beyond traditional economic trade models to quantify the system's topological architecture. We delineate the network's historical transition from a unipolar, efficiency-driven system dominated by Western hegemony to a multipolar, regionalized structure characterized by high clustering and scale-free heterogeneity. Special emphasis is placed on the dual nature of connectivity, which functions simultaneously as a buffer against local production variances and a conduit for global contagion. By conceptualizing the FTN as a multiplex system-distinguishing between the robust topology of wheat, the brittle regionalism of rice, and the polarized "dumbbell" structure of soy-we elucidate the distinct structural vulnerabilities inherent in modern food security. Furthermore, we analyze the impact of recent high-magnitude shocks, specifically the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine conflict, illustrating the critical trade-off between logistical efficiency and systemic resilience. The review concludes by assessing the future trajectory of the network under anthropogenic climate change, predicting a poleward migration of comparative advantage that necessitates a paradigm shift from isolationist protectionism to cooperative network redundancy.

S Greyvenstein, RC Dolman-Macleod

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a rare diaphragm malformation that historically had low survival rates, but advances in care have improved outcomes. This case study discusses the outpatient management of an 8-month-old male infant who survived CDH but, due to a severe oral aversion, required nutritional adaptations to ensure optimal growth was maintained. Barriers experienced included volume tolerance, feeding tolerance, and the need for feeding skill development. The case emphasises the importance of individualised nutritional management.

Yang Liu, Xiaoxiao Liu, Longfei Zhang et al.

Prebiotic-probiotic synergy is vital to fermented milk's overall performance. This study investigates the effects of complex prebiotics (CPs) on the quality and functional properties of probiotic-fermented milk. Results indicated that CPs improved the physicochemical properties and sensory characteristics of fermented milk. Meanwhile, CPs supplementation improved the flavor profile of fermented milk by increasing the levels of key aroma compounds, including aldehydes (e.g., decanal increased by 18.80 % in the St-Lr + CP3 group) and ketones (e.g., 3-hydroxy-2-butanone increased by 16.37 % in the St-Lf-Lp-Lr + CP4 group). Moreover, CPs supplementation significantly enhanced the ACE inhibitory activity (up to 73.74 % in the St-Lp group) and α-amylase inhibition (with a 27.69 % improvement observed in the St-Lf group), while also strengthening the antimicrobial effects of fermented milk against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus subtilis. These findings demonstrate the great potential of CPs in the development of health-promoting dairy products and their applications in the food industry.

Saman Khamesian, Asiful Arefeen, Stephanie M. Carpenter et al.

Maintaining a balanced diet is essential for overall health, yet many individuals struggle with meal planning due to nutritional complexity, time constraints, and lack of dietary knowledge. Personalized food recommendations can help address these challenges by tailoring meal plans to individual preferences, habits, and dietary restrictions. However, existing dietary recommendation systems often lack adaptability, fail to consider real-world constraints such as food ingredient availability, and require extensive user input, making them impractical for sustainable and scalable daily use. To address these limitations, we introduce NutriGen, a framework based on large language models (LLM) designed to generate personalized meal plans that align with user-defined dietary preferences and constraints. By building a personalized nutrition database and leveraging prompt engineering, our approach enables LLMs to incorporate reliable nutritional references like the USDA nutrition database while maintaining flexibility and ease-of-use. We demonstrate that LLMs have strong potential in generating accurate and user-friendly food recommendations, addressing key limitations in existing dietary recommendation systems by providing structured, practical, and scalable meal plans. Our evaluation shows that Llama 3.1 8B and GPT-3.5 Turbo achieve the lowest percentage errors of 1.55\% and 3.68\%, respectively, producing meal plans that closely align with user-defined caloric targets while minimizing deviation and improving precision. Additionally, we compared the performance of DeepSeek V3 against several established models to evaluate its potential in personalized nutrition planning.

Justin D. Yeakel

Quantifying population dynamics is a fundamental challenge in ecology and evolutionary biology, particularly for species that are cryptic, microscopic, or extinct. Traditional approaches rely on continuous representations of population size, but in many cases, the precise number of individuals is unknowable. Here, we present a coarse-grained population model that simplifies population dynamics to binary states - high or low - determined by the balance of bottom-up resource availability and top-down predation pressure. This Boolean framework provides a minimal yet analytically tractable alternative to traditional Lotka-Volterra-based models, enabling direct insights into the role of food web structure in shaping community stability. Using this approach, we investigate how trophic interactions influence population persistence, cyclic dynamics, and extinction risk across model food webs. We find that top-down effects are a primary driver of cycling, aligning with theoretical expectations from traditional population models, and that trophic position strongly influences extinction risk, with higher-trophic species more prone to persistent low-population states. Additionally, we explore the role of trophic short-circuits -- direct interactions between apex predators and low-trophic prey -- and find that they can buffer cascades and alter extinction patterns in ways that are often overlooked in classical models. By simplifying population dynamics to a two-state system, this framework provides a powerful tool for disentangling the structural drivers of community stability. These results highlight the potential of coarse-grained approaches to complement existing models, offering new insights into trophic interactions, extinction risks, and the susceptibility of species to trophic cascades.

Acacia Chong Xiao Xuan, Florentiana Yuwono, Melissa Anastasia Harijanto et al.

Climate change education often struggles to bridge the perception gap between everyday actions and their long-term environmental consequences. In response, we developed Meltdown, an immersive virtual reality (VR) escape room that simulates a grocery shopping and food waste management experience to educate university students in Singapore about sustainable consumption. The game emphasizes sustainable food choices and disposal practices, combining interactive elements and narrative feedback to promote behavioral change. Through a user study with 36 university students, we observed statistically significant improvements in participants objective knowledge, perceived confidence, and intention to adopt sustainable behaviors. Our results suggest that experiential VR environments can enhance climate education by making abstract environmental concepts more immediate and personally relevant.

Si-Yao Wei, Wei-Xing Zhou

Establishing a resilient food trade system is an international consensus on safeguarding food security amid growing disruptions. However, a unified resilience framework has yet to be established, leading to the proliferation of diverse measures. Here, we conceptualize resilience as a trade-off between efficiency and redundancy and employ an entropy-based approach to quantify the dynamic structural resilience of international trade networks for maize, rice, soybean, and wheat from 1986 to 2022. Using index decomposition analysis, we also investigate the relative contributions of internal components to resilience dynamics. Within this framework, despite heterogeneity across different food commodities, we find that current trade networks are relatively redundant, with improvements in efficiency being the dominant driver of changes in resilience. In addition, we reveal a historically pronounced impact of flow concentrations on resilience, while trade interactions have become increasingly important in recent years. Following the leave-one-out approach, we furthermore identify critical economies and trade relationships that disproportionately affect the overall resilience, some of which are less well-focused in previous studies. Moreover, we highlight that overconcentration of flows along core trade relationships may undermine both efficiency and resilience, whereas peripheral trade networks may play strategic alternative roles in sustaining resilience, underscoring the importance of concentrating on developing economies and promoting broader trade links. These findings not only provide new insights for assessing the resilience of international food trade systems but also propose directions for strengthening resilience through both regional cooperation and more inclusive trade relations.

Gabriela Ozegovic, Thorsten Ruprechter, Denis Helic

The increased popularity of food communities on social media shapes the way people engage with food-related content. Due to the extensive consequences of such content on users' eating behavior, researchers have started studying the factors that drive user engagement with food in online platforms. However, while most studies focus on visual aspects of food content in social media, there exist only initial studies exploring the impact of nutritional content on user engagement. In this paper, we set out to close this gap and analyze food-related posts on Reddit, focusing on the association between the nutritional density of a meal and engagement levels, particularly the number of comments. Hence, we collect and empirically analyze almost 600,000 food-related posts and uncover differences in nutritional content between engaging and non-engaging posts. Moreover, we train a series of XGBoost models, and evaluate the importance of nutritional density while predicting whether users will comment on a post or whether a post will substantially resonate with the community. We find that nutritional features improve the baseline model's accuracy by 4%, with a positive contribution of calorie density towards prediction of engagement, suggesting that higher nutritional content is associated with higher user engagement in food-related posts. Our results provide valuable insights for the design of more engaging online initiatives aimed at, for example, encouraging healthy eating habits.

Xinyang Shan, Yuanyuan Xu, Yuqing Wang et al.

This study investigates the design of inclusive wine-tasting experiences by examining the roles of human diversity and personal food memory. Through field studies conducted in various wine regions, we explored how Chinese visitors engage with wine-tasting activities during winery tours, highlighting the cross-cultural challenges they face. Our findings underscore the importance of experiencers' abilities, necessities, and aspirations (ANAs), the authenticity of wine tasting within the context of winery tours, and the use of personal food memories as a wine-tasting tool accessible to all. These insights lay the groundwork for developing more inclusive and engaging wine-tasting services, offering new perspectives for cultural exchange and sustainable wine business practices in China.

J. Sabaté, S. Soret

E. Pessione, S. Cirrincione

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can produce a huge amount of bioactive compounds. Since their elective habitat is food, especially dairy but also vegetal food, it is frequent to find bioactive molecules in fermented products. Sometimes these compounds can have adverse effects on human health such as biogenic amines (tyramine and histamine), causing allergies, hypertensive crises, and headache. However, some LAB products also display benefits for the consumers. In the present review article, the main nitrogen compounds produced by LAB are considered. Besides biogenic amines derived from the amino acids tyrosine, histidine, phenylalanine, lysine, ornithine, and glutamate by decarboxylation, interesting peptides can be decrypted by the proteolytic activity of LAB. LAB proteolytic system is very efficient in releasing encrypted molecules from several proteins present in different food matrices. Alpha and beta-caseins, albumin and globulin from milk and dairy products, rubisco from spinach, beta-conglycinin from soy and gluten from cereals constitute a good source of important bioactive compounds. These encrypted peptides are able to control nutrition (mineral absorption and oxidative stress protection), metabolism (blood glucose and cholesterol lowering) cardiovascular function (antithrombotic and hypotensive action), infection (microbial inhibition and immunomodulation) and gut-brain axis (opioids and anti-opioids controlling mood and food intake). Very recent results underline the role of food-encrypted peptides in protein folding (chaperone-like molecules) as well as in cell cycle and apoptosis control, suggesting new and positive aspects of fermented food, still unexplored. In this context, the detailed (transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic) characterization of LAB of food interest (as starters, biocontrol agents, nutraceuticals, and probiotics) can supply a solid evidence-based science to support beneficial effects and it is a promising approach as well to obtain functional food. The detailed knowledge of the modulation of human physiology, exploiting the health-promoting properties of fermented food, is an open field of investigation that will constitute the next challenge.

Dorothy K. Murugu, Arnold N. Onyango, Alex K. Ndiritu et al.

The prevailing global market demands locally produced, sustainable oils for biomedical applications. This study focused on evaluating the quality of cricket-derived oils and meals from Scapsipedus icipe Hugel, Tanga, and Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer common delicacy in Africa, following standard methods for physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, and phytochemicals (oxalates, phytates, tannins, and polyphenols). The cricket oils physicochemical properties aligned with Codex Alimentarius standards for edible oils, including low solidification temperature (< 2 °C), a high refractive index (1.46), and a specific gravity of 0.88. Notably, peroxide values (1.9 to 2.5 mg mEq O2/kg), acid values (1.1 to 2.2 mg KOH/g), and saponification values (234–246 mg KOH/g) all are indicative of lightness and unsaturated fatty acids. Nutritionally, cricket powder was rich in protein (56.8–56.9% -) and fat (31.7–33.5% -of dry matter), with significant amounts of essential omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Predominant saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were palmitic (23.9–31.2 mg/100 g-) and oleic acids (10.9–11.4 mg/100 g- of oil), respectively. Antioxidant values (48.0 to 65.0 mg/100 g), inferred from total polyphenols, suggests a stable oil with long shelf-life. These results highlight the promising and sustainable potential of cricket-derived oils for applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

J. Koehn, E. Allison, C. Golden et al.

Recent discussions of healthy and sustainable diets encourage increased consumption of plants and decreased consumption of animal-source foods (ASFs) for both human and environmental health. Seafood is often peripheral in these discussions. This paper examines the relative environmental costs of sourcing key nutrients from different kinds of seafood, other ASFs, and a range of plant-based foods. We linked a nutrient richness index for different foods to life cycle assessments of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the production of these foods to evaluate nutritional benefits relative to this key indicator of environmental impacts. The lowest GHG emissions to meet average nutrient requirement values were found in grains, tubers, roots, seeds, wild-caught small pelagic fish, farmed carp and bivalve shellfish. The highest GHG emissions per nutrient supply are in beef, lamb, wild-caught prawns, farmed crustaceans, and pork. Among ASFs, some fish and shellfish have GHG emissions at least as low as plants and merit inclusion in food systems policymaking for their potential to support a healthy, sustainable diet. However, other aquatic species and production methods deliver nutrition to diets at environmental costs at least as high as land-based meat production. It is important to disaggregate seafood by species and production method in ‘planetary health diet’ advice.

Catherine Rozel Farnworth, Preeti Bharati, Alessandra Galiè

The empowerment of women in agri-food systems is essential to enhance the well-being of women and their households, reduce hunger, boost incomes and strengthen resilience. The empowerment of women in the livestock sector is key to the progress of the sector. Livestock in turn provide a unique entry point to support the empowerment of women. Yet evidence shows that in low and middle income countries (LMIC) gender discriminatory norms and practices reduce the ability of women in livestock to rear and maintain healthy and productive animals, as well as to access the markets needed to obtain income. Cooperatives are one mechanism for overcoming some of these constraints. Yet, little is known on the extent to which women’s empowerment can be supported through cooperatives in the livestock sector. In this paper we studied how membership in Mulukanoor Dairy had changed gender dynamics within households. Caste was selected as a significant cross-cutting variable that affects power dynamics in interaction with gender. The study therefore also analyzed how Mulukanoor Dairy improved caste relations between members, and whether gender relations have changed in similar ways across households belonging to different castes. We framed our study in a conceptual framework structured around six concepts of power; power with, power over, power within, power to act, power to empower, power through, and a related concept termed a gender norms façade. Focus group discussions and Key informant interviews were held with women members of Mulukanoor in caste-based groups. The findings show that gender norms are quite fluid while caste norms are less so thereby differentially affecting the ability of Mulukanoor as an organization, and women members in different castes, to achieve various forms of empowerment. Despite these differentials, Mulukanoor has radically shifted gender relations in dairy.

Yiwen Shi, Ping Ren, Jing Wang et al.

Food effect summarization from New Drug Application (NDA) is an essential component of product-specific guidance (PSG) development and assessment. However, manual summarization of food effect from extensive drug application review documents is time-consuming, which arouses a need to develop automated methods. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and GPT-4, have demonstrated great potential in improving the effectiveness of automated text summarization, but its ability regarding the accuracy in summarizing food effect for PSG assessment remains unclear. In this study, we introduce a simple yet effective approach, iterative prompting, which allows one to interact with ChatGPT or GPT-4 more effectively and efficiently through multi-turn interaction. Specifically, we propose a three-turn iterative prompting approach to food effect summarization in which the keyword-focused and length-controlled prompts are respectively provided in consecutive turns to refine the quality of the generated summary. We conduct a series of extensive evaluations, ranging from automated metrics to FDA professionals and even evaluation by GPT-4, on 100 NDA review documents selected over the past five years. We observe that the summary quality is progressively improved throughout the process. Moreover, we find that GPT-4 performs better than ChatGPT, as evaluated by FDA professionals (43% vs. 12%) and GPT-4 (64% vs. 35%). Importantly, all the FDA professionals unanimously rated that 85% of the summaries generated by GPT-4 are factually consistent with the golden reference summary, a finding further supported by GPT-4 rating of 72% consistency. These results strongly suggest a great potential for GPT-4 to draft food effect summaries that could be reviewed by FDA professionals, thereby improving the efficiency of PSG assessment cycle and promoting the generic drug product development.

Yaowei Liu, Dasong Liu, G. Wei et al.

This paper aimed to establish a milk protein based 3D printing food simulant and investigated the effect of whey protein isolate (WPI) concentration on the printing performance of milk protein concentrate (MPC). WPI and MPC powders at different ratios were prepared in paste (35 wt%, total dry matter content). The rheological properties and water distribution of protein matrix prepared with different MPC/WPI ratios were characterized with a rheometer and low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), respectively. Moreover, the variations in the microstructure of printed objects were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The printed objects showed different appearance and physical properties; the printing fidelity was also evaluated by measuring the geometric accuracy of printed objects. The rheological and texture data showed that the presence of WPI could reduce the apparent viscosity and soften the MPC paste, benefiting the printing process. The results showed that the milk powder paste mixture prepared with MPC/WPI at a ratio of 5/2 was the most desirable material for extrusion-based 3D printing, which could be successfully printed and matched the designed 3D model best. Industrial relevance: 3D printing in food sector has been an attractive and emerging technology owing to its potential advantages, such as customized food designs, personalized and digitalized nutrition, simplifying supply chain and so on. This paper established a high protein food simulant for 3D printing, optimized its printing performance with whey protein isolate, and studied the physicochemical property of prepared protein pastes. The overall results indicated that milk protein powders could be the promising materials for the application in food 3D printing. In flowing studies or practical production, the glycerol could be replaced by ingredients such as syrup, honey etc. This study may give more insights into 3D printing applied in food sector and facilitate the further developments of 3D food printing.

K. Davis, A. Chhatre, Narasimha D. Rao et al.

Significance Substantial growth in food production has occurred from a narrowing diversity of crops over the last 50 y. Agricultural policies have largely focused on the single objective of maximizing production with less attention given to nutrition, climate, and environment. Decisions about sustainable food systems require quantifying and assessing multiple dimensions together. In India, diversifying crop production to include more coarse cereals, such as millets and sorghum, can make food supply more nutritious, reduce resource demand and greenhouse gas emissions, and enhance climate resilience without reducing calorie production or requiring more land. Similar multidimensional approaches to food production challenges in other parts of the world can identify win–win scenarios where food systems meet multiple nutritional, environmental, and climate resilience goals. Sustainable food systems aim to provide sufficient and nutritious food, while maximizing climate resilience and minimizing resource demands as well as negative environmental impacts. Historical practices, notably the Green Revolution, prioritized the single objective to maximize production over other nutritional and environmental dimensions. We quantitatively assess outcomes of alternative production decisions across multiple objectives using India’s rice-dominated monsoon cereal production as an example. We perform a series of optimizations to maximize nutrient production (i.e., protein and iron), minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and resource use (i.e., water and energy), or maximize resilience to climate extremes. We find that increasing the area under coarse cereals (i.e., millets, sorghum) improves nutritional supply (on average, +1% to +5% protein and +5% to +49% iron), increases climate resilience (1% to 13% fewer calories lost during an extreme dry year), and reduces GHGs (−2% to −13%) and demand for irrigation water (−3% to −21%) and energy (−2% to −12%) while maintaining calorie production and cropped area. The extent of these benefits partly depends on the feasibility of switching cropped area from rice to coarse cereals. Based on current production practices in 2 states, supporting these cobenefits could require greater manure and draft power but similar or less labor, fertilizer, and machinery. National- and state-level strategies considering multiple objectives in decisions about cereal production can move beyond many shortcomings of the Green Revolution while reinforcing the benefits. This ability to realistically incorporate multiple dimensions into intervention planning and implementation is the crux of sustainable food production systems worldwide.