Hasil untuk "Miscellaneous systems and treatments"

C. Ireland

Yein Heo, Mi-Yeon Kim, Jae Youl Cho

Algae exhibit diverse biological activities, and they are also natural resources with the potential for large-scale production. As a result, research on algae has progressed, and the roles of algae have been revealed. Chlorella vulgaris, one of the species most widely found in East Asian countries such as China, Korea, and Japan, has confirmed diverse functional and pharmacological attributes, leading to extensive consumption of Chlorella vulgaris as a supplement. Seven active compounds extracted from Chlorella vulgaris such as dodecanoic acid and loliolide have been reported to collectively contribute to its overall bioactive and medicinal activities.

Ruibin Chen, Jayadev Joy, Yaqi Hu et al.

Ray tracing is increasingly utilized in wireless system simulations to estimate channel paths. In large-scale simulations with complex environments, ray tracing at high resolution can be computationally demanding. To reduce the computation, this paper presents a novel method for conducting ray tracing at a coarse set of reference points and interpolating the channels at other locations. The key insight is to interpolate the images of reflected points. In addition to the computational savings, the method directly captures the spherical nature of each wavefront enabling fast and accurate computation of channels using line-of-sight MIMO and other wide aperture techniques. Through empirical validation and comparison with exhaustive ray tracing, we demonstrate the efficacy and practicality of our approach in achieving high-fidelity channel predictions with reduced computational resources.

Koushik Gupta Somisetty, Geetha B. Shetty, K.J. Sujatha et al.

Background: With the high prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy among Type -2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients, diagnosis and management of subclinical peripheral neuropathy are gaining concern to prevent its complications. A wide variety of alternative lifestyle interventions emphasizing improving glycemic control, promoting weight loss, and a prudent diet were found to be effective in improving nerve conduction abnormalities individually. Objective: To study the impact of naturopathy and yoga intervention in the prevention and management of nerve damage among T2DM-associated neuropathic signs. Methods: In this matched control trial (gender and age-matched), 76 patients with subclinical diabetic peripheral neuropathy were recruited to (i) Intervention Group (IG), n=38 who received naturopathy and yoga-based interventions for 9 days, (ii) Control Group (CG), n=38 continued regular oral hypoglycemic medications. Neuroelectrophysiological parameters like amplitude and velocity of bilateral median motor and sensory and deep peroneal nerve, fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose Homeostatic Model for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), steady state beta cell function (%B), and insulin sensitivity (%S) were assessed at baseline and after 9 days. Results: Weight, BMI, FBG, HOMA-IR, and %S significantly (p<0.05) improved among IG. In comparison, FBG, PPBG, %S, right median sensory amplitude, and left median sensory nerve conduction velocity had shown a significant difference between the groups. Conclusion: A significant reduction in modifiable risk factors of neuropathy like insulin resistance and weight after the intervention shows the effectiveness of lifestyle-based naturopathy and yoga intervention in preventing peripheral neuropathy among diabetics.

Ashu Sharma, Megha Sugandh, Atul Bhardwaj et al.

Chittodvega, classified as a Mano-Vikara (psychological disorder) in Ayurveda, can be correlated with general anxiety disorder. The disturbance of Vata Dosha plays a critical role in its manifestation. Ayurvedic treatments such as Abhyanga (oleation) and Shirodhara (dripping of medicated oil or other suitable liquid on forehead) are known to pacify Vata. Abhyanga helps to stabilize the body, while Shirodhara enhances concentration, promoting mental stability. Both procedures synergistically balance Vata Dosha, addressing the physiological and psychological aspects of Chittodvega.A 50-year-old male patient presented with complaints of anxiety at Ch. Brahm Prakash Ayurveda Charak Sansthan, New Delhi. He underwent a 14-day treatment regimen, including 7 days of hospitalization and 7 days of follow-up. The treatment involved Abhyanga(Oleation) with Til Taila (sesame oil) and Shirodhara with Dashmool Siddha Ksheer (herbal milk decoction), aimed at assessing their impact on serum cortisol levels. Both, morning and evening cortisol level of this patient was within the normal range before and after the treatment. This study was done only to check the effectiveness of Abhyanga and Shirodhara on serum cortisol level. Observable changes were found in serum cortisol along with a reduction in the patient's anxiety symptoms, demonstrating the efficacy of these Ayurvedic interventions in managing Chittodvega.

Antonina Kosikova, Apostolos Psaros, Andrew Smyth

System identification under unknown external excitation is an inherently ill-posed problem, typically requiring additional knowledge or simplifying assumptions to enable reliable state and parameter estimation. The difficulty of the problem is further amplified in structural systems subjected to natural hazards such as earthquakes or windstorms, where responses are often highly transient, nonlinear, and spatially distributed. To address this challenge, we introduce Spectrum and Physics-Informed Neural Networks (SaPINNs) for efficient input--state--parameter estimation in systems under complex excitations characteristic of natural hazards. The proposed model enhances the neural network with governing physics of the system dynamics and incorporates spectral information of natural hazards by using empirically derived spectra as priors on the unknown excitations. This integration improves inference of unmeasured inputs, system states, and parameters without imposing restrictive assumptions on their dynamics. The performance of the proposed framework is demonstrated through comparative studies on both linear and nonlinear systems under various types of excitation, including the El Centro earthquake, where the seismic spectrum is assumed to be not precisely known. To account for predictive uncertainty, the proposed architecture is embedded within a Deep Ensemble (DEns) networks architecture, providing distributions over possible solutions. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms conventional PINNs, as the incorporation of spectral information introduces an inductive bias that guides the network more effectively through the solution space and enhances its ability to recover physically consistent state and parameter estimates with realistic uncertainty levels.

Alexander Stolyar

We consider a class of multi-agent distributed synchronization systems, which are modeled as $n$ particles moving on the real line. This class generalizes the model of a multi-server queueing system, considered in [15], employing so-called cancel-on-completion (c.o.c.) redundancy mechanism, but is motivated by other applications as well. The model in [15] is a particle system, regulated at the left boundary point. The more general model of this paper is such that we allow regulation boundaries on either side, or both sides, or no regulation at all. We consider the mean-field asymptotic regime, when the number of particles $n$ and the job arrival rates go to infinity, while the job arrival rates per particle remain constant. The system state for a given $n$ is the empirical distribution of the particles' locations. The results include: the existence/uniqueness of fixed points of mean-field limits (ML), which describe the limiting dynamics of the system; conditions for the steady-state asymptotic independence (concentration of the stationary distribution on a single ML fixed point); the limits of the average velocity at which unregulated (free) particle system advances. In particular, our results for the left-regulated system unify and generalize the corresponding results in [15]. Our technical approach is such that the systems with different types of regulation are analyzed within a unified framework.

Xiaojie Tao, Yaoyu Fan, Zhaoyi Ye et al.

The integration of heavy-duty electric vehicles (EVs) with Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) capability offers a promising solution to enhance grid stability by providing primary frequency response in power systems. This paper investigates the potential of heavy-duty EVs to support the California power grid under different charging strategies: immediate, delayed, and constant minimum power charging. Simulation results demonstrate that both V2G-capable EVs and non-V2G modes have great potential to provide primary frequency response, with V2G-capable EVs exhibiting especially strong contributions. The study highlights the influence of charging strategies, control modes, and grid conditions on EV contributions to grid stability, emphasizing their critical role in mitigating the adverse effects of renewable energy penetration.

Min Ha Kim, Hyun Min Cho, Seon Hee Kim et al.

Background: Pain after traumatic rib fractures (TRF) detrimentally affects the injured. Multidisciplinary pain management is crucial for patient care. There is little empirical evidence on acupuncture as a multidisciplinary treatment for patients with TRF. This study aimed to illustrate the characteristics of the patients referred for or received acupuncture and explore the associated factors. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of Korean Trauma Data Bank and electronic medical records of patients aged 19 or older with TRF from August 2016 to October 2021 in the regional trauma center of Pusan National University Hospital. The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients referred for acupuncture by trauma surgeons and those who received acupuncture were analysed descriptively. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, associations between covariates and either surgeon referrals for or patient willingness to receive acupuncture were quantitatively estimated. Results: Among 2,937 injured patients, trauma surgeons referred 178 (6.1 %) to acupuncture. Among the referred patients, 111 (72.1 %) underwent acupuncture. Patients with polytrauma (aOR 0.46; 0.30 to 0.68) were less likely to be referred to acupuncture, whereas female patients (aOR 3.92, 1.31 to 11.77) were most likely to receive acupuncture. Conclusions: A small proportion of patients with TRF were referred for acupuncture, but the referred patients were more likely to receive acupuncture. Polytrauma may be an important criterion for referral to acupuncture services from the perspective of trauma surgeons, while the willingness to receive acupuncture may be associated with gender-related factors. Further studies are warranted to investigate the role of acupuncture in the postinjury care of patients with TRF.

Chandrashekhar Y. Jagtap, Vaibhav Charde, Hemant Rawat et al.

Background: Lapis judaicus, or Jews stone (Badarashma), has been used in treating kidney and bladder stones since ancient times by Ayurvedic and Unani medicinal practitioners. A limited number of studies have been carried out using Ayurvedic preparations derived from gems or precious stones that were used traditionally. In Ayurveda, Rasa Shastra includes the fabrication of Bhasmas and Pishti. Objective: This study aimed to prepare and characterize Badarashma Pishti formulation (Lapis judaicus microparticles) and investigate its structural and thermal properties. Materials and methods: The microparticles were prepared by subjecting purified powder of Lapis judaicus to a wet levigation (Bhavana) process. Characterizations were done using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermo-gravimetry analysis (TGA), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDAX) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Physicochemical characterization, elemental analysis, particle size distribution study, and identification of heavy metals were also performed. Results: A standard operating procedure was developed to formulate Badarashma Pishti. The obtained microparticles were irregularly shaped with a size of 4.290 ± 0.472 μm, confirmed in SEM images. The FTIR and XRD of prepared Badarashma Pishti samples revealed the presence of calcite, quartz, and aragonite minerals. The results of EDAX also confirmed the presence of Ca, Mg, O, and Si elements. Conclusion: The proposed study results reveal great insights for determining the authenticity, purity, and standardization parameters of inorganic mineral drugs, proving to be a useful delivery system for treating renal calculi.

Zainab Alwaisi, Simone Soderi, Rocco De Nicola

Internet of Everything (IoE) is a newly emerging trend, especially in homes. Marketing forces toward smart homes are also accelerating the spread of IoE devices in households. An obvious risk of the rapid adoption of these smart devices is that many lack controls for protecting the privacy and security of end users from attacks designed to disrupt lives and incur financial losses. Today the smart home is a system for managing the basic life support processes of both small systems, e.g., commercial, office premises, apartments, cottages, and largely automated complexes, e.g., commercial and industrial complexes. One of the critical tasks to be solved by the concept of a modern smart home is the problem of preventing the usage of IoE resources. Recently, there has been a rapid increase in attacks on consumer IoE devices. Memory corruption vulnerabilities constitute a significant class of vulnerabilities in software security through which attackers can gain control of an entire system. Numerous memory corruption vulnerabilities have been found in IoE firmware already deployed in the consumer market. This paper aims to analyze and explain the resource usage attack and create a low-cost simulation environment to aid in the dynamic analysis of the attack. Further, we perform controlled resource usage attacks while measuring resource consumption on resource-constrained victims' IoE devices, such as CPU and memory utilization. We also build a lightweight algorithm to detect memory usage attacks in the IoE environment. The result shows high efficiency in detecting and mitigating memory usage attacks by detecting when the intruder starts and stops the attack.

Y. V. R. Neelapala, D. Mercuri, Luciana G Macedo et al.

Background: Exercise is one of the most recommended management strategies by treatment guidelines for fibromyalgia (FM); however, the mechanism through which exercise improves pain in FM is still unknown. Objective: We aimed to summarize the hypothesized theoretical mechanisms for the pain-relieving effects of exercise in people with FM. Eligibility Criteria: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in English reporting mechanisms for pain-relieving effects of exercise in the ‘Introduction’ and ‘Discussion’ sections and significant within- group or between-group effects of exercise interventions were included. Sources of Evidence: We searched the databases Ovid MEDLINE(R), EMBASE, CINAHL, COCHRANE, Sports Discuss, and AMED with the keywords: exercise and fibromyalgia until December 2021. Charting Methods: Two authors independently performed title/abstract, full-text review, and data abstraction using a data abstraction form. The hypothesized mechanisms from individual studies were grouped into three categories. Results: The literature search resulted in 2147 studies, out of which 220 studies were considered for full-text review. A total of 50 RCTs proposing 29 unique mechanisms for the pain-relieving effects of exercise were included. These mechanisms were divided into three categories: physical, neuro-physiological, and psychological. The neuro-physiological category was further subdivided into exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH), pain sensitization, the autonomic system, the immune system, the endocrine system, and miscellaneous categories. The most frequently hypothesized mechanisms were EIH (n = 15), autonomic modulation (n = 7), improved sleep (n = 6), muscle oxygenation (n = 6), self-efficacy (n = 5), mental health (n = 4), and benefits of the aquatic environment (n = 12). While all exercise interventions involved FM patients, most of the supporting evidence for these mechanisms was cited from previous studies conducted on healthy samples. No studies performed analyses to demonstrate causal associations between the mechanisms and outcomes. Conclusion: Multiple mechanisms were hypothesized for the positive influence of exercise in people with FM. Future studies using causal analyses, such as mediation analysis, are recommended to validate these mechanisms.

E. Papadimitriou, Eleftherios Chatzellis, Anastasia Dimitriadi et al.

Pituitary tumours (PTs) are the second most common intracranial tumour. Although the majority show benign behaviour, they may exert aggressive behaviour and can be resistant to treatment. The aim of this review is to report the recently identified biomarkers that might have possible prognostic value. Studies evaluating potentially prognostic biomarkers or a therapeutic target in invasive/recurrent PTs compared with either non-invasive or non-recurrent PTs or normal pituitaries are included in this review. In the 28 included studies, more than 911 PTs were evaluated. A systematic search identified the expression of a number of biomarkers that may be positively correlated with disease recurrence or invasion in PT, grouped according to role: (1) insensitivity to anti-growth signals: minichromosome maintenance protein 7; (2) evasion of the immune system: cyclooxygenase 2, arginase 1, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 2, cluster of differentiation (CD) 80/CD86; (3) sustained angiogenesis: endothelial cell-specific molecule, fibroblast growth factor receptor, matrix metalloproteinase 9, pituitary tumour transforming gene; (4) self-sufficiency in growth signals: epidermal growth factor receptor; and (5) tissue invasion: matrix metalloproteinase 9, fascin protein. Biomarkers with a negative correlation with disease recurrence or invasion include: (1) insensitivity to anti-growth signals: transforming growth factor β1, Smad proteins; (2) sustained angiogenesis: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1; (3) tissue invasion: Wnt inhibitory factor 1; and (4) miscellaneous: co-expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and cytokeratin, and oestrogen receptors α36 and α66. PD-1/programmed cell death ligand 1 showed no clear association with invasion or recurrence, while cyclin A, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4, S100 protein, ephrin receptor, galectin-3 , neural cell adhesion molecule, protein tyrosine phosphatase 4A3 and steroidogenic factor 1 had no association with invasion or recurrence of PT. With the aim to develop a more personalized approach to the treatment of PT, and because of the limited number of molecular targets currently studied in the context of recurrent PT and invasion, a better understanding of the most relevant of these biomarkers by well-d esigned interventional studies will lead to a better understanding of the molecular profile of PT. This should also meet the increased need of treatable molecular targets.

Cristine Maria Warmling, Vanessa Maria Panozzo

O editorial explana sobre contextos atuais, sociais e políticos, que orientam a divulgação técnica científica de produtos de inovação para as Redes Colaborativas de Gestão, Trabalho, Atenção e Educação, no que diz respeito à posição ético-política frente às realidades perversas no campo da saúde.  

Jing Li, Sha Peng, Mengqi Huo et al.

Objective: To explore the relationship between bitter taste and bitter flavor (efficacy), their characteristics were analyzed at the target and pharmacodynamic points. Methods: Compounds with bitter receptor activity were obtained by high-throughput screening models of the human bitter taste receptors (hTAS2Rs), which were used to analyze bitter taste. The efficacy of anti-asthma medications was used as an example to research bitter flavor (efficacy). The pharmacological effects of bitter taste and bitter flavor (efficacy) were classified according to the functional modules. The coverage for the same targets or pharmacological effects in the overall protein interaction network (PIN) of bitter taste and bitter flavor (efficacy) was analyzed to reveal their relationship. The effect of the compound polydatin with anti-asthma activation on hTAS2R14 was studied to verify the reliability of the aforementioned idea. Results: A total of 121 Chinese materia medica (CMM) compounds that activate hTAS2R10, hTAS2R14, and hTAS2R49 were obtained. The analysis results indicated that 108 same targets for bitter taste and bitter flavor (efficacy) were obtained, accounting for 13.9% in the PIN of bitter taste and 72.5% in the PIN of bitter flavor (efficacy). The pharmacological effects shared by bitter taste and bitter flavor (efficacy) accounted for 79% of the PIN of bitter taste and 81% of the PIN of bitter flavor (efficacy). The activating effect of the anti-asthma compound polydatin on hTAS2R14 was dose-dependent with EC50 of 4.3 μM. Conclusion: In this study, the relationship between bitter taste and bitter flavor (efficacy) has been demonstrated from the target and pharmacodynamic points, which are based on hTAS2Rs and anti-asthma effect. Bitter taste and bitter flavor (efficacy) exhibited a high correlation. This study provides a theoretical and scientific basis for the hypothesis that “the property theory of CMM is the clinical pharmacodynamics of CMM.”

ARONGQIQIGE, Gerelmaa Enebish, Wang Song et al.

Objectives: Terminalia chebula, the main ingredient of Altan Arur 5, has been used for many years in traditional medicine. This medicine is more effective than other drugs and is used to treat chronic gastritis and gastrointestinal disorders such as peptic ulcers and esophageal reflux. Other ingredients of Altan Arur 5 are Punica granatum (pomegranate), tulip seeds, black balm, and excreta of Trogopterus xanthipes. The main ingredients of T. chebula are antibacterial and analgesic in traditional medicine. Despite having been used for many years and although many studies have been conducted on the beneficial effects of this medicine and its ingredients, the toxicity of Altan Arur 5 has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to study the toxicity of Altan Arur 5 to ensure that it is safe to use.Methods : : Acute and chronic toxicity of Altan Arur 5 were assessed in 10 Kunming mice and 8 Sprague-Dawley rats, respectively, in different doses. In the acute toxicity study, Altan Arur 5 was orally administered to Kunming mice in doses of 12 g/kg, 24 g/kg, and 48 g/kg for 14 days. In the chronic toxicity study, it was orally administered to Sprague-Dawley rats in doses of 1.25 g/kg, 2.5 g/kg, and 5 g/kg for 12 weeks.Results : : No significant differences were observed in the relative organ weights for mice treated with Altan Arur 5 compared with those in the control group. Furthermore, no macro- or microstructural changes were noted in the organs of any group.Conclusion : : Our toxicity testing revealed that the traditional medicine Altan Arur 5 has no toxic effects in vivo. Keywords: traditional

Ti Zhou, Man Lin

Small devices are frequently used in IoT and smart-city applications to perform periodic dedicated tasks with soft deadlines. This work focuses on developing methods to derive efficient power-management methods for periodic tasks on small devices. We first study the limitations of the existing Linux built-in methods used in small devices. We illustrate three typical workload/system patterns that are challenging to manage with Linux's built-in solutions. We develop a reinforcement-learning-based technique with temporal encoding to derive an effective DVFS governor even with the presence of the three system patterns. The derived governor uses only one performance counter, the same as the built-in Linux mechanism, and does not require an explicit task model for the workload. We implemented a prototype system on the Nvidia Jetson Nano Board and experimented with it with six applications, including two self-designed and four benchmark applications. Under different deadline constraints, our approach can quickly derive a DVFS governor that can adapt to performance requirements and outperform the built-in Linux approach in energy saving. On Mibench workloads, with performance slack ranging from 0.04 s to 0.4 s, the proposed method can save 3% - 11% more energy compared to Ondemand. AudioReg and FaceReg applications tested have 5%- 14% energy-saving improvement. We have open-sourced the implementation of our in-kernel quantized neural network engine. The codebase can be found at: https://github.com/coladog/tinyagent.

Hossein B. Jond

This paper studies cooperative control of noncooperative double-integrator multi-agent systems (MASs) with input delay on connected directed graphs in the context of a differential graphical game (DGG). In the distributed DGG, each agent seeks a distributed information control policy by optimizing an individual local performance index (PI) of distributed information from its graph neighbors. The local PI, which quadratically penalizes the agent's deviations from cooperative behavior (e.g., the consensus here), is constructed through the use of the graph Laplacian matrix. For DGGs for double-integrator MASs, the existing body of literature lacks the explicit characterization of Nash equilibrium actions and their associated state trajectories with distributed information. To address this issue, we first convert the N-player DGG with m communication links into m coupled optimal control problems (OCPs), which, in turn, convert to the two-point boundary-value problem (TPBVP). We derive the explicit solutions for the TPBV that constitute the explicit distributed information expressions for Nash equilibrium actions and the state trajectories associated with them for the DGG. An illustrative example verifies the explicit solutions of local information to achieve fully distributed consensus.

P. Janaćković, M. Gavrilović, Milica Miletić et al.

Background Starting from the idea that unexplored areas may yield new and different ethnobotanical information, we performed a survey of traditional uses of plants in two neighboring districts situated in east Serbia (Bor and Aleksinac), both lacking in previous ethnobotanical reports, but characterized by an interesting history and culture, together with some specific features. In this study, we hypothesized that such small and specific areas could be of high ethnobotanical importance. Methods Semi-structured interviews were used with 155 informants. Relative cultural importance (RCI) indices, such as the frequency of citation (FC), relative frequency of citation (RFC), relative importance index (RI), informant consensus factor (ICF-FIC), use value (UV), fidelity level (FL) and Jaccard index (JI), were calculated, and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) was performed. Results In this study, 2333 use-reports and 114 plants were recorded. Of the 101 medical herbs, 33 are included in the European Pharmacopoeia Edition 8.0. The most frequently used mode of preparation was as an infusion (50.0%), while leaf (44.7%) was the most used plant part. The highest FC and RFC values were recorded for Hypericum perforatum L. (13.1 and 0.2, respectively), while the highest RI was documented for Urtica dioica L. (1.0). ICF and FL indices showed important differences among selected groups of informants. The PCoA showed three homogeneous plant groups. Plants were mostly used for the treatment of digestive (49.1%), circulatory (41.2%) and respiratory system disorders (35.1%). Thirty-seven (32.5%) herbs were used for human nutrition, 14 (12.3%) in veterinary medicine, 17 (14.9%) in rituals and ethnoculture, while 24 (21.0%) for miscellaneous purposes. The highest degree of similarity was determined with studies conducted in close proximity. Four species are new to Balkan ethnobotany. New uses for some well-known plants are highlighted. Conclusion The study indicated that small and specific areas in the Balkans may be an important reservoir of ethnobotanical knowledge.

M. Zawit, U. Swami, H. Awada et al.

Prognosis of metastatic melanoma has undergone substantial improvement with the discovery of checkpoint inhibitors. Immunotherapies and targeted therapies have improved the median overall survival (OS) of metastatic melanoma from 6 months to more than 3 years. However, still about half of the patients die due to uncontrolled disease. Therefore, multiple strategies are currently being investigated to improve outcomes. One such strategy is intralesional/intratumoral (IT) therapies which can either directly kill the tumor cells or make the tumor more immunogenic to be recognized by the immune system. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), an oncolytic virus, is the first FDA approved IT therapy. This review focuses on the current status of IT agents currently under clinical trials in melanoma. Reviewed therapies include T-VEC, T-VEC with immune checkpoint inhibitors including ipilimumab and pembrolizumab or other agents, RP1, OrienX010, Canerpaturev (C-REV, HF10), CAVATAK (coxsackievirus A21, CVA21) alone or in combination with checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic polio/rhinovirus recombinant (PVSRIPO), MAGE-A3-expressing MG1 Maraba virus, VSV-IFNbetaTYRP1, suicide gene therapy, ONCOS-102, OBP-301 (Telomelysin), Stimulation of Interferon Genes Pathway (STING agonists) including DMXAA, MIW815 (ADU-S100) and MK-1454, PV-10, toll-like receptors (TLRs) agonists including TLR-9 agonists (SD-101, CMP-001, IMO-2125 or tilsotolimod, AST-008 or cavrotolimod, MGN1703 or lefitolimod), CV8102, NKTR-262 plus NKTR-214, LHC165, G100, intralesional interleukin-2, Daromun (L19IL2 plus L19TNF), Hiltonol (poly-ICLC), electroporation including calcium electroporation and plasmid interleukin-12 electroporation (pIL-12 EP), IT ipilimumab, INT230-6 (cisplatin and vinblastine with an amphiphilic penetration enhancer), TTI-621 (SIRPαFc), CD-40 agonistic antibodies (ABBV-927 and APX005M), antimicrobial peptide LL37 and other miscellaneous agents.