Users expect software to be error-free; however, preventing faults in software while being developed is difficult. Although predicting faults in software is arduous, it radically helps to improve the software quality. Due to the complexity of software, time, and budget limitations, such prediction helps to deliver more robust and error-free software with lower expenses. This paper introduces an iterative method based on fuzzy systems and machine learning to predict software faults. High interpretability, transparency, balancing data, and finding the best interval for converting numerical features to fuzzy features are basic challenges for predicting software faults. The proposed framework is split into four phases. In the first phase, the crisp inputs are converted to fuzzy sets. In the second phase, a membership function is constructed using triangular fuzzy sets. In the third phase, training data are balanced, and fuzzy rules are generated. In the last phase, the similarity of inputs with the rules’ antecedents is calculated, and the fired rules are aggregated to label the test data. Eclipse, Promise, and Travis repositories are evaluated with the proposed method. The calculated AUC of the proposed method on Promise, Travis, and Eclipse datasets are, respectively, equal to 89%, 62% and 87%, which are comparable to the results obtained by deep learning methods but with higher interpretability and transparency.
[Objective] Analysis is carried out targeting the power outage issues occurring during the operation of urban rail transit substations, the key components causing power failure are identified, and the safety hazards leading to substation power outages caused by these critical components are addressed. [Method] By analyzing the causes of power outage in substations, it is pointed out that the voltage relays are the key components leading to substation power failure. The internal circuit working principle of the low voltage detection relay in a 400 V distribution box is examined, and parameters of the internal circuit problematic parts are calculated. The reasons for abnormal operation of key components are argued based on the calculation results. Based on the cause analysis, an internal circuit optimization scheme is proposed. The optimized internal circuit is then analyzed and tested to verify the reliability of the voltage relay. [Result & Conclusion] After optimizing the voltage relay internal circuit, maloperation caused by secondary detection circuit failures inside the substation 400 V switchgear cabinet is effectively avoided. The detection and logic judgment circuits of the voltage relay should be designed with electrical isolation, aiming to enhance reliability of the detection circuit in various operating scenarios, ensuring the adaptability of detection components to different working conditions.
Deep and shallow embeddings of non-classical logics in classical higher-order logic have been explored, implemented, and used in various reasoning tools in recent years. This paper presents a method for the simultaneous deployment of deep and shallow embeddings of various degrees in classical higher-order logic. This enables flexible, interactive and automated theorem proving and counterexample finding at meta and object level, as well as automated faithfulness proofs between these logic embeddings. The method is beneficial for logic education, research and application and is illustrated here using a simple propositional modal logic. However, this approach is conceptual in nature and not limited to this simple logic context.
We introduce a monotone modal analogue of the intuitionistic (normal) modal logic IK using a translation into a suitable (intuitionistic) first-order logic. We axiomatise the logic and give a semantics by means of intuitionistic neighbourhood models, which contain neighbourhoods whose value can change when moving along the intuitionistic accessibility relation. We compare the resulting logic with other intuitionistic monotone modal logics and show how it can be embedded into a multimodal version of IK.
We extend the logical categories framework to first order modal logic. In our modal categories, modal operators are applied directly to subobjects and interact with the background factorization system. We prove a Joyal-style representation theorem into relational structures formalizing a `counterpart' notion. We investigate saturation conditions related to definability questions and we enrich our framework with quotients and disjoint sums, thus leading to the notion of a modal (quasi) pretopos. We finally show how to build syntactic categories out of first order modal theories.
The issue of territorial data is of growing importance to the State, which aims to guide their production, circulation and conditions of use. This article examines how the State is repositioning itself vis-à-vis local authorities regarding urban planning regulations, in the context of the standardization and digitization of data from local urban development plans. It also explores the integration of these data into a single geo-platform. We demonstrate that this project to build a common tool on a national scale is part of a central government takeover of urban planning data through the partial integration of private methods developed by commercial companies during the 2010s, facilitated by the open data process. Studying the public/private production of regulatory urban planning data highlights two key aspects in the reconfiguration of State action regarding territories: on the one hand, the emergence of tension between a managerial logic of data and a territorially adapted approach to regulation, suited to the context of local projects, raises the question of a reassertion of the State in terms of urban planning regulations and a potential prevalence of "predefined boxes" over the nuanced and contextualized logic of the rule; on the other hand, the digitization and standardization of urban planning data establish the conditions for a technical instrumentation of territories to facilitate their monitoring and control through quantified territorial comparisons. This study concludes to a complexification of the contemporary production of territorial data while highlighting the importance of monitoring these data to grasp the issues embodied in new types of hybrid instruments for State steering of local action.
In this paper, we defined the concept \(\mathcal{SUP}\)-hesitant fuzzy interior ideals in \(\Gamma\)-semigroups, which is generalized of hesitant fuzzy interior ideals in \(\Gamma\)-semigroups. Additionally, we study fundamental properties of \(\mathcal{SUP}\)-hesitant fuzzy interior ideals in \(\Gamma\)-semigroups. Finally, we investigate characterized properties of those.
Multi-adjoint logic programming is a general framework with interesting features, which involves other positive logic programming frameworks such as monotonic and residuated logic programming, generalized annotated logic programs, fuzzy logic programming and possibilistic logic programming. One of the most interesting extensions of this framework is the possibility of considering a negation operator in the logic programs, which will improve its flexibility and the range of real applications. This paper introduces multi-adjoint normal logic programming, which is an extension of multi-adjoint logic programming including a negation operator in the underlying lattice. Beside the introduction of the syntax and semantics of this paradigm, we will provide sufficient conditions for the existence of stable models defined on a convex compact set of a euclidean space. Finally, we will consider a particular algebraic structure in which sufficient conditions can be given in order to ensure the unicity of stable models of multi-adjoint normal logic programs.
In the literature, the question about how to axiomatize the transitive logic of false belief is thought of as hard and left as an open problem. In this paper, among other contributions, we deal with this problem. In more details, although the standard doxastic operator is undefinable with the operator of false belief, the former is {\em almost definable} with the latter. On one hand, the involved almost definability schema guides us to find the desired core axioms for the transitive logic and the Euclidean logic of false belief. On the other hand, inspired by the schema and other considerations, we propose a suitable canonical relation, which can uniformly handle the completeness proof of various logics of false belief, including the transitive logic. We also extend the results to the logic of radical ignorance, due to the interdefinability of the operators of false belief and radical ignorance.
Alex Vergara Anticona, Candy Ocaña Zúñiga, Alexandre Rosa dos Santos
et al.
Forest fires are a potential threat to life, as they contribute to reducing forest areas, impact on the services we expect from ecosystems, the health of the inhabitants is affected by smoke and the economic costs for the recovery of affected areas is high. The objective of the study is to apply fuzzy logic to model the risk of forest fires in the Cajamarca-Peru region, incorporating variables that represent biological, topographic, socioeconomic, and meteorological factors. The analysis was based on the acquisition, editing and rasterization of the database, application of fuzzy membership functions and image fuzzification, fuzzy superposition and spatial reclassification of forest fire risk. The results obtained show that 71.68% of the area is under very low or medium forest fire risk. However, 28.32% of the study area has a high to very high fire risk, which makes the occurrence of fires susceptible to the lack of rain and water in the soil. It was found that biological, topographic, and socioeconomic factors with their respective variables are directly influenced by meteorological factor variables such as temperature, rainfall and water availability. Fuzzy logic offered flexibility in modeling wildfire risk in the region, proving to be a useful tool for predicting and mapping wildfire risk.
Analysis, Business mathematics. Commercial arithmetic. Including tables, etc.
Water quality assessment is crucial for maintaining the health and well-being of communities. In this study, Fuzzy Logic Water Quality Index (FWQI) utilized as a tool to assess the water quality in Sulaimani City, Kurdistan, Iraq. FWQI combines the flexibility and interpretability of fuzzy logic with the ability to handle imprecise and uncertain data, making it suitable for assessing complex systems such as water quality. Daily data of eleven water parameters from 14-water tanks location across Sulaimani city were evaluated for the duration of 2011 to 2021. The identified parameters includes pH, TDS, EC, TA, TH, Ca, Mg, Cl, Na, K, and SO4 . Fuzzy logic membership functions used to represent the linguistic variables associated with each parameter, allowing for the conversion of numerical data into fuzzy sets. A set of fuzzy rules established to map the fuzzy sets of the input parameters to an overall water quality index. The formulated rules were based on expert knowledge and existing water quality guidelines. The Fuzzy Logic Inference Index (FLII) outcomes were validated by comparing them with conventional water quality indices and expert judgments, demonstrating the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach. The FWQI values of the study area showed that the drinking water quality of all selected tanks are suitable for drinking. The quality classes of water ranges between acceptable to desirable.
<p>Saat ini proses proses manajemen bisnis di SAHA CELL dilakukan dengan menghitung secara manual menggunakan kalkulator dan harus menghapal harga setiap produk oleh karyawan. Karyawan juga akan menulis kode dan harga produk dalam buku catatan harian. Kondisi ini membuat transaksi menjadi tidak valid, karena karyawan salah menuliskan kode dan harga yang menyebabkan kerugian SAHA CELL. Penelitian ini menyelesaikan masalah di dalam proses bisnis SAHA CELL menggunakan framework Flutter berbasis BLOC (<em>Business Logic Component</em>). Sistem yang dibangun terdiri dari aplikasi mobile dan web berbasis <em>hybrid </em>sehingga memungkinkan proses dilakukan secara <em>online</em> dan <em>offline</em>. Hasil dari pengujian sistem menggunakan <em>Pengguna Acceptance Test</em> oleh pemilik toko menghasilkan keberhasilan 100% yang mengindikasi sistem dapat diterima baik.</p>
This article seeks to shed light on the figures of violence in the health sector in two specific national contexts: the North, in France, and Bucharest, in Romania. The population at the heart of this research being that of health professionals has led to a questioning of the relationship to the profession in connection with its qualification of violence. This questioning was constructed by mobilising the tools of interactionist sociology – and doing so comprehensively. It was with this same aim in mind that a victimization survey was carried out, allowing us to collect 719 questionnaires from health professionals working in health and medical-social institutions. The first major result is the determining role of the relationship to the profession in understanding the logic at work in qualifying violence in the situations concerned. The results thus produced show that the situations producing victimization crystallize around the user/professional relationships. The second major result is the appearance of real specificities according to the national context, resulting from a markedly differentiated relationship with users and pathologies. In Romania, victimizations are “incidents at the door”, while in France they are at the heart of care, but in both cases they call “relationships of service” into question.
The article considers a general concept of reproductive rights, its primary enshrinement into international documents, and manifestation in specific laws adopted in post-Soviet space (including the Russian Federation). Various approaches to legal regulation based on direct enshrinement of specific reproductive rights, and determination of a legal regime of assisted reproductive technologies are shown. Some examples taken from legislation of the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the Kyrgyz Republic are given. The Western European experience based on the regulation of technologies rather than on provision of new basic human rights is presented. Effects of inclusion of reproductive technologies into economically evaluated medical industry are analyzed. It is highlighted that regulatory logic of reproductive technologies in Russia is largely based on market approaches, and any medical intervention is considered to be a civil service. Meanwhile, according to 2020 Constitutional amendments, Article 114 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation enshrined preservation of traditional values. Thus, a theological approach to the regulation of most biomedical issues seems to be relevant.
Abstract The Road of Tang Poetry in Eastern Zhejiang is a poetic cultural route linked by Tang poetry which is the pinnacle of ancient Chinese poetry history, and is a cluster of cultural landscapes where nature and humanity blend together under the narrative of Tang poetry. The research has mined and collated the text information of poems, such as trails, persons, places and landscapes, in 1593 poems written by 451 poets of the Tang Dynasty in Eastern Zhejiang, and discerned the overall route of the Road of Tang Poetry in Eastern Zhejiang based on the spatial location of all the text information in GIS. The spatial distribution pattern of the cultural landscape of the Road of Tang Poetry is analyzed and summarized from four levels: natural landscape, Buddhist and Taoist cultural landscape, celebrity cultural landscape and folk cultural landscape. The complex social network relationship between “poet-person” and “poet-landscape” is shown through the Gephi tools. The four causes and two characteristics of the Road of Tang poetry in Eastern Zhejiang are explained from the perspective of the logic of mathematical statistics.
Nick Bezhanishvili, Anna Dmitrieva, Jim de Groot
et al.
We develop a duality for (modal) lattices that need not be distributive, and use it to study positive (modal) logic beyond distributivity, which we call weak positive (modal) logic. This duality builds on the Hofmann, Mislove and Stralka duality for meet-semilattices. We introduce the notion of $Π_1$-persistence and show that every weak positive modal logic is $Π_1$-persistent. This approach leads to a new relational semantics for weak positive modal logic, for which we prove an analogue of Sahlqvist correspondence result.
We consider an extension of first-order logic with a recursion operator that corresponds to allowing formulas to refer to themselves. We investigate the obtained language under two different systems of semantics, thereby obtaining two closely related but different logics. We provide a natural deduction system that is complete for validities for both of these logics, and we also investigate a range of related basic decision problems. For example, the validity problems of the two-variable fragments of the logics are shown coNexpTime-complete, which is in stark contrast with the high undecidability of two-variable logic extended with least fixed points. We also argue for the naturalness and benefits of the investigated approach to recursion and self-reference by, for example, relating the new logics to Lindstrom's Second Theorem.