Hasil untuk "History of the Greco-Roman World"

Sherry Yang

Large language model (LLM) agents trained using reinforcement learning has achieved superhuman performance in low-cost environments like games, mathematics, and coding. However, these successes have not translated to complex domains where the cost of interaction is high, such as the physical cost of running robots, the time cost of ML engineering, and the resource cost of scientific experiments. The true bottleneck for achieving the next level of agent performance for these complex and high-cost domains lies in the expense of executing actions to acquire reward signals. To address this gap, this paper argues that we should use world models as an intermediary between agents and the real world. We discuss how world models, viewed as models of dynamics, rewards, and task distributions, can overcome fundamental barriers of high-cost actions such as extreme off-policy learning and sample inefficiency in long-horizon tasks. Moreover, we demonstrate how world models can provide critical and rich learning signals to agents across a broad set of domains, including machine learning engineering, computer use, robotics, and AI for science. Lastly, we identify the challenges of building these world models and propose actionable items along dataset curation, architecture design, scaling, and evaluation of world models.

Francesca Lorenzini

In 66 CE the first Jewish revolt broke out in Judea. The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus, an excellent eyewitness, considers stasis one of the main causes of Jewish ruin due to the lack of internal harmony. Three passages from The Antiquities of the Jews (20. 179 - 181 ; 205 - 207 ; 213) describe the outbreak of a violent conflict within a Jerusalem torn apart in its civic spaces in the years 50 - 60 CE and show that it was an internal struggle for personal power between factions led by high priests, the ruling elite.

Berfu Tüzün

Dieser Aufsatz stellt zehn bislang unveröffentlichte Grabinschriften aus der Sammlung des archäologischen Museums von Bursa vor. Alle Grabsteine sind in Stelenform gearbeitet und weisen Reliefs auf, wie sie meistens von den Grabstelen der Region um Bursa bekannt sind. Die meisten Reliefs stellen ein Totenmahl dar (Nr. 1-3, 6, 7?, 8-10). Die Stele Nr. 1 ist eine Stockwerkstele, auf deren unterstem Relief sich zwei Männer die Hand geben (Dexiosis) (vgl. Nr. 3). Die Inschrift der Stele Nr. 1 ist vielleicht das erste Beispiel für die ausdrückliche Erwähnung einer Dexiosisdarstellung in einer Inschrift. Die Inschrift Nr. 3 ist die Inschrift eines Familiengrabes. Es handelt sich um ein Ehepaar mit einer Tochter. Stele 7 zeigt Reliefs einiger Handwerkzeuge. Es könnte sich um eine Anspielung auf die handwerkliche Tätigkeit eines jungen Mannes handeln, der laut Inschrift im Alter von 18 Jahren starb. Die Inschriften der Stelen 8 bis 10 sind entweder nicht mehr vorhanden, beschädigt oder nicht mehr lesbar. Bei den übrigen Inschriften handelt es sich um Grabinschriften von Einzelpersonen. Die Inschriften entsprechen im Allgemeinen dem Typus der in der Region anzutreffenden Grabinschriften. Die meisten dieser Grabsteine stammen aus der späthellenistischen Zeit oder aus dem 2. oder 3. Jh. n. Chr.

Soonwoo Kwon, Jin-Young Kim, Hyojun Go et al.

We present a novel study on enhancing the capability of preserving the content in world models, focusing on a property we term World Stability. Recent diffusion-based generative models have advanced the synthesis of immersive and realistic environments that are pivotal for applications such as reinforcement learning and interactive game engines. However, while these models excel in quality and diversity, they often neglect the preservation of previously generated scenes over time--a shortfall that can introduce noise into agent learning and compromise performance in safety-critical settings. In this work, we introduce an evaluation framework that measures world stability by having world models perform a sequence of actions followed by their inverses to return to their initial viewpoint, thereby quantifying the consistency between the starting and ending observations. Our comprehensive assessment of state-of-the-art diffusion-based world models reveals significant challenges in achieving high world stability. Moreover, we investigate several improvement strategies to enhance world stability. Our results underscore the importance of world stability in world modeling and provide actionable insights for future research in this domain.

Pınar Özlem Aytaçlar, Sevgiser Akat Özenir

This study focuses on five gladiatorial monuments found during the surveys conducted at Thyateira in the northeastern part of Lydia. The monuments, all of which date to the Roman Imperial Period and are now preserved in the Manisa Museum, are marble altars depicting a single gladiator facing to the right. The monuments form a group with five other gladiatorial monuments previously found at Thyateira and provide information about the importance and content of gladiatorial fights in the city. The gladiator monuments from Thyateira constitute an important part of the gladiator inscriptions found in Lydia. This suggests that the tradition of gladiatorial fights in the city may date back to as early as the 1st century BC, and that it flourished and multiplied over time. The fact that the city was home to Roman merchants from the early period and the presence of the Imperial cult here must have paved the way for the spread of gladiator fights, a Roman tradition, in the city. We learn from the inscriptions that there was also a gladiator school (ludus) in the city. The city of Thyateira, which seems to have attached importance to athletic competitions and public performances throughout its history, must have adopted gladiatorial games at an early period and made them a part of social life.

Francesco Reali

L'articolo riflette sull'ipotesi di riconoscere un significato politico all'uso dell'etnonimo Italiotes nella documentazione epigrafica, e se l'etnonimo potesse quindi esprimere un senso di appartenenza alla lega italiota. Considerando anche le fonti letterarie e la storia politica italiota, viene posto a confronto l'uso dell'etnonimo regionale e degli etnonimi cittadini in altre regioni connotate da esperienze federali in cui si sviluppò un'identità politica più netta. Tenendo conto anche della prevalenza dell'etnonimo cittadino per identificare gli Italioti al di fuori della penisola italica, si conclude che non vi sono ragioni cogenti per pensare che l'etnonimo Italiotes esprimesse un'identità politica piuttosto che una provenienza geografica, specialmente nelle poche attestazioni epigrafiche.

Joseph R. Burger

Natural selection has produced an extraordinary diversity of life histories spanning many orders of magnitude in body size, vital rates, and biological times. In general, big and cold organisms grow and reproduce slowly and live long lives; small and warm organisms grow and reproduce quickly and live short lives. The Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE) predicts equal and opposite scaling exponents of mass-specific biological rates (e.g., respiration, growth, and reproduction) and times (e.g., development, lifespan, and generation) as a function of size. However, empirical support for these predictions varies depending on trait and taxon. Here I: 1) provide background and mixed support for the quarter-power scaling exponents for life history rates and times predicted by MTE, 2) discuss possible explanations, including effects of natural selection on taxonomic and functional groups, and inadequate data for life history traits, 3) briefly summarize the Equal Fitness Paradigm (EFP) as a unifying theory of bioenergetics, life history and demography that does not depend on any particular allometric scalings, and 4) discuss ramifications of the EFP for other biological phenomena, including physiological performance metrics and trophic energetics of ecosystems. I draw mostly from my knowledge of mammals, yet in many cases the mammalian examples can be generalized to other organisms. I end with prospects for further evaluating and extending the EFP.

Cutuli, Silvia

The fifth Imago of Philostratus Minor, which portrays baby Heracles’ struggle against the snakes sent from Hera, appears to be inspired by two Pindaric works (Nem. 1 and *Pae. 20). This paper explores the possibility that some linguistic features of Philostratus’ ekphrasis can be borrowed (presumably by secondary source) from Panyassis’ lost Herakleia. By going against the communis opinio, it is suggested that this archaic exametric poem may have survived through Imperial Age, until the 2nd century AD, alongside other mythographic and poetic works about the Heracles’ saga.

Andreas Klingenberg

The wealth and possessions of Roman senators in the imperial period consisted predominantly in land property, as emphasized by Pliny the Younger (epist. 3,19,8). It is mainly epigraphic documents that give us information about the location and sometimes extent of senatorial land ownership. Especially in Asia Minor there is plenty of evidence, of which Helmut Halfmann already compiled quite some in 1979. Since then many new testimonies have been discovered and published. Apart from that, further, earlier published evidence for the land ownership of senators whose origin was not in Asia Minor can be added. However, a systematic study of senatorial land ownership in Asia Minor as a whole is not yet at hand. The paper provides prolegomena to such a study. I thus give an overview of the extent, distribution and background of senatorial land ownership in Asia Minor. Rarely is this property so clearly indicated as in the land register of Magnesia (I.Magnesia 122, c2). Usually only the combination of different inscriptions confirms the identification of senatorial landowners. Therefore, I outline methodological guidelines on how to obtain reliable findings from such information. Landed properties could change owners, senatorial estates often passed into the possession of the emperors, which is much better researched. Important questions relate to continuity of ownership within a family and to the circumstances of changes of possession. In this context, I also discuss how the senators came to their property. Especially in the case of senators from other parts of the Roman Empire, the question arises as to why and how they acquired landed property in Asia Minor.

Alyssa M. Vanderbeek, Anna A. Vidovszky, Jessica L. Ross et al.

A crucial task for a randomized controlled trial (RCT) is to specify a statistical method that can yield an efficient estimator and powerful test for the treatment effect. A novel and effective strategy to obtain efficient and powerful treatment effect inferences is to incorporate predictions from generative artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms into covariate adjustment for the regression analysis of a RCT. Training a generative AI algorithm on historical control data enables one to construct a digital twin generator (DTG) for RCT participants, which utilizes a participant's baseline covariates to generate a probability distribution for their potential control outcome. Summaries of the probability distribution from the DTG are highly predictive of the trial outcome, and adjusting for these features via regression can thus improve the quality of treatment effect inferences, while satisfying regulatory guidelines on statistical analyses, for a RCT. However, a critical assumption in this strategy is homoskedasticity, or constant variance of the outcome conditional on the covariates. In the case of heteroskedasticity, existing covariate adjustment methods yield inefficient estimators and underpowered tests. We propose to address heteroskedasticity via a weighted prognostic covariate adjustment methodology (Weighted PROCOVA) that adjusts for both the mean and variance of the regression model using information obtained from the DTG. We prove that our method yields unbiased treatment effect estimators, and demonstrate via comprehensive simulation studies and case studies from Alzheimer's disease that it can reduce the variance of the treatment effect estimator, maintain the Type I error rate, and increase the power of the test for the treatment effect from 80% to 85%~90% when the variances from the DTG can explain 5%~10% of the variation in the RCT participants' outcomes.

Ruizhong Qiu, Dingsu Wang, Lei Ying et al.

Diffusion on graphs is ubiquitous with numerous high-impact applications. In these applications, complete diffusion histories play an essential role in terms of identifying dynamical patterns, reflecting on precaution actions, and forecasting intervention effects. Despite their importance, complete diffusion histories are rarely available and are highly challenging to reconstruct due to ill-posedness, explosive search space, and scarcity of training data. To date, few methods exist for diffusion history reconstruction. They are exclusively based on the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) formulation and require to know true diffusion parameters. In this paper, we study an even harder problem, namely reconstructing Diffusion history from A single SnapsHot} (DASH), where we seek to reconstruct the history from only the final snapshot without knowing true diffusion parameters. We start with theoretical analyses that reveal a fundamental limitation of the MLE formulation. We prove: (a) estimation error of diffusion parameters is unavoidable due to NP-hardness of diffusion parameter estimation, and (b) the MLE formulation is sensitive to estimation error of diffusion parameters. To overcome the inherent limitation of the MLE formulation, we propose a novel barycenter formulation: finding the barycenter of the posterior distribution of histories, which is provably stable against the estimation error of diffusion parameters. We further develop an effective solver named DIffusion hiTting Times with Optimal proposal (DITTO) by reducing the problem to estimating posterior expected hitting times via the Metropolis--Hastings Markov chain Monte Carlo method (M--H MCMC) and employing an unsupervised graph neural network to learn an optimal proposal to accelerate the convergence of M--H MCMC. We conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.

Cláudio Aquati

Várias passagens do Satíricon apresentam como elementos complementares entre si o amor, o humor e a literatura. Nessas passagens, esse romance antigo romano mostra-se especialmente realístico e crítico em comparação não somente com obras de gêneros literários da Antiguidade tidos como gêneros elevados, entre os quais figuram epopeias e tragédias, mas, também, com obras de gêneros então marginais, entre os quais figuram as fabulae Milesiae e os romances de amor e aventura gregos, idealistas, como os Big Five. A justaposição de passagens literárias transformadas, torcidas, distorcidas e retorcidas pela criatividade petroniana em relação ao conhecimento canônico, que é natural que seu público possuísse, sugere estranhamentos e efeitos humorísticos na recepção, não raro aportando-lhe resultados cômicos cada vez mais intensos à medida que se aprofundam as interpretações.

Chenxi Ji

Do we really understand how machine classifies art styles? Historically, art is perceived and interpreted by human eyes and there are always controversial discussions over how people identify and understand art. Historians and general public tend to interpret the subject matter of art through the context of history and social factors. Style, however, is different from subject matter. Given the fact that Style does not correspond to the existence of certain objects in the painting and is mainly related to the form and can be correlated with features at different levels.(Ahmed Elgammal et al. 2018), which makes the identification and classification of the characteristics artwork's style and the "transition" - how it flows and evolves - remains as a challenge for both human and machine. In this work, a series of state-of-art neural networks and manifold learning algorithms are explored to unveil this intriguing topic: How does machine capture and interpret the flow of Art History?

Mancheng Meng, Ziyan Wu, Terrence Chen et al.

Predicting the future trajectory of a person remains a challenging problem, due to randomness and subjectivity of human movement. However, the moving patterns of human in a constrained scenario typically conform to a limited number of regularities to a certain extent, because of the scenario restrictions and person-person or person-object interactivity. Thus, an individual person in this scenario should follow one of the regularities as well. In other words, a person's subsequent trajectory has likely been traveled by others. Based on this hypothesis, we propose to forecast a person's future trajectory by learning from the implicit scene regularities. We call the regularities, inherently derived from the past dynamics of the people and the environment in the scene, scene history. We categorize scene history information into two types: historical group trajectory and individual-surroundings interaction. To exploit these two types of information for trajectory prediction, we propose a novel framework Scene History Excavating Network (SHENet), where the scene history is leveraged in a simple yet effective approach. In particular, we design two components: the group trajectory bank module to extract representative group trajectories as the candidate for future path, and the cross-modal interaction module to model the interaction between individual past trajectory and its surroundings for trajectory refinement. In addition, to mitigate the uncertainty in ground-truth trajectory, caused by the aforementioned randomness and subjectivity of human movement, we propose to include smoothness into the training process and evaluation metrics. We conduct extensive evaluations to validate the efficacy of our proposed framework on ETH, UCY, as well as a new, challenging benchmark dataset PAV, demonstrating superior performance compared to state-of-the-art methods.

Giovanni Marginesu

Il saggio tratta della carriera di Euthydomos di Melite e della sua famiglia. L'ipotesi che un suo antenato abbia lavorato nel cantiere dell'Eretteo e sia stato citato nei rendiconti rende affascinante il ruolo di questa figura nella redazione delle syngraphai per la skeuotheke del Pireo e induce a riflettere sulla promozione sociale che comportavano i logoi delle grandi opere di V secolo per gli ergatai che vi erano menzionati.

Maria da Graça Pericão

Procede-se em primeiro lugar a um breve historial acerca da implantação do Mosteiro dos Cónegos Regrantes do Mosteiro de Santa Cruz na cidade de Coimbra e da ação desenvolvida, não só na prestação do apoio espiritual à comunidade, mas ainda na área da assistência à população menos favorecida, nomeadamente através da criação de um hospital que prestava auxílio não só aos doentes, mas também aos carentes de conforto e proteção. Contextualiza‐se esta ação na conjuntura nacional liderada pela Igreja e favorecida pela proteção real, de que se referem alguns exemplos. Dá‐se a conhecer o pequeno núcleo de livros que pertenciam à referida botica (versando temas médicos e permitindo conhecer a correta manipulação de medicamentos), surpreendentemente chegados até nós, conhecidas que são as vicissitudes que atravessaram durante séculos de incúria e negligência. É deles que aqui se dá notícia, permitindo um breve relance sobre os autores mais célebres e as edições mais raras.

Historikà Historikà

Youngtaek Kim, Jaeyoung Kim, Hyeon Jeon et al.

Git metadata contains rich information for developers to understand the overall context of a large software development project. Thus it can help new developers, managers, and testers understand the history of development without needing to dig into a large pile of unfamiliar source code. However, the current tools for Git visualization are not adequate to analyze and explore the metadata: They focus mainly on improving the usability of Git commands instead of on helping users understand the development history. Furthermore, they do not scale for large and complex Git commit graphs, which can play an important role in understanding the overall development history. In this paper, we present Githru, an interactive visual analytics system that enables developers to effectively understand the context of development history through the interactive exploration of Git metadata. We design an interactive visual encoding idiom to represent a large Git graph in a scalable manner while preserving the topological structures in the Git graph. To enable scalable exploration of a large Git commit graph, we propose novel techniques (graph reconstruction, clustering, and Context-Preserving Squash Merge (CSM) methods) to abstract a large-scale Git commit graph. Based on these Git commit graph abstraction techniques, Githru provides an interactive summary view to help users gain an overview of the development history and a comparison view in which users can compare different clusters of commits. The efficacy of Githru has been demonstrated by case studies with domain experts using real-world, in-house datasets from a large software development team at a major international IT company. A controlled user study with 12 developers comparing Githru to previous tools also confirms the effectiveness of Githru in terms of task completion time.

Maria do Céu Fialho

T. Rodrigues leva à cena em 2015 a sua trilogia. Um Coro anónimo feminino dá eco à milenar multiplicidade de vozes da tragédia. A memória traduz a relação da trilogia em palco com a tradição que reescreve a tragédia primordial. Eurípides e Ésquilo combinam-se como arquétipos mas dão azo a uma interpelação do espectador que quebra a ilusão cénica e faz transbordar tragédia e tradição para a vida. O plano discursivo do metateatral pauta a comunicação palco-espectador. Pela mão de Orestes, Electra é a verdadeira matricida. Ele partirá. Leva consigo a culpa para deixar à sua casa a normalidade possível.

María Jimena Schere

A noção de par cómico, definida como um par tópico composto por duas personagens opostas e antagónicas, constitui uma chave fundamental para compreender a comédia inicial de Aristófanes. Este esquema binário domina nas primeiras comédias conservadas do autor e volta a implementar-se na sua forma mais convencional na Lisístrata: A sua utilização na Lisístrata deve-se, entre outros motivos, ao facto de esta peça retomar a virulência satírica das primeiras obras e a polémica a favor da paz com Esparta, tema presente em todas as comédias iniciais conservadas.