The article analyzes the peculiarities of developing psychological resilience in law enforcement officers under martial law. The aim of the article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of psychological resilience in law enforcement personnel operating under martial law, covering its theoretical foundations, practical mechanisms of development, and the post-crisis support system. The study employed general scientific methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, a systemic approach, and modeling. The research findings show that psychological resilience in law enforcement officers under martial law is formed as a dynamic construct that integrates neurophysiological, cognitive, and sociocultural factors. The study demonstrates that the polyvagal theory helps to understand evolutionarily conditioned response patterns, while modern cognitive paradigms emphasize the importance of self- regulation as a key prerequisite for effective stress management. It is concluded that resilience is not a fixed personality trait but develops through the interaction of biological potential with individually shaped value orientations and coping strategies that jointly define the boundaries of an officer’s psychological stability zone. On a practical level, the study shows that psychological resilience can be enhanced through systematic training that simulates combat situations in combination with rapid self-regulation techniques. It has been proven that developing neuromuscular memory, reducing decision-making latency, and maintaining coordinated teamwork help reduce the risk of professional errors. The research identifies that a multi-level system of psychological monitoring (screenings, debriefings) contributes to the creation of a sustainable culture of psychological safety within law enforcement agencies. The practical value of the study lies in the development of an effective integrated model for strengthening the psychological resilience of law enforcement personnel to ensure their readiness to act in wartime and crisis situations.
У статті проаналізовано особливості взаємодії під час досудового розслідування кримінальних правопорушень, учинених у сфері господарської діяльності з використанням підроблених документів. Висвітлено основні форми співпраці між слідчими, оперативними, експертними та контролюючими органами, окреслено проблеми нормативного забезпечення такої взаємодії. Розглянуто питання використання результатів експертиз і оперативних матеріалів у доказуванні підробки документів, а також вплив цифровізації та воєнного стану на організацію розслідування. Доведено, що підвищення ефективності взаємодії можливе через удосконалення нормативної бази, розвиток інформаційних технологій і зміцнення міжвідомчої координації.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
We present the discovery of a fundamental composition law governing conjugate observables in the Random Permutation Sorting System (RPSS). The law links the discrete permutation count Np and the continuous elapsed time T through a functional relation connecting the characteristic function of timing distributions to the probability generating function of permutation counts. This framework enables entropy purification, transforming microarchitectural timing fluctuations into uniform randomness via geometric convergence. We establish convergence theorems with explicit bounds and validate the results experimentally, achieving Shannon entropy above 7.9998 bits per byte and chi-square uniformity across diverse platforms. The composition law provides a universal foundation for generating provably uniform randomness from general-purpose computation, securing cryptographic purity from emergent computational dynamics.
Scaling laws, a defining feature of deep learning, reveal a striking power-law improvement in model performance with increasing dataset and model size. Yet, their mathematical origins, especially the scaling exponent, have remained elusive. In this work, we show that scaling laws can be formally explained as redundancy laws. Using kernel regression, we show that a polynomial tail in the data covariance spectrum yields an excess risk power law with exponent alpha = 2s / (2s + 1/beta), where beta controls the spectral tail and 1/beta measures redundancy. This reveals that the learning curve's slope is not universal but depends on data redundancy, with steeper spectra accelerating returns to scale. We establish the law's universality across boundedly invertible transformations, multi-modal mixtures, finite-width approximations, and Transformer architectures in both linearized (NTK) and feature-learning regimes. This work delivers the first rigorous mathematical explanation of scaling laws as finite-sample redundancy laws, unifying empirical observations with theoretical foundations.
The article analyzes the peculiarities of legal regulation of inheritance relations in the conditions of martial law. It was determined that the study of inheritance problems is due to the need for further improvement of the mechanism of implementation and protection of human rights and interests, in particular property rights, in the conditions of a market economy in a democratic, legal state. In the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, this issue becomes extremely important due to the occurrence of significant obstacles in the implementation of the right to inherit. In the process of research, it was established that the introduction of a special legal regime, including martial law, always acts as a basis for limiting the basic rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen, in particular, in relation to the realization of property rights, for example, inheritance. It was found that during the period of martial law, appropriate changes were made to the legislation of Ukraine to regulate inheritance relations. It was found that the place of opening of inheritance is the last place of residence of the testator, and if the place of residence of the testator is unknown, the place of opening of inheritance is the location of immovable property or its main part, and in the absence of immovable property - the location of the main part of movable property. It has been established that a six-month deadline is set for accepting inheritance, but if a person died during martial law and the state registration of death was carried out later than one month after his death, the time limit for accepting inheritance is calculated not from the moment of actual death, but from the moment registration of death by state authorities. If a person died in the temporarily occupied territories or in some other city, the heirs turn to a notary public and cannot substantiate the date of death, then for such persons the term is calculated from the moment the fact of death is entered in the State Register of civil status acts of citizens. It was determined that the introduction of the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine required the introduction of appropriate changes to the national legislation, in particular regarding inheritance relations, in order to establish and ensure human rights and freedoms in the new realities. The introduced changes provide an opportunity to protect the rights of heirs in the best possible way.
The article is devoted to defining the essence and peculiarities of the law enforcement system of Ukraine and the National Police of Ukraine, as well as the impact of the war on the development of the activities of these bodies. Attention was drawn to the mechanism of law enforcement agencies, namely the ways and methods of ensuring their activities. The principles on which the activity of the National Police of Ukraine is based are also analyzed, taking into account all the changes that were introduced due to the war. Studying changes in the National Police of Ukraine in the context of the full-scale Russian invasion is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, it provides insights into the adaptability and resilience of law enforcement agencies in the face of unprecedented challenges. Understanding how the police force responds to such a crisis can offer valuable lessons for other nations dealing with similar threats. Secondly, research in this area sheds light on the effectiveness of reforms and training programs implemented to enhance the capabilities of the National Police. Analyzing the changes in strategies, tactics, and overall performance can help identify areas of improvement and refine future initiatives. Furthermore, studying the National Police's response to the Russian invasion contributes to a broader understanding of the role of law enforcement in conflict zones. It allows for an evaluation of the challenges faced by the police force, such as maintaining public order, ensuring civilian safety, and combating organized crime in a volatile environment. In a geopolitical context, this research becomes a part of the global conversation on security and stability. It highlights the importance of international support and cooperation in strengthening the capacities of national law enforcement agencies during times of conflict. Ultimately, examining the shifts in the National Police of Ukraine amid the Russian invasion not only provides valuable insights for the country itself but also contributes to the global discourse on security, resilience, and the role of law enforcement in times of crisis.
The article is devoted to the study of the institution of property rights protection in administrative law. The legal institute of property rights protection in administrative law is considered as a set of administrative and legal norms regulating homogeneous social relations related to the protection of property rights. In the system of administrative law, they form an independent separate group, permeated with internal unity, with a common goal - to ensure a holistic effective regulation of social relations related to the protection of property rights, which allow for the possibility of applying to an individual or legal entity measures of administrative liability for the commission by that person of offenses encroaching on property. It is established that: 1) the institute of property rights protection, as a systemic, integral entity, is a unity of naturally arranged and interrelated elements, to which we have referred the sources, objects of legal relations, as well as special entities whose activities are aimed at organizing appropriate protection of property rights through the use of administrative and legal measures and means; 2) the institute of property rights protection in administrative law operates with universal administrative and legal measures and means. This universality lies in the fact that they combine the «power» of the State structures with which they are usually associated, and which involve the direct application of various measures of State coercion with a preventive effect. Their combined use makes it possible to protect property rights at the sectoral level in the most complete and comprehensive manner. It is stated that the State regulation of property rights protection in Ukraine belongs to a wide range of relations which are the subject matter of both civil, criminal and administrative law. The legal system of Ukraine has created a whole range of institutions for the protection of property rights. Taken together, they form the legal basis for state property protection. At the same time, the use of administrative and legal measures and means by the executive authorities in the course of property rights protection is the most effective in terms of the ratio «funds spent - results obtained from their use».
In the content of the article, the author revealed the relevance of scientific knowledge of judicial practice issues as a result of the implementation of law-making by the state through the relevant authorized subjects. It was noted that the participation of the state in law-making in the modern conditions of legal development in Ukraine is the subject of many discussions and discussions on the part of representatives of legal doctrine. However, the most controversial and ambiguous result of scientific research remains the question of the law-making role of judicial practice, the subject of which is generated exclusively by the subjects of the judicial system. The participation of the state in the formation and approval of the results of judicial practice is absolute and without alternatives, such powers cannot be delegated and cannot be waived. And therefore, this indicates the exclusive monopoly of the state on the formation of judicial practice, granting it a law-making status, ensuring its renewal and monitoring its implementation. In connection with this, in the cognitive plan, the question of the peculiarities of judicial practice as a law-making phenomenon, in the context of balancing the participation of the state and civil society in the mechanism of modern law-making, is relevant. Based on the analysis of scientists' views on the issue of state participation in the generation of judicial practice, it was concluded that judicial practice is defined by its multifaceted nature and can be defined as: 1) a means of identifying deficiencies in legal regulation; 2) a law-making means of overcoming gaps in the legislation; 3) a means of generalizing the law-making influence on social relations; 4) a means of creating law-making proposals to improve the provisions of the current legislation; 5) a means of interpreting legal norms, which is carried out by realizing and clarifying the lawmaking intention, which is embedded in the content of the provisions of the legislation, and explaining it to the subjects of the law; 6) a means of law-making control, which provides, during the consideration of a court case, a check of the current legal norms for their compliance with the norms established by the Constitution, norms of international law or norms established by lawmaking acts of higher legal force, as well as for compliance with the rules of temporal and spatial effect of legal norms; 7) a means of law-making initiative, according to which judicial practice is considered as a special means of developing lawmaking proposals and initiating their consideration by competent bodies.
Este artículo reseña: Jorge E. NÚÑEZ, Cosmopolitanism, State Sovereignty and International Law and Politics: A Theory, Routledge, London, New York, 2023, 216 pp.
Réfléchir à l’émergence du concept de « culture de constitution » dans le débat académique pose la question de l’intériorisation par les acteurs politiques et juridiques des formes constitutionnelles dans leurs pratiques politiques. Inscrit dans une démarche comparatiste, ce phénomène permet de mettre en évidence des trajectoires nationales singulières, déterminées par l’histoire, les mœurs, les contextes sociaux et les règles de droit. Ce concept devient ainsi un étalon pour éprouver la légitimité et l’adhésion ressenties à l’égard de la Constitution. Une telle méthode juridico-culturelle nous informe plus largement sur la fonction réflexive du droit constitutionnel comparé : « connaître l’autre pour mieux se connaître soi-même ».
We identify several important and unsettled legal questions with profound ethical and societal implications arising from generative artificial intelligence (GenAI), focusing on its distinguishable characteristics from traditional software and earlier AI models. Our key contribution is formally identifying the issues that are unique to GenAI so scholars, practitioners, and others can conduct more useful investigations and discussions. While established legal frameworks, many originating from the pre-digital era, are currently employed in GenAI litigation, we question their adequacy. We argue that GenAI's unique attributes, including its general-purpose nature, reliance on massive datasets, and potential for both pervasive societal benefits and harms, necessitate a re-evaluation of existing legal paradigms. We explore potential areas for legal and regulatory adaptation, highlighting key issues around copyright, privacy, torts, contract law, criminal law, property law, and the First Amendment. Through an exploration of these multifaceted legal challenges, we aim to stimulate discourse and policy considerations surrounding GenAI, emphasizing a proactive approach to legal and ethical frameworks. While we refrain from advocating specific legal changes, we underscore the need for policymakers to carefully consider the issues raised. We conclude by summarizing key questions across these areas of law in a helpful table for easy reference.
The article examines the content and certain essential aspects of the principle of competition in the field of criminal and executive law. It is emphasized that this principle is interdisciplinary and characteristic of both the sphere of public legal relations and the sphere of private law. It is noted that competition as a legal basis is mandatory for all procedural branches of law, be it criminal procedural law, civil procedural law, commercial law, administrative law, etc. Attention is focused on the fact that most of the theoretical concepts of determining the principle of competitiveness in the field of public-legal relations are based on the achievements of scientists in the field of criminal procedural law. It is noted that this fact is quite logical, since in the field of criminal proceedings, especially in the judicial stages of its implementation, a classic adversarial process takes place between the parties to the proceedings, who implement the opposite procedural functions of prosecution and defense. It is emphasized that for the field of criminal enforcement law, it is appropriate to use approaches for determining adversariality in the field of criminal proceedings, but with certain essential differences. It is noted that the parties to the proceedings as an element of the reflection of competition in criminal enforcement law differ from the definition of the parties in the criminal process. It is indicated that the classic confrontation between the prosecution and the defense, which is natural for the criminal process, is absent in criminal executive law. It is emphasized that the determination of the parties as an integral element of competitiveness in criminal executive law should take into account the existing opposing interests in this field of law, such as public and personal interests. It is noted that the public interest in the field of criminal executive law is defended by state representatives, that is, officials of bodies and institutions for the execution of punishments, as well as the prosecutor, who performs the function of supervising the observance of legality during the execution of sentences, as well as applying other coercive measures related to the restriction of personal freedom of citizens. Personal interest, under such conditions, is defended by the convict and his representatives.
The Arab uprisings of 2010-2011 generated a growing movement for change among the judicial corps throughout the Arab world. Judges and prosecutors created independent associations in Morocco, Mauritania, Yemen, Libya, Lebanon, and Tunisia to represent their interests and promote a better administration of justice. Since the March Revolution of 2011 in Syria, members of the judiciary also attempted to create their own association, but failed to do so. This article briefly outlines the demographics of the judicial corps after ten years of conflict in Syria. A noticeable change is the increase in the number of women in the judiciary and their promotion to positions of power. How have women judges and prosecutors used the greater authority granted to them? To the advantage of the regime, as a means for self-promotion or to better defend the rights of all? The second part of the article details the progressive disempowerment of the judiciary, the expansion of the criminal justice system and the creation of the Counterterrorism Court used by the regime to quash the popular uprising. In the final section, stories of off-bench resistance highlight efforts made by judges and prosecutors to defend their judicial autonomy and the basic human rights and freedoms of all Syrians.
Introduction: the article is devoted to theoretical aspects of the implementation
of personal responsibility of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian
Federation to the President of the Russian Federation. The author analyzes Article
113 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as norms of the Federal
Constitutional Law “On the Government of the Russian Federation” regulating
personal responsibility of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian
Federation in case of improper execution of his powers. It is noted that personal
responsibility arises in the process of carrying out certain activities, within the
framework of which a respectful and positive attitude of the subject to this activity
is formed in order to achieve a positive result. Purpose: to give a theoretical and
legal characterization of personal responsibility, as well as consider problematic
issues of its implementation. The authors formulate the following research
tasks characterizing the logical chain of reflections on personal responsibility
and punishment of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation:
to consider general issues of personal responsibility of the Government of the
Russian Federation; analyze key elements of personal responsibility; characterize
the basics for implementing Article 113 of the Constitution of the Russian
Federation and identify certain aspects. Methods: the methodology is determined
by the specifics of the legal regulation of personal responsibility implementation.
The article uses a complex of general scientific (dialectical, analysis and
synthesis, system-structural approach) and special cognition methods. The
formal legal method helps analyze provisions of legal acts regulating the process
of implementing personal responsibility. Results: Personal responsibility can
be realized both in positive and negative aspects. At the same time, there are 2
types: constitutional and legal, and disciplinary responsibility. The author models
the process of implementing personal responsibility on the example of bringing
the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation to legal liability.
Conclusion: based on the conducted research, it is concluded that there are
many unresolved problems of an applied nature in the field under consideration,
which do not allow us to talk about effectiveness of personal responsibility. The
legislative consolidation of this type of responsibility does not clarify the process
of its implementation. It is necessary to actively continue scientific research and
legislative initiatives on the analyzed issue, which will improve the quality of public administration.
Steven Stalder, Michele Volpi, Nicolas Büttner
et al.
Cities around the world face a critical shortage of affordable and decent housing. Despite its critical importance for policy, our ability to effectively monitor and track progress in urban housing is limited. Deep learning-based computer vision methods applied to street-level images have been successful in the measurement of socioeconomic and environmental inequalities but did not fully utilize temporal images to track urban change as time-varying labels are often unavailable. We used self-supervised methods to measure change in London using 15 million street images taken between 2008 and 2021. Our novel adaptation of Barlow Twins, Street2Vec, embeds urban structure while being invariant to seasonal and daily changes without manual annotations. It outperformed generic embeddings, successfully identified point-level change in London's housing supply from street-level images, and distinguished between major and minor change. This capability can provide timely information for urban planning and policy decisions toward more liveable, equitable, and sustainable cities.
The notion that nature is subject to laws is exciting from many different viewpoints. This paper is based on the context of modern cosmology and presents a more philosophical discussion. It will list the significant interdisciplinary implications generated by various aspects of the contemporary scientific discussion about the status of laws of nature, especially their dynamic nature. Recent work highlights how multiple aspects of the observed universe still lack explanation and that several problems of standard cosmology still form the object of debate. Considering these issues, several proposals have been made that entail a revision of the concept of the law of nature, according to which the nature of time and of the relation between causality and natural laws ought to be reconsidered using approaches or viewpoints which point to philosophical issues. We argue that Tim Maudlin's concept of Fundamental Law of Temporal Evolution (FLOTE) and Nancy Cartwright's notion of the nomological machine provide new insights and valuable tools that can be used in the analysis of the status of laws in the context of cosmology and of complex systems theory. The limits of the traditional approach to laws of nature and of their mathematical formulation are highlighted in this context, as well as the fact that many of the ultimate properties of nature may turn out to be formally unpredictable or uncomputable.
This article examines whether a judicial methodology to the use of comparative law has developed in the jurisprudence of the South African Constitutional Court. It does so by examining 10 recent cases where the Constitutional Court has considered foreign law. The author finds that a clear legal methodology to the use of foreign law has not developed in the jurisprudence of the South African Constitutional Court. Foreign law is often relied on in a piecemeal fashion and these examples are often “cherry picked” with little or no justification provided by the Court. The Court still shows apreference for considering “Global North” experiences. In addition, the Court has mostly failed to consider the social realities and cultural considerations of the comparator countries vis-à-vis those of South Africa.
У статті проводиться дослідження інституту судової правотворчості та її зв'язок з інститутом законодавчих прогалин в історико-правовому розрізі розвитку цивільного судочинства. Поряд з цим визначаються підстави виникнення законодавчих прогалин, їх видів та шляхів їх подолання під час правозастосовчої практики загальних судів. Автори проводять порівняльний аналіз особливостей континентального і загального права у сфері як законодавчих прогалин, так і їх подолання за рахунок судової правотворчості. При цьому, звертається увага на те, що суди не мають права відмовляти особі в правосудді з підстав відсутності, неповноти, нечіткості чи суперечливості норм права, що є ключовим положенням, спрямованим в бік судової правотворчості. В цій частині автори звертають увагу на судову правотворчість Великої Палати Верховного Суду та імперативність її правових позицій, якими розвивається право в нашій державі. При цьому, в роботі зазначається, що європейські країни, в тому числі і Україна поступово наближаються до конвергенційного правосуддя, де широко застосовуються норми права, але поряд з цим суди не позбавлені права на судову правотворчість. Зокрема, в таких країнах як Німеччина суди навіть зобов’язані до правотворчого процесу, безумовно, при наявній щодо цього необхідності. Отже, судова правотворчість не є безмежним поняттям. Вона завжди може мати місце лише там, де мають місце законодавчі прогалини з одного боку, а з іншого, там де є спір про право, оскільки саме під час урегулювання такого спору нормами права проявляються всі недоліки законодавства, як то нечіткість, суперечливість чи неповнота, а то і відсутність норм, якими б суд міг урегулювати спірні відносини.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
In the quantum regime, the third law of thermodynamics implies the unattainability of pure states. As shown recently, such unattainability implies that a unitary interaction between the measured system and a measuring apparatus can never implement an ideal projective measurement. In this paper, we introduce an operational formulation of the third law for the most general class of physical transformations, the violation of which is both necessary and sufficient for the preparation of pure states. Subsequently, we investigate how such a law constrains measurements of general observables, or positive operator valued measures. We identify several desirable properties of measurements which are simultaneously enjoyed by ideal projective measurements -- and are hence all ruled out by the third law in such a case -- and determine if the third law allows for these properties to obtain for general measurements of general observables and, if so, under what conditions. It is shown that while the third law rules out some of these properties for all observables, others may be enjoyed by observables that are sufficiently "unsharp".