Hasil untuk "Latin America. Spanish America"

Luis Chamba-Eras, Oscar Miguel Cumbicus Pineda, Edison Leonardo Coronel Romero et al.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Ecuador is not a technological option but a strategic imperative to prevent institutional obsolescence and academic irrelevance in Latin America. This paper presents the IA593 Framework, a governance, ethics, and operational model designed for the Universidad Nacional de Loja (UNL) and scalable as a reference for the Ecuadorian higher education system. The current context reveals a critical urgency: the Latin American Artificial Intelligence Index 2025 classifies Ecuador as a late awakening adopter, exposing severe structural gaps, including R and D investment of only 0.44 percent of GDP and a marginal contribution to global AI scientific output. Although a National Strategy for the Promotion of AI exists and calls for multisectoral governance, universities still lack internal regulations governing the use of Generative AI, placing academic integrity and data privacy at risk. The IA593 Framework addresses this challenge through five interconnected pillars aligned with the FATE principles of Fairness, Accountability, Transparency, and Ethics and UNESCO recommendations on AI ethics: Transversal Governance, Teaching and Training, Research, Outreach, and Management. This framework enables HEIs to move from passive technology consumption toward a sovereign and critical adoption of AI, ensuring compliance with national academic regulations and positioning UNL as a key actor in reducing the digital divide and brain drain in Ecuador.

Lauren Benjamin Mushro

This paper examines gender stratification in the Latin American data annotation gig economy, with a particular focus on the "triple burden" shouldered by women: unpaid care responsibilities, economic precarity, and the volatility of platform-mediated labor. Data annotation, once lauded as a democratizing force within the global gig economy, has evolved into a segmented labor market characterized by low wages, limited protections, and unequal access to higher-skilled annotation tasks. Drawing on an exploratory survey of 30 Latin American data annotators, supplemented by qualitative accounts and comparative secondary literature, this study situates female annotators within broader debates in labor economics, including segmentation theory, monopsony power in platform labor, and the reserve army of labor. Findings indicate that women are disproportionately drawn into annotation due to caregiving obligations and political-economic instability in countries such as Venezuela, Colombia, and Peru. Respondents highlight low pay, irregular access to tasks, and lack of benefits as central challenges, while also expressing ambivalence about whether their work is valued relative to male counterparts. By framing annotation as both a gendered survival strategy and a critical input in the global artificial intelligence supply chain, this paper argues for the recognition of annotation as skilled labor and for regulatory interventions that address platform accountability, wage suppression, and regional inequalities.

Mohammad Reza Sorouhesh, Mayam Golriz, Bozorg Panbehkar

We introduce the \emph{Generalized Latin Square Graph} $Γ(S)$ of a finite semigroup $S$. Since we record global factorization multiplicities and local alternative counts, we define three counting invariants $N_S,N_R,N_C$. This gives that we have a simple degree formula \[ \text{deg}(v)=2n-3+Q(v),\qquad Q(v)=N_S(s_k)-2N_R(v)-2N_C(v). \] We show that $Γ(S)$ is regular exactly when $Q$ is constant. We apply the framework to cancellative semigroups, bands, Brandt semigroups and null semigroups. For null semigroups, since we identify $Γ(S)\cong K_n\times K_n$, we compute the spectrum and energy. A concise computational appendix lists the \texttt{GAP} driver and representative outputs.

Nahyeon Lee, Jongsoo Lim, Mina Choi et al.

This study explores global video on demand content consumption patterns through a network-based approach. We used Netflix's 'TV-shows' ranking data, spanning 822 days across 71 countries, to construct a network where countries are represented as nodes and consumption similarities are reflected as link weights. By applying the Louvain algorithm, we identified three distinct consumption groups, 'North America and Pan-Europe', 'Asia and Middle East', and 'Central and South America group'. These groups align closely with geographic, historical, and linguistic divisions, despite no predefined grouping criteria. Notably, Turkiye, often considered a cultural and regional crossroads, exhibited some classification ambiguity but was ultimately grouped with Asia and Middle East. Our findings also show that the United States accounts for the largest share of content consumption across all groups, while South Korean content, particularly after the success of "Squid Game" in 2021, has gained and maintained popularity in Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America. This study, based on data, demonstrates that deep-seated cultural histories continue to shape global consumption patterns, even amidst rapid changes in media platforms and content production dynamics.

Elisa Junghans, Julia Lieb

Due to their capacity approaching performance low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes gained a lot of attention in the last years. The parity-check matrix of the codes can be associated with a bipartite graph, called Tanner graph. To decrease the probability of decoding failure it is desirable to have LDPC codes with large girth of the associated Tanner graph. Moreover, to store such codes efficiently, it is desirable to have compact constructions for them. In this paper, we present constructions of LDPC convolutional codes with girth up to $12$ using a special class of Latin squares and several lifting steps, which enables a compact representation of these codes. With these techniques, we can provide constructions for well-performing and efficiently storable time-varying and time-invariant LDPC convolutional codes as well as for LDPC block codes.

Simcha Ronen, Oded Shenkar

Mónica Beatriz Hurtado Ayala

Este artículo reflexiona los signos más importantes erigidos alrededor de la clase media por el cine mexicano de la Época de Oro, esto es, la producción cinematográfica de finales de la década de los treinta y los primeros años de los cincuenta del siglo XX. Durante este periodo correspondió también un impulso muy importante a la industrialización y urbanización nacional desde el grupo en el poder, que conllevó la consolidación y expansión de la clase media mexicana. Derivado de esto, este estrato social experimentó contradicciones alrededor de su identidad, debatiéndose entre elementos como el amor, el dinero o la familia. El cine participó dentro de este proceso, discutiendo los mecanismos de ascenso social, reproduciendo y nutriendo prácticas, dando pie a otras, y constituyendo un delicado discurso que encarnó las tensiones, miedos y sueños de esta clase social. Todo ello a través de mecanismos de mediación tejidos entre el espacio histórico y fílmico, que pueden ser un vehículo historiográfico valioso para comprender la complejidad de la yuxtaposición que se vivía durante el periodo entre el México tradicional y el moderno.

Catherine Arnett, Pamela D. Rivière, Tyler A. Chang et al.

The relationship between language model tokenization and performance is an open area of research. Here, we investigate how different tokenization schemes impact number agreement in Spanish plurals. We find that morphologically-aligned tokenization performs similarly to other tokenization schemes, even when induced artificially for words that would not be tokenized that way during training. We then present exploratory analyses demonstrating that language model embeddings for different plural tokenizations have similar distributions along the embedding space axis that maximally distinguishes singular and plural nouns. Our results suggest that morphologically-aligned tokenization is a viable tokenization approach, and existing models already generalize some morphological patterns to new items. However, our results indicate that morphological tokenization is not strictly required for performance.

Abraham Ramos-Torres, Laura N. Montoya

The growth of the tech startup ecosystem in Latin America (LATAM) is driven by innovative entrepreneurs addressing market needs across various sectors. However, these startups encounter unique challenges and risks that require specific management approaches. This paper explores a case study with the Total Addressable Market (TAM), Serviceable Available Market (SAM), and Serviceable Obtainable Market (SOM) metrics within the context of the online food delivery industry in LATAM, serving as a model for valuing startups using the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) method. By analyzing key emerging powers such as Argentina, Colombia, Uruguay, Costa Rica, Panama, and Ecuador, the study highlights the potential and profitability of AI-driven startups in the region through the development of a ranking of emerging powers in Latin America for tech startup investment. The paper also examines the political, economic, and competitive risks faced by startups and offers strategic insights on mitigating these risks to maximize investment returns. Furthermore, the research underscores the value of diversifying investment portfolios with startups in emerging markets, emphasizing the opportunities for substantial growth and returns despite inherent risks.

R. Cerezo, V. Calderon, C. Romero

This paper describes a holographic mobile-based application designed to help Spanish-speaking children to practice the pronunciation of basic English vocabulary words. The mastery of vocabulary is a fundamental step when learning a language but is often perceived as boring. Producing the correct pronunciation is frequently regarded as the most difficult and complex skill for new learners of English. In order to address these problems this research takes advantage of the power of multi-channel stimuli (sound, image and interaction) in a mobilebased hologram application in order to motivate students and improve their experience of practicing. We adapted the prize-winning HolograFX game and developed a new mobile application to help practice English pronunciation. A 3D holographic robot that acts as a virtual teacher interacts via voice with the children. To test the tool we carried out an experiment with 70 Spanish pre-school children divided into three classes, the control group using traditional methods such as images in books and on the blackboard, and two experimental groups using our drills and practice software. One experimental group used the mobile application without the holographic game and the other experimental group used the application with the holographic game. We performed pre-test and post-test performance assessments, a satisfaction survey and emotion analysis. The results are very promising. They show that the use of the holographic mobile-based application had a significant impact on the children's motivation. It also improved their performance compared to traditional methods used in the classroom.

Sébastien Rozeaux

Daniel Moyano

El desarrollo de la industria azucarera en Tucumán (Argentina) en el último cuarto del siglo XIX generó una vertiginosa transformación de la economía provincial. La creciente elaboración de azúcares y aguardientes y la necesidad de colocarla en los mayores mercados del país, representó uno de los principales estímulos para el desarrollo de la infraestructura ferroviaria. En 1895, tres líneas vinculaban a Tucumán con la región central y los puertos, una con el norte, y otra recorría el interior de la provincia, enlazando los departamentos del sur tucumano, entre la llanura central y la zona del piedemonte. Con todo, los rieles conectaron, además de ingenios y fincas agrícolas, a numerosos centros poblacionales, por lo que no solo modificaron las comunicaciones y el transporte de personas sino que favorecieron la expansión del comercio en el interior de la provincia. El artículo analiza la estructura comercial desarrollada en Tucumán asociada al crecimiento económico generado por el auge azucarero y a la red ferroviaria que surcó el interior, con el foco puesto en su magnitud y distribución dentro del espacio provincial. Apoyaremos nuestro estudio en datos estadísticos, información cualitativa y en fuentes escasamente trabajadas, como las cédulas censales de 1895 sobre el sector comercial.

Heloisa Barbuy

Resumo Este artigo contribui para o campo de pesquisa das representações de História do Brasil, por meio do rastreamento e o exame de ideias e projetos propostos para um monumento à Independência, que seria construído no sítio do Ipiranga. Tem como eixo as conformações materiais e visuais sucessivamente propostas para o monumento, desde os anos 1820 até final do século XIX. Estende-se brevemente ao Centenário da Independência, quando, em torno das comemorações, o Monumento do Ipiranga foi completado.

Oscar R. Navarrete-Parra, Victor Uc-Cetina, Jorge Reyes-Magana

In this paper, we propose a methodology to align a medium-sized GPT model, originally trained in English for an open domain, to a small closed domain in Spanish. The application for which the model is finely tuned is the question answering task. To achieve this we also needed to train and implement another neural network (which we called the reward model) that could score and determine whether an answer is appropriate for a given question. This component served to improve the decoding and generation of the answers of the system. Numerical metrics such as BLEU and perplexity were used to evaluate the model, and human judgment was also used to compare the decoding technique with others. Finally, the results favored the proposed method, and it was determined that it is feasible to use a reward model to align the generation of responses.

Yan Wang, Dianpeng Wang, Xiaowei Yue

The two-layer computer simulators are commonly used to mimic multi-physics phenomena or systems. Usually, the outputs of the first-layer simulator (also called the inner simulator) are partial inputs of the second-layer simulator (also called the outer simulator). How to design experiments by considering the space-filling properties of inner and outer simulators simultaneously is a significant challenge that has received scant attention in the literature. To address this problem, we propose a new sequential optimal Latin hypercube design (LHD) by using the maximin integrating mixed distance criterion. A corresponding sequential algorithm for efficiently generating such designs is also developed. Numerical simulation results show that the new method can effectively improve the space-filling property of the outer computer inputs. The case study about composite structures assembly simulation demonstrates that the proposed method can outperform the benchmark methods.

Fatimah Alzamzami, Abdulmotaleb El Saddik

Resources in high-resource languages have not been efficiently exploited in low-resource languages to solve language-dependent research problems. Spanish and French are considered high resource languages in which an adequate level of data resources for informal online social behavior modeling, is observed. However, a machine translation system to access those data resources and transfer their context and tone to a low-resource language like dialectal Arabic, does not exist. In response, we propose a framework that localizes contents of high-resource languages to a low-resource language/dialects by utilizing AI power. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first work to provide a parallel translation dataset from/to informal Spanish and French to/from informal Arabic dialects. Using this, we aim to enrich the under-resource-status dialectal Arabic and fast-track the research of diverse online social behaviors within and across smart cities in different geo-regions. The experimental results have illustrated the capability of our proposed solution in exploiting the resources between high and low resource languages and dialects. Not only this, but it has also been proven that ignoring dialects within the same language could lead to misleading analysis of online social behavior.

J. Castilla, M. Guevara, Ana Miqueleiz et al.

We conducted a prospective population-based cohort study to assess risk factors for infection, hospitalization, and death from SARS-CoV-2. The study comprised the people covered by the Health Service of Navarre, Spain. Sociodemographic variables and chronic conditions were obtained from electronic healthcare databases. Confirmed infections, hospitalizations, and deaths from SARS-CoV-2 were obtained from the enhanced epidemiological surveillance during the second SARS-CoV-2 epidemic surge (July–December 2020), in which diagnostic tests were widely available. Among 643,757 people, 5497 confirmed infections, 323 hospitalizations, 38 intensive care unit admissions, and 72 deaths from SARS-CoV-2 per 100,000 inhabitants were observed. A higher incidence of confirmed infection was associated with people aged 15–29 years, nursing home residents, healthcare workers, people born in Latin America or Africa, as well as in those diagnosed with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic kidney disease, dementia, severe obesity, hypertension and functional dependence. The risk of hospitalization in the population was associated with males, higher age, nursing home residents, Latin American or African origin, and those diagnosed with immunodeficiency, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, COPD, asthma, kidney disease, cerebrovascular disease, cirrhosis, dementia, severe obesity, hypertension and functional dependence. The risk of death was associated with males, higher age, nursing home residents, Latin American origin, low income level, immunodeficiency, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, COPD, kidney disease, dementia, and functional dependence. This study supports the prioritization of the older population, nursing home residents, and people with chronic conditions and functional dependence for SARS-CoV-2 prevention and vaccination, and highlights the need for additional preventive support for immigrants.

Leticia Peña Barrera

In this work I refer descriptively to the historical moment in which the Chapel of the Conciliar Seminary of Ciudad Juárez was built and to those who, both bishop and architect, knew how to interpret the canons of the reform of the church that was gestated to build a modern architectural icon. Recognition is given to those people who contributed, through their vision, to defining relevant buildings in the field of modernity and who were ahead of their time: the architect Óscar Sánchez Cordero, the engineer Adolfo Álvarez as a builder and Bishop Don Manuel Talamas Camandari.

A. García-Holgado, J. Mena, F. García-Peñalvo et al.

According to the Global Gender Gap Report 2020, most of the countries have achieved gender parity in educational attainment. Furthermore, Latin America and Europe have more women than men enrolled in tertiary education. The problem arises when those numbers are analysed by degree studies. There is a gender gap in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), with a low number of women enrolled in those programs and even lower numbers of graduates. The universities have a key role to steer new conceptions and understanding of the females in STEM. The higher education institutions have to define measures and policies to reduce the gender gap in the careers of the future. This work aims to provide a proposal to analyse the gender equality gap in STEM as a first step to define gender equality action plans focused on processes of attraction, access and retention and guidance in STEM programs. The proposal was applied in ten Latin American universities from Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Mexico, and five European universities from Finland, Ireland, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom.

F. Norman, B. Comeche, Miguel Martínez-Lacalzada et al.

BACKGROUND Updated seroprevalence studies of infections in migrants may aid the design of tailored vaccination and prevention programmes. The objective of this study was to describe the seroprevalence rates for potentially transmissible viral infections in migrants attended at a referral centre in a major European city. METHODS descriptive analysis of seroprevalence of vaccine-preventable and non-vaccine preventable infections in migrants attended at a centre in Madrid, Spain (2018-2019). Recorded variables included age, gender, country of birth/continent of origin, time from arrival to Spain until first clinic visit, rubella, measles, mumps, varicella (VZV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and HIV serology. RESULTS In total, 468 patients were included, 135 females (28.8%) and 333 males (71.2%), mean age 30.4 years. The majority of patients were from Africa, (52.5%, of which 88.2% from Sub-Saharan Africa), followed by Latin America (38.5%) and other areas (9%). Seroprevalence for tested migrants for rubella, measles, and mumps was  20 years (compared to those ≤ 20 years). Over 10% of females were potentially susceptible (negative/indeterminate serology) to rubella (11.4%), measles (12.7%) or mumps (10.3%). Lowest rates of rubella seropositivity were in Latin American migrants (over 12% potentially susceptible), measles and mumps seropositivity was lowest in migrants from areas other than Africa/Latin America (74% and 68%, respectively). Seroprevalence rates were 91% for VZV, 90% overall for HAV, around 6% for HBV chronic infection (around 50% of migrants tested susceptible), 2% for HCV and 6% for HIV. CONCLUSIONS Differences in seroprevalence for vaccine-preventable and transmissible infections according to gender, age range and area of origin were observed. Tailored screening, vaccination and prevention strategies in potentially vulnerable migrant groups should be designed.