Fundamental rights are those which, in the Constitution, provide protection for the most important rights and freedoms. Due to the nature of the People’s Republic of Poland, the guarantees provided by the Constitution of the People’s Republic of Poland of 1952 were essentially limited to the rights granted to citizens only. In socialist states, their role was reduced to defining the position of the citizens and their relations with the state. These were civil, political rights, granted by the state, and not recognized as inherent rights of every human being. In its original version of 1952, the Constitution contained in Chapter 7 a catalog entitled: Fundamental rights and duties of citizens. After the 1976 amendment, this was Chapter 8. As fundamental rights, the Constitution recognized the following: the right to work, the right to rest, the right to health care, the right to education, the right to enjoy cultural achievements, equal rights for men and women, the right of marriage and the family to be protected by the state, the right of the youth to be protected by the state, freedom of conscience and religion, freedom of speech, printing, assembly, rallies, marches and demonstrations, the right of association, equality of citizens regardless of nationality, race, or religion, the right to address complaints and grievances to state bodies, personal inviolability, the right to asylum of foreign citizens. The aim of this study is to characterize several selected fundamental rights introduced by the Constitution of the People’s Republic of Poland. The analysis will include: the right to work, the right to education, freedom of conscience and religion, freedom of speech, printing, assembly, rallies, marches and demonstrations, the right of association. The paper will present the way the above-mentioned rights were regulated in the Constitution and their interpretation in the socialist state. The method used in the work is the descriptive method.
We present HZ_evolution, a Python package to characterize the habitable histories of exoplanets. Given inputs of a planet's current effective flux and host star properties, HZ_evolution calculates its instellation history, the evolution of the star's Habitable Zone, and the duration the planet spends inside or outside the Habitable Zone.
Myong Chol Jung, Julien Monteil, Philip Schulz
et al.
We present the history-aware transformer (HAT), a transformer-based model that uses shoppers' purchase history to personalise outfit predictions. The aim of this work is to recommend outfits that are internally coherent while matching an individual shopper's style and taste. To achieve this, we stack two transformer models, one that produces outfit representations and another one that processes the history of purchased outfits for a given shopper. We use these models to score an outfit's compatibility in the context of a shopper's preferences as inferred from their previous purchases. During training, the model learns to discriminate between purchased and random outfits using 3 losses: the focal loss for outfit compatibility typically used in the literature, a contrastive loss to bring closer learned outfit embeddings from a shopper's history, and an adaptive margin loss to facilitate learning from weak negatives. Together, these losses enable the model to make personalised recommendations based on a shopper's purchase history. Our experiments on the IQON3000 and Polyvore datasets show that HAT outperforms strong baselines on the outfit Compatibility Prediction (CP) and the Fill In The Blank (FITB) tasks. The model improves AUC for the CP hard task by 15.7% (IQON3000) and 19.4% (Polyvore) compared to previous SOTA results. It further improves accuracy on the FITB hard task by 6.5% and 9.7%, respectively. We provide ablation studies on the personalisation, constrastive loss, and adaptive margin loss that highlight the importance of these modelling choices.
The buyer's right to a price reduction represents an institution of Roman law that has, over time, become widely accepted in legal systems with a continental legal tradition. In the context of international sales of goods, Article 50 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, which regulates this right, is of particular importance. This paper analyzes the method of calculating price reductions as one of the contentious issues regarding exercising the right to a price reduction, in terms of Article 50 of the Convention. For a comprehensive understanding of the problem, the paper presents the history of the emergence, the sources of the right to a price reduction in contracts for the international sale of goods, as well as the conditions for its application. The central part of the paper is the issue of the method of calculating price reduction, with special reference to the time and place of determining the value of conforming and non-conforming goods for the purpose of their comparison and the application of the calculation formula. These issues were controversial even at the time of the adoption of the Convention itself, and today they are still the subject of discussions in legal theory, while case law is not sufficiently harmonized. The aim of the paper is to draw a conclusion about the method of calculating price reduction, through the analysis of the Convention's provisions, and solutions given in theory, as well as in case law.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The article provides an overview of the documentary heritage of Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich. Special attention is paid to foreign archives. The documents reflect the personal life, military service of Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich, his hobbies, leisure, foreign trips, the Orel period, etc. The pages of the biography of Alexei Sergeyevich Matveev, the Grand Duke’s business manager, are also highlighted. In addition, the article contains letters and telegrams from the Grand Duke of Perm, the place of exile of Mikhail Alexandrovich. Previously, these documents were not fully involved. The materials are in a private collection, the archive of the P. Gray family, Great Britain. The personality of the Grand Duke is one of the key figures of a turning point in Russian history. From 1899 to 1904. he was the heir to the throne of the Russian Empire. On March 3, 1917, Nicholas II signed the manifesto of abdication in favor of Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich. Thus, the introduction of materials from foreign archives into scientific circulation will make it possible to supplement the pages of the biography of Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich and help form the funds and exposition of future museums dedicated to the Grand Duke in Perm and the locality of the Bryansk region.
Archaeology, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
We propose a novel Hermite-Taylor correction function method to handle embedded boundary and interface conditions for Maxwell's equations. The Hermite-Taylor method evolves the electromagnetic fields and their derivatives through order $m$ in each Cartesian coordinate. This makes the development of a systematic approach to enforce boundary and interface conditions difficult. Here we use the correction function method to update the numerical solution where the Hermite-Taylor method cannot be applied directly. Time derivatives of boundary and interface conditions, converted into spatial derivatives, are enforced to obtain a stable method and relax the time-step size restriction of the Hermite-Taylor correction function method. The proposed high-order method offers a flexible systematic approach to handle embedded boundary and interface problems, including problems with discontinuous solutions at the interface. This method is also easily adaptable to other first order hyperbolic systems.
Moore's Law has been used by semiconductor industry as predicative indicators of the industry and it has become a self-fulfilling prophecy. Now more people tend to agree that the original Moore's Law started to falter. This paper proposes a possible quantitative modification to Moore's Law. It can cover other derivative laws of Moore's Law as well. It intends to more accurately predict the roadmap of chip's performance and energy consumption.
Information on urban tree canopies is fundamental to mitigating climate change [1] as well as improving quality of life [2]. Urban tree planting initiatives face a lack of up-to-date data about the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the tree canopy in cities. We present a pipeline that utilizes LiDAR data as ground-truth and then trains a multi-task machine learning model to generate reliable estimates of tree cover and canopy height in urban areas using multi-source multi-spectral satellite imagery for the case study of Chicago.
Online action detection is the task of predicting the action as soon as it happens in a streaming video. A major challenge is that the model does not have access to the future and has to solely rely on the history, i.e., the frames observed so far, to make predictions. It is therefore important to accentuate parts of the history that are more informative to the prediction of the current frame. We present GateHUB, Gated History Unit with Background Suppression, that comprises a novel position-guided gated cross-attention mechanism to enhance or suppress parts of the history as per how informative they are for current frame prediction. GateHUB further proposes Future-augmented History (FaH) to make history features more informative by using subsequently observed frames when available. In a single unified framework, GateHUB integrates the transformer's ability of long-range temporal modeling and the recurrent model's capacity to selectively encode relevant information. GateHUB also introduces a background suppression objective to further mitigate false positive background frames that closely resemble the action frames. Extensive validation on three benchmark datasets, THUMOS, TVSeries, and HDD, demonstrates that GateHUB significantly outperforms all existing methods and is also more efficient than the existing best work. Furthermore, a flow-free version of GateHUB is able to achieve higher or close accuracy at 2.8x higher frame rate compared to all existing methods that require both RGB and optical flow information for prediction.
We address a Timoshenko system with memory in the history context and thermoelasticity of type III for heat conduction. Our main goal is to prove its uniform (exponential) stability by illustrating carefully the sensitivity of the heat and history couplings on the Timoshenko system. This investigation contrasts previous insights on the subject and promotes a new perspective with respect to the stability of the thermo-viscoelastic problem carried out, by combining the whole strength of history and thermal effects.
Frederick Law, Antoine Cerfon, Benjamin Peherstorfer
In the design of stellarators, energetic particle confinement is a critical point of concern which remains challenging to study from a numerical point of view. Standard Monte Carlo analyses are highly expensive because a large number of particle trajectories need to be integrated over long time scales, and small time steps must be taken to accurately capture the features of the wide variety of trajectories. Even when they are based on guiding center trajectories, as opposed to full-orbit trajectories, these standard Monte Carlo studies are too expensive to be included in most stellarator optimization codes. We present the first multifidelity Monte Carlo scheme for accelerating the estimation of energetic particle confinement in stellarators. Our approach relies on a two-level hierarchy, in which a guiding center model serves as the high-fidelity model, and a data-driven linear interpolant is leveraged as the low-fidelity surrogate model. We apply multifidelity Monte Carlo to the study of energetic particle confinement in a 4-period quasi-helically symmetric stellarator, assessing various metrics of confinement. Stemming from the very high computational efficiency of our surrogate model as well as its sufficient correlation to the high-fidelity model, we obtain speedups of up to 10 with multifidelity Monte Carlo compared to standard Monte Carlo.
Patrick Sohr, Dongxia Wei, Zhengtianye Wang
et al.
Semiconductor-based layered hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) house high-wavevector volume plasmon polariton (VPP) modes in the infrared spectral range. VPP modes have successfully been exploited in the weak-coupling regime through the enhanced Purcell effect. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate strong coupling between the VPP modes in a semiconductor HMM and the intersubband transition of epitaxially-embedded quantum wells. We observe clear anticrossings in the dispersion curves for the zeroth-, first-, second-, and third-order VPP modes, resulting in upper and lower polariton branches for each mode. This demonstration sets the stage for the creation of novel infrared optoelectronic structures combining HMMs with embedded epitaxial emitter or detector structures.
The article studies relevant development directions of inancial law and inancial and legal proile in the North-Caucasus Federal University. Practice of educational and scientiic activity of administrative and financial law department at the Institute of law, the North-Caucasus federal university, is given. The study of educational curricula and the competences formed with students is viewed as significant from the practical point. Subject matters and their modern educational methodological support are analyzed.
Law, History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
This paper aims to revisit and expand upon previous work on the "hot hand" phenomenon in basketball, specifically in the NBA. Using larger, modern data sets, we test streakiness of shooting patterns and the presence of hot hand behavior in free throw shooting, while going further by examining league-wide hot hand trends and the changes in individual player behavior. Additionally, we perform simulations in order to assess their power. While we find no evidence of the hot hand in game-play and only weak evidence in free throw trials, we find that some NBA players exhibit behavioral changes based on the outcome of their previous shot.
Existing multi-outcome designs focus almost entirely on evaluating whether all outcomes show evidence of efficacy or whether at least one outcome shows evidence of efficacy. While a small number of authors have provided multi-outcome designs that evaluate when a general number of outcomes show promise, these designs have been single-stage in nature only. We therefore propose two designs, of group-sequential and drop the loser form, that provide this design characteristic in a multi-stage setting. Previous such multi-outcome multi-stage designs have allowed only for a maximum of two outcomes; our designs thus also extend previous related proposals by permitting any number of outcomes.
One objective of the emerging global history of international law is to broaden its scope in an attempt to overcome Eurocentrism. In this context, China, not only as an emerging global power that can influence the creation of the normative principles grounding the future world order, but also with its history of international law, offers a counter-teleology to the classic progress narrative of international law understood as a science. This article presents a critical summary and analysis of the approaches of a selection of Chinese scholars to the history of international law. The current debates seem to be closely linked to a new conception of modernity that does not correspond with the Western conception. The Chinese perspective, in this sense, can help broaden the history of international law, especially when that history claims to be global.
We present a simple regularization of adversarial perturbations based upon the perceptual loss. While the resulting perturbations remain imperceptible to the human eye, they differ from existing adversarial perturbations in that they are semi-sparse alterations that highlight objects and regions of interest while leaving the background unaltered. As a semantically meaningful adverse perturbations, it forms a bridge between counterfactual explanations and adversarial perturbations in the space of images. We evaluate our approach on several standard explainability benchmarks, namely, weak localization, insertion deletion, and the pointing game demonstrating that perceptually regularized counterfactuals are an effective explanation for image-based classifiers.
This paper presents Jacques Flach’s Collège de France course in primitive law, which he taught from 1892 until 1904. It insists on the specificity of his historical and comparative approach. Ever attentive to studying institutions in their context, Flach proposes an innovative interpretation of feudalism, seeks to write a global history of law and endeavours to stress the institutional alterity of primitive societies. Flach is therefore among the first scholars to teach social and legal anthropology in France.