Hasil untuk "Mechanical industries"

Jaehwan Lee, Sanghyeok Kim, Jinjae Lee et al.

Suet Yen Sung, L. T. Sin, T. Tee et al.

Stefan Lenz, Sotiris Michaelides, Moritz Rickert et al.

Traditionally, industrial control systems (ICS) were designed without security in mind, prioritizing availability and real-time communication. As these systems increasingly become targets of powerful adversaries, security can no longer be neglected. Driven by flexibility and automation needs, ICS are transitioning from wired to 5G communication, introducing new attack surfaces and a less reliable communication medium, thereby exacerbating existing security challenges. Given their critical role in society, a comprehensive evaluation of their security is imperative. To this end, we introduce SWICS, a fully virtual testbed simulating an ICS in a realistic 5G environment, and study how this transition affects security under varying channel conditions. Our results show three key findings: under optimal channel conditions, industrial 5G networks can achieve resilience comparable to wired systems, while degraded channel conditions can amplify traditional attacks, threaten system stability, and undermine detection mechanisms based on predictable traffic patterns. We further demonstrate the inherent limits of securing 5G channels for ICS through eavesdropping and jamming on the open-air interface. Our work highlights the interplay between security and 5G channel conditions, showing that traditional security controls may no longer be sufficient and motivating further research.

João Reis, N. Melão, Juliana Salvadorinho et al.

Abstract Services are changing at an impressive pace boosted by the technological advances felt in Robotics, Big Data, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) that have uncovered new research opportunities. Our objective is to contribute to the literature by exploring the pros and cons of the use of service robots in the hospitality industry and to practice, by presenting the architectural and technological characteristics of a fully automated plant based on a relevant case. To achieve such goal, this article uses a systematic literature review to assess the state-of-the-art, characterize the unit of analysis, and find new avenues for further research. The results indicate that, in high customer contact settings, service robots tend to outperform humans when performing standardized tasks, because of their mechanical and analytical nature. Evidence also shows that, in some cases, service robots have not yet achieved the desired technological maturity to proficiently replace humans. In other words, the technology is not quite there yet, but this does not contradict the fact that new robot technologies, enabled by AI, will be able to replace the employees’ empathetic intelligence. In practical terms, organizations are facing challenges where they have to decide whether service robots are capable of completely replacing human labor or if they should rather invest in balanced options, such as human-robot systems, that seem to be a much more rational choice today.

Mahdi Koushkbaghi, M. Kazemi, Hossein Mosavi et al.

Abstract Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) produced from concrete waste has recently been a good alternative to natural aggregate because of the increased focus on sustainable development and environmental benefits. However, concrete incorporating RCA has inferior properties when compared to natural aggregate concrete. The inferior properties of RCA concrete can be improved by incorporating supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Fly ash and silica fume are commonly used SCMs in the concrete industry which improve the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. Nevertheless, there is an imminent deficiency of material in certain parts of the world, and finding a replacement is a challenge for the future of the concrete industry. Rice husk ash (RHA) is a waste material that can be used as a partial replacement to improve the inferior property of RCA concrete. In this study, mechanical properties such as compressive strength and splitting tensile strength are studied. Durability properties such as water absorption, chloride diffusion and acid attack were also investigated. Furthermore, fibrous and non-fibrous concrete were made to study the effect of RHA and RCA. The results revealed that RHA can be used to mitigate the poor performance of RCA concrete and improve the bond between concrete and fibers.

Michael F. Zaeh, R.X. Gao

R. A. Ilyas, S. M. Sapuan, R. Ibrahim et al.

Abstract Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) fibre is considered as a waste product of the agricultural industry. This paper is investigating the isolation of nanofibrillated cellulose from sugar palm fibres produced by a chemo-mechanical approach, thus opening a new way to utilize waste products more efficiently. Chemical pre-treatments, namely delignification and mercerization processes, were initially involved to extract the sugar palm cellulose. Then, mechanical pre-treatment was performed by passing the sugar palm cellulose through a refiner to avoid clogging in the subsequent process of high pressurized homogenization. Nanofibrillated cellulose was then characterized by its chemical properties (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), physical morphological properties (i.e. scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis), and thermogravimetric analysis. The nanofibres were attained at 500 bar for 15 cycles with 92% yield. The results showed that the average diameter and length of the nanofibrillated cellulose were found to be 5.5 ± 1.0 nm and several micrometres, respectively. They also displayed higher crystallinity (81.2%) and thermal stability compared to raw fibres, which served its purpose as an effective reinforcing material for use as bio-nanocomposites. The nanocellulose developed promises to be a very versatile material by having a huge potential in many applications, encompassing bio-packaging to scaffolds for tissue regeneration.

Y. T. Tran, Jechan Lee, Pawan Kumar et al.

Abstract Concrete is a composite material that is widely used in the construction industry due to its excellent mechanical and physical properties. Despite these benefits, concrete possesses several disadvantages including negative environmental impacts and mechanical durability (e.g., shrinkage, frost attack, and corrosion). To date, upgrading of concrete's properties to overcome such drawbacks has been one of the most challenging, but attractive, research topics for many researchers in this research field. As one of the effective means to meet such demand, the use of natural zeolites in the production of concrete has been made preferably to acquire the excellent performance along with improvement in terms of structure, durability, and mechanical properties. This review was designed to provide a comprehensive insight into the construction-related applications of natural zeolite. To this end, we discussed the structural and fundamental properties of natural zeolites and their applications to concrete production as natural pozzolans, internal curing agents, and lightweight aggregates. Also, through critical analysis of various researches made previously, we aim to offer a better understanding on the effect of zeolites' addition upon the performance of concrete in terms of workability, strength, durability, and permeability. Additionally, we describe the present challenges and future perspectives in the use of natural zeolites for concrete production.

Baoju Liu, Jiali Qin, Jinyan Shi et al.

Abstract With the development of the construction industry, global CO 2 emissions are closely related to the utilization of cement-based materials (CBM). The calcium-silicate-based cement, as well as construction and demolition waste is calcium-rich, and both of them are considered as the main sources of mineral carbonation to transform CO 2 into thermochemically stable carbonates. Therefore, accelerated carbonation can be used in not only the early-age curing stage but also the reused stage of CBM, providing an approach for large-scale CO 2 sequestration. This paper focuses on the carbonation mechanism, CO 2 curing technology, as well as the effects of accelerated carbonation on the microstructure, mechanical properties and durability of CBM in detail. The results showed that early-age CO 2 curing could densify the microstructure, thus enhancing the mechanical properties, impermeability and durability of CBM. In addition, CO 2 sequestration could improve not only the physical properties of recycled aggregates (RA) and waste cement, but also the microstructure and performance of prepared recycled concretes, thus promoting the reutilization of RA and waste cement in CBM. It follows that the correct utilization of CO 2 sequestration technologies in CBM can not only achieve environmental benefits, but provide a new perspective for the development of the construction industry. Finally, based on this review, limitations of the existing studies are identified and the prospects that might be helpful for potential further investigation are given on the utilization of CO 2 sequestration technologies in CBM.

IvánTabernero, Amagoia Paskual, P. Álvarez et al.

Abstract Although Additive Manufacturing implementation is rapidly growing, industrial sectors are demanding an increase of manufactured part size which most extended processes, such as Selective Laser Melting (SLM) or Laser Metal Deposition (LMD), are not able to offer. In this sense, Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) offers high deposition rates and quality without size limits, becoming the best alternative for additive manufacturing of medium-large size parts with high mechanical requirements such as structural parts in the aeronautical industry. WAAM technology adds material in form of wire using an arc welding process in order to melt both the wire and the substrate. There are three welding processes that are mainly used in WAAM: Plasma Arc Welding (PAW), Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW or TIG) and Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW or MIG). This paper studies these processes regarding on their capabilities for additive manufacturing and compares the mechanical properties obtained by the different welding technologies applied in WAAM. Obtained results show the applicability of the technology as an alternative of traditional metallic preforms manufacturing processes, such as casting or forging.

Hai Dinh-Tuan

The convergence of Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) in Industry 4.0 exposes the limitations of traditional, hierarchical architectures like ISA-95 and RAMI 4.0. Their inherent rigidity, data silos, and lack of support for cloud-native technologies impair the development of scalable and interoperable industrial systems. This paper addresses this issue by introducing CRACI, a Cloud-native Reference Architecture for the Industrial Compute Continuum. Among other features, CRACI promotes a decoupled and event-driven model to enable flexible, non-hierarchical data flows across the continuum. It embeds cross-cutting concerns as foundational pillars: Trust, Governance & Policy, Observability, and Lifecycle Management, ensuring quality attributes are core to the design. The proposed architecture is validated through a two-fold approach: (1) a comparative theoretical analysis against established standards, operational models, and academic proposals; and (2) a quantitative evaluation based on performance data from previously published real-world smart manufacturing implementations. The results demonstrate that CRACI provides a viable, state-of-the-art architecture that utilizes the compute continuum to overcome the structural limitations of legacy models and enable scalable, modern industrial systems.

Noel Portillo

This document describes the development and implementation of a technological solution based on IoT devices to modernize a machine known as the Cyclone. This equipment is used by a contractor collaborating with petrochemical companies in the state of Texas, performing specialized work in mechanics, engineering, catalytic material replacement, and rescue operations in refinery complexes. The Cyclone machine, with outdated relay logic technology, poses challenges in terms of operational efficiency, critical condition monitoring, and safety. The project was carried out with the collaboration of specialists in equipment handling, focusing on demonstrating the feasibility of integrating advanced Industry 4.0 technologies into legacy industrial equipment. The methodology included the incorporation of IoT sensors for real-time monitoring, an automated control system, and the digitization of key processes. Preliminary results indicate improvements in the precision of operational control and the ability for remote supervision, highlighting the potential for modernization in critical industrial applications. This work not only validates the use of IoT devices in obsolete equipment but also sets a precedent for the transition towards more sustainable and efficient technologies in the petrochemical sector.

Rahul Kovuru, Jens Schuster

The growing demand for sustainable materials has driven interest in natural fiber-reinforced composites as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic materials. This research investigates the fabrication and mechanical performance of hemp and sisal fiber-reinforced composites, with a focus on improving fiber–matrix bonding through alkali and fungal treatments. Experimental results show that fungal treatment significantly improves tensile and flexural strength, while hardness slightly decreases. Water absorption tests revealed moderate reductions in hydrophilicity compared to untreated samples, although absolute water uptake remains higher than conventional glass/epoxy composites. Microscopy analysis further confirmed enhanced fiber adhesion and structural integrity in treated specimens. These findings suggest that hybrid composites reinforced with hemp and sisal, particularly with fungal treatment, hold promise for low-to-medium load sustainable applications in the automotive interiors, packaging, and construction industries, where moderate mechanical performance and partial biodegradability are acceptable. This research contributes to the advancement of bio-based composite materials while acknowledging current limitations in long-term durability and complete biodegradability.

Xiaoyin Ding, Zhibo Jiang, Yiheng Fu et al.

Abstract To effectively reduce the cost between electric vehicle mobile charging station operators and users, and significantly improve the utilization efficiency of charging stations, this article focuses on the design optimization of charging station location and capacity rating. A novel method for determining the location and capacity of electric vehicle mobile charging stations based on multi-objective hybrid frog leaping algorithm has been proposed. Initially, a road network node allocation model is constructed to achieve dynamic optimization of traffic node coverage at charging stations. Subsequently, a multi-objective hybrid frog leaping optimization method is employed to comprehensively consider location, facility costs, and vehicle trajectories to determine the optimal coverage set of charging stations. Simulation experiments have demonstrated that this method significantly reduces the idle rate and congestion level of charging stations by approximately 30% and 25%, respectively. Concurrently, it improves the utilization efficiency and coverage rate of charging stations by about 40% and 35%, respectively. While ensuring the demand for infrastructure land, it reduces operating costs and improves efficiency. Furthermore, by combining the maximum coverage set scheduling method, optimal control of mobile charging station positioning can be achieved. The coverage model-based optimal scheduling and multi-objective hybrid jumping biomimetic optimization strategy can collectively improve system performance and user experience, providing robust support for the construction of electric vehicle charging infrastructure.

M. Mohammadizadeh, A. Imeri, I. Fidan et al.

Abstract In this research, mechanical and structural properties of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Additively Manufactured (CFRAM) components are studied. Structural analysis is performed to understand the failure behavior of CFRAM components. Based on the SEM analysis of the tested parts, correlations between results of the mechanical test and microstructure of the parts have been investigated. CFRAM components are lightweight yet strong materials with a wide range of potential applications in auto industry, aerospace, sport goods, and medical tools. CFRAM components benefit from both cutting-edge 3D printing technology and fiber reinforcement to improve mechanical properties. Produced parts have lightweight compared with metals, strong mechanical properties, and short manufacturing time. In addition, thermoplastic polymer used for CFRAM components makes product recyclable. In this study, samples were printed using Markforged Mark Two printer and the effect of the fiber type, fiber orientations, infill density, and temperatures on tensile, fatigue, and creep properties were investigated. Carbon fiber (CF), fiberglass (FG), and Kevlar were used as reinforcing agents, and nylon as the base material. Microstructural analysis was conducted to investigate the fracture mechanism, morphology, and printing quality of the specimens. It was observed that the main failing mechanisms for CFRAM components are fiber pull-out, fiber breakage, and delamination. Further, it was understood that there is a correlation between the fiber stacking density and mechanical properties. Overall, the information provided in this study reports a unique knowledge base about the mechanical and structural behaviours of the components built with the CFRAM technology.

V. Sousa, Francisco José Gomes da Silva, G. Pinto et al.

The machining process is still a very relevant process in today’s industry, being used to produce high quality parts for multiple industry sectors. The machining processes are heavily researched, with the focus on the improvement of these processes. One of these process improvements was the creation and implementation of tool coatings in various machining operations. These coatings improved overall process productivity and tool-life, with new coatings being developed for various machining applications. TiAlN coatings are still very present in today’s industry, being used due to its incredible wear behavior at high machining speeds, high mechanical properties, having a high-thermal stability and high corrosion resistance even at high machining temperatures. Novel TiAlN-based coatings doped with Ru, Mo and Ta are currently under investigation, as they show tremendous potential in terms of mechanical properties and wear behavior improvement. With the improvement of deposition technology, recent research seems to focus primarily on the study of nanolayered and nanocomposite TiAlN-based coatings, as the thinner layers improve drastically these coating’s beneficial properties for machining applications. In this review, the recent developments of TiAlN-based coatings are going to be presented, analyzed and their mechanical properties and cutting behavior for the turning and milling processes are compared.

K. Budak, Oguz Sogut, Umran Aydemir Sezer

Chao-lin Tan, K. Zhou, M. Kuang et al.

ABSTRACT A nearly fully dense grade 300 maraging steel was fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) additive manufacturing with optimum laser parameters. Different heat treatments were elaborately applied based on the detected phase transformation temperatures. Microstructures, precipitation characteristics, residual stress and properties of the as-fabricated and heat-treated SLM parts were systematically characterized and analyzed. The observed submicron grain size (0.31 μm on average) suggests an extremely high cooling rate up to 107 K/s. Massive needle-shaped nanoprecipitates Ni3X (X = Ti, Al, Mo) are clearly present in the martensitic matrix, which accounts for the age hardening. The interfacial relations between the precipitate and matrix are revealed by electron microscopy and illustrated in detail. Strengthening mechanism is explained by Orowan bowing mechanism and coherency strain hardening. Building orientation-based mechanical anisotropy, caused by ‘layer-wise effect’, is also investigated in as-fabricated and heat-treated specimens. The findings reveal that heat treatments not only induce strengthening, but also significantly relieve the residual stress and slightly eliminate the mechanical anisotropy. In addition, comprehensive performance in terms of Charpy impact test, tribological performance, as well as corrosion resistance of the as-fabricated and heat-treated parts are characterized and systematically investigated in comparison with traditionally produced maraging steels as guidance for industry applications. Graphical Abstract

I. Boldea, L. Tutelea, W. Xu et al.

Linear motion is rather common in the industry, and linear electric motors (LEMs) can provide it directly (without a mechanical transmission) through electromagnetic field forces. LEMs may be considered counterparts of rotary electric machines, but specific topologies lead to characteristics that differ (in some cases notably) from those of the latter. This paper attempts an overview on recent progress of LEMs, from innovative topologies to advanced modeling, design, and control, with case studies and examples related to specific industrial applications from people movers to small compressors solenoids, speakers, and microphones.

Xi Jin, Yang Zhou, Lu Zhang et al.