Research aim. To describe all known copies of Abraham Westerfeld's drawing “Meeting of Bohdan Khmelnytsky's Ambassadors with Janusz Radziwill” and, combining the plot with descriptions of the depicted event in written sources, to evaluate it as a historical source.
Research methodology. The research is based on the principles of objectivity and historicism, and includes methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative and art historical analysis.
Scientific novelty. For the first time, the original drawing by A. Westerfeld, which is kept in the National Art Museum of Ukraine (Kyiv), is analysed in detail – the technique of execution, the depicted persons and the room.
Conclusions. Reproduced in copies of the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, A. Westerfeld's 1653 drawing “Meeting of Ambassadors Bohdan Khmelnytsky and Janusz Radziwill” is an important reliable source on the history of Eastern Europe in the mid-seventeenth century. It reflects a meeting of Cossack centurions Stepan Podobaylo, Opanas Predrymyrskyi and Klanivskyi with the Lithuanian army leadership on 14 June 1651 in Horval.
Having unquestionable confirmation in the written records of the time, the drawing visualises them, gives an idea of the appearance and clothing of the representatives of the Cossack officers of the Zaporozhian Army, Janusz Radziwil and his immediate entourage, led by the army (including German mercenaries) as of June 1651. It also depicts details of the interior of the room of Jan Mezhynskyi's Volkovyn subdean and the oldest surviving detailed depiction of the construction of the walls and ceiling of a room in the Naddniprianshchyna. According to the authors, the copy of the drawing in the collection of the National Art Museum of Ukraine is an original work by Westerfeld. At least, it fully corresponds to the Baroque style of European drawing and engraving of the middle – second half of the seventeenth century.
This article explores Lithuania’s hetero-image as it is created in contemporary German travel literature. The scope of the research primarily covers three German travelogues which detail the authors’ experience during their travels in Lithuania: Drei Baltische Wege (Lucius von, 2011), Wo die Ostsee Westsee heißt (Bünz, 2018) and Gebrauchsanweisung für das Baltikum (Herre, 2014). A further source also contributes to the given analysis: The Strategy for the Presentation of Lithuania abroad 2020–2030, compiled by the Lithuanian government in 2020, and the brief communicative messages conveyed in the document, which revolve around several particulars of Lithuania’s image: economy, culture, history, science and geographic location. These messages mirror Lithuania’s auto image and present the main assessment categories chosen for analyzing the German travelogues. The article concludes that the four most widely covered aspects of economy, culture, history and science, on the one hand, convey an image of a country known for its technological advancement, cultural impact and historical significance. On the other hand, however, they portray an economically underdeveloped and politically unstable country with a generally disgruntled population. Lithuania’s geographic location is tied not to Eastern or Northern Europe, but rather to Central Europe.
Literature (General), Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
While the history of the Claims Conference has been documented, little is known about the meeting that established the organization over 70 years ago. This study examines the founding of the Claims Conference using its first record, the transcript of the meeting that took place at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City, on October 25–26, 1951. Many historical accounts about the Claims Conference offer cursory descriptions of its inception without examining the full scope of the debate underlying its founding. A few attempts in recent years have addressed this gap but a need for a more comprehensive analysis remains. This study explores the inaugural meeting through the lens of the organizations that took part in the conference and demonstrates the important role they played in shaping the outcome of the conference. By examining the transcript of that meeting in greater detail, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the Claims Conference’s origin and of its subsequent history.
The struggle over the territory of the Zaporizhian Sich between the Ottoman Empire, the Crimean Khanate and Russia continued even after the armistice in Bakhchisaray was concluded. The khan and sultan refused to recognize the Russian tsar’s sovereignty over the Sich despite claims of Russian envoys in Crimea. Hetman Ivan Samoilovich and the Russian government failed to keep this fact in secret from Zaporizhian Cossacks, who very soon faced a ban for hunting and fishing on the Lower Dniper, which was announced to them by Hussein Murawski bey, the governor of Gazikermen, the Ottoman fortress on the Lower Dniper. The Ottoman and Crimean diplomats decided to use such economic leverage to engage Zaporizhian Cossacks in separate agreements. It presumably caused unrest in Sich; Cossacks sent envoys to Murad Girey khan and then overthrew a koshevoy ataman, their commander. New appointed koshevoy ataman did not dare to keep separate ties with the khan and as his predecessor, asked the hetman and the Russian government to do their best to cancel the ban, which had been established by the Ottoman authorities. The Russian diplomacy had not any chance to do it immediately and that’s why kept Murawski’s ban as occasional violation of the peace treaty, promising to negotiate this issue in Turkey where Muscovite envoys were coming to.
Among the toponyms found in Dagome iudex, the name Alemure is the most controversial. In the description of the southern border of the Gniezno state, it is located between the Oder (flumen Oddere) and Milsko (Milze). In Polish historiography, the prevailing view is that Alemure is a heavily altered version of Olomouc (J. Ptaśnik 1911) that appeared when the original document was copied. In German historiography, however, a connection between the name Alemure and the hydronym Mohra/Mura, i.e. the name of the Morawica River, a left-bank tributary of the second order of the Oder, has long been recognised (L. Giesebrecht 1843). A comparison of historical and archaeological sources indicates that it was precisely from the name Morawica, also known in the past as Morawa, that the name Alemure could have been derived through several minor transformations. The original document probably contained the entry alia mura (second/other Morawa), and when the register was compiled, the name was recorded as alemure. The area between the Morawica and Opava rivers has the highest concentration of early medieval archaeological sites in the so-called Czech Silesia, including two important strongholds located on the Morawica itself, namely Hradec nad Moravicí and Opava-Kylešovice.
History of Eastern Europe, History of Central Europe
Болелов, С.Б., Утубаев, Ж.Р., Ерсариев, А.М.
et al.
В статье подробно рассматриваются ремесленные гончарные поселения, функционировавшие на территории Южного Приаралья в раннем железном веке и эпоху античности. Эти памятники, напрямую связанные с массовым производством глиняной посуды, различны по своему месторасположению в пределах оазисов. В связи с этим определяется их место в экономической системе области. Продукция многопрофильного ремесленного Нурумского поселения, которая явно превышала потребности его жителей, была рассчитана на скотоводческое население западных окраин Хорезма. Ремесленные поселения Хумбуз-тепе и Бабиш мола 7 снабжали своей продукцией земледельческие поселения, расположенные в пределах ирригационного района. Есть определённые основания считать, что эти крупные ремесленные центры возникали не без участия центральных властей.
This research explores the use of History to enhance education in the field of ICT For Sustainability ICT4S in response to a challenge from the ICT4S 2023 conference. No previous studies were found in ICT4S but the literature on History and Education for Sustainable Development is reviewed. An ICT4S lecturer collaborated with History lecturers to add an historic parallel to each weeks teaching on a Sustainable Business and Computing unit for final year undergraduate BSc Business Computing students. A list of the topics and rationale is provided. Student perceptions were surveyed before and after the teaching and semi-structured interviews carried out. A majority of students saw relevance to their degree and career. There was an increase in the proportion of students with interest in History. The paper explores the lessons learned from the interdisciplinary collaboration, including topic choice, format and perceived value. The project has enhanced the way we approach our subjects as computing and history educators. We believe this is the first empirical, survey-based study of the use of history to enhance ICT4S education. The team will extend the research to a larger unit covering a wider range of computing degrees.
Julio Urizarna-Carasa, Daniel Ruprecht, Alexandra von Kameke
et al.
The movement of small but finite spherical particles in a fluid can be described by the Maxey-Riley equation (MRE) if they are too large to be considered passive tracers. The MRE contains an integral "history term" modeling wake effects, which causes the force acting on a particle at some given time to depend on its full past trajectory. The history term causes complications in the numerical solution of the MRE and is therefore often neglected, despite both numerical and experimental evidence that its effects are generally not negligible. By numerically computing trajectories with and without the history term of a large number of particles in different flow fields, we investigate its impact on the large-scale Lagrangian dynamics of simulated particles. We show that for moderate to large Stokes numbers, ignoring the history term leads to significant differences in clustering patterns. Furthermore, we compute finite-time Lyapunov exponents and show that, even for small particles, the differences in the resulting scalar field from ignoring the BHT can be significant, in particular if the underlying flow is turbulent.
Inverse problems for a diffusion equation containing a generalized fractional derivative are studied. The equation holds in a time interval $(0,T)$ and it is assumed that a state $u$ (solution of diffusion equation) and a source $f$ are known for $t\in (t_0,T)$ where $t_0$ is some number in $(0,T)$. Provided that $f$ satisfies certain restrictions, it is proved that product of a kernel of the derivative with an elliptic operator as well as the history of $f$ for $t\in (0,t_0)$ are uniquely recovered. In case of less restrictions on $f$ the uniqueness of the kernel and the history of $f$ is shown. Moreover, in a case when a functional of $u$ for $t\in (t_0,T)$ is given the uniqueness of the kernel is proved under unknown history of $f$.
Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models are nowadays a crucial quantitative tool for policy-makers. However, they did not emerge spontaneously. They are built upon previously established ideas in Economics and relatively recent advancements in Mathematics. This essay provides a comprehensive coverage of their history, starting from the pioneering Neoclassical general equilibrium theories and eventually reaching the New Neoclassical Synthesis (NNS). In addition, the mathematical tools involved in formulating a DSGE model are thoroughly presented. I argue that this history has a mixed nature rather than an absolutist or relativist one, that the NNS may have emerged due to the complementary nature of New Classical and New Keynesian theories, and that the recent adoption and development of DSGE models by central banks from different countries has entailed a departure from the goal of building a universally valid theory that Economics has always had. The latter means that DSGE modeling has landed not without loss of generality.
From Imre Pongrácz’s collection, collected at the end of the 19th century, mainly from the Iron Gates region, there are also some bronze cast fibulae with bent stem, keys and buckle with bird heads. They date back to the 6th century AD, being found in the ruins around the Roman-Byzantine Theodora tower, located in the southwest corner of the Roman fort from Drobeta-Turnu Severin. This discovery was published nearly five decades ago and was said to represent the remains of a metallurgical workshop that operated in the Roman-Byzantine fortification. Recently, it was discovered that two bronze bracelets were found along with these cast pieces. This fact suggests the possibility that these castings are not from a workshop, but from a place of storage and sale of goods brought through the annona.
Buddhist ritual healing and medical therapies included care for domestic animals, such as the horse. In pre-modern Japan, equine medicine (ba’i 馬医) was not restricted to the treatment of military horses; it was also practiced in a religious context. The Scroll of Equine Medicine (Ba’i sōshi emaki 馬医草紙絵 巻, 1267) is an enigmatic picture scroll held by the Tokyo National Museum. It extends to more than six meters and contains images of ten divine figures related to the healing of horses, followed by seventeen pictures of plants, and a postscript emphasizing that the content of the scroll should be kept secret. Many of the plants listed in the scroll are either associated with the world of Buddhism, e.g. Yakushi-sō 薬 師草, ‘Medicine Buddha plant,’ or with horses, e.g. metsu-sō 馬頭草, ‘horsehead plant.’ Previous analyses of the scroll largely focused on the botanical identification of the sketches of the plants. This article reviews current interpretations of the scroll and explores the question of whether the plant names were thought to empower the plants to be used as potent materia medica for veterinary purposes. Based on earlier analyses, I suggest a new interpretation of the scroll from a study of religions perspective taking into consideration that some of the plant names in the scroll indicate both health-related and salvific potency. I also address the possible use of the scroll. The scarcity of textual information and the choice of textual detail and imagery in this ‘secret’ scroll suggests that it was used in the context of an oral transmission and empowerment ritual. The scroll itself seems to have been an object of ritual empowerment, rather than a compendium of materia medica for practical daily use when caring for horses.
У статті висвітлюються питання діяльності підпілля ОУН і боївок УПА в роки Другої світової війни в українській історіографії. Аналізуються програмні та ідеологічні документи Організації українських націоналістів (ОУН) щодо їхнього бачення ролі і місця Криму у геополітичних стратегіях майбутньої незалежної української держави.
Зазначається, що ще у 20–30-х роках ХХ ст. ідеологи націоналістичного руху розробляли геостратегічні концепти, у яких Крим займав ключове місце як певний форпост Чорноморського регіону, яким за жодних умов не можна поступатися. Вказано, що у цих документах українські націоналісти розглядали Крим як основну базу українських військово-морських сил та українського торгового флоту.
Констатовано, що реалізувати свої плани і втілювати у життя власні ідеї українські націоналісти почали в умовах німецько-радянської війни, що і висвітлюється у працях українських істориків та безпосередніх учасників тих подій. Там зазначається, що вже на початку липня 1941 р. перші похідні групи ОУН вирушили на центральноукраїнські землі, звідки планували опанувати всі етнічні українські території, створюючи на них свої органи влади та управління, і Крим був для них одним із пунктів призначення. Відповідно ОУН (мельниківців) і ОУН (бандерівців) створили спеціальні кримські групи, які мали рухатися безпосередньо на півострів. Восени 1941 р. першим групам ОУН вдалося зайти на територію півострова. В цей час німецький окупаційний режим розпочав репресії проти членів і прихильників ОУН, відтак похідні групи, що рухалися до Криму, перебували під загрозою викриття і фізичного знищення.
Зазначено, що в українській історіографії поширена думка, яка підкріплена документальною базою та свідченнями очевидців, що центром діяльності в Криму став Сімферополь. Окремі структури ОУН були створені також у Джанкої, Ялті та інших містах півострова. Перебуваючи під переслідуванням німецьких репресивних органів, українські націоналісти все ж змогли закріпитися в Криму і розпочати систематичну організаційну роботу.
Констатовано, що в умовах повномасштабного вторгнення Росії в Україну, тимчасової окупації частини української території, в т.ч. і Криму, всебічне і неупереджене висвітлення зазначеної теми є актуальним і необхідним.
Munazza Zaib, Wei Emma Zhang, Quan Z. Sheng
et al.
The increasing demand for the web-based digital assistants has given a rapid rise in the interest of the Information Retrieval (IR) community towards the field of conversational question answering (ConvQA). However, one of the critical aspects of ConvQA is the effective selection of conversational history turns to answer the question at hand. The dependency between relevant history selection and correct answer prediction is an intriguing but under-explored area. The selected relevant context can better guide the system so as to where exactly in the passage to look for an answer. Irrelevant context, on the other hand, brings noise to the system, thereby resulting in a decline in the model's performance. In this paper, we propose a framework, DHS-ConvQA (Dynamic History Selection in Conversational Question Answering), that first generates the context and question entities for all the history turns, which are then pruned on the basis of similarity they share in common with the question at hand. We also propose an attention-based mechanism to re-rank the pruned terms based on their calculated weights of how useful they are in answering the question. In the end, we further aid the model by highlighting the terms in the re-ranked conversational history using a binary classification task and keeping the useful terms (predicted as 1) and ignoring the irrelevant terms (predicted as 0). We demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed framework with extensive experimental results on CANARD and QuAC -- the two popularly utilized datasets in ConvQA. We demonstrate that selecting relevant turns works better than rewriting the original question. We also investigate how adding the irrelevant history turns negatively impacts the model's performance and discuss the research challenges that demand more attention from the IR community.
Jelena S. Matejić, N. Stefanović, Milana Ivkovic
et al.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE River and mountain regions in Eastern and South-Eastern Serbia are geographically interesting and, historically they represent an important resource of plants used as food, spices and as remedies for treating many diseases. Different cultures have lived in these regions for ages. They have used wild plants and the methods of their preparation and application, which has remained throughout the history and now is passed on from generation to generation. The aim of the study is a survey of herbal drug uses for the specific ailment categories and their comparison between the two research regions. METHODS Semi-structured anonymous ethnobotanical interviews were conducted. The interviews took place in the River Timok region and Mountain Svrljig region as they make two of the most interesting centers of plant biodiversity. Volunteers in the Timok region were 64 median age and in the Svrljig region - 73 median age. People were interviewed about the local names of plants, the preparation process and about which disease the plants were used for. RESULTS and Discussion: 161 respondents from 10 Timok and 10 Svrljig municipality villages were interviewed and 2,199 use-reports were recorded. The results of the ethnobotanical research showed 195 plant taxa from the Timok and Svrljig regions. In the Timok region, the recorded species were classified into 47 families and in the Svrljig region they were classified into 64 families. Out of 195 taxa used for medicinal purposes, only 52 species are also included in the European Pharmacopoeia 9.0. The most commonly used plants in Timok region were Hypericum spp., Matricaria chamomilla, Mentha x piperita, Urtica dioica, Juglans regia, while the residents of Svrljig region most frequently used Satureja montana, Sambucus nigra, Polygonum aviculare, Marrubium vulgare and Teucrium chamaedrys. Different statistical analyzes showed that Vlachs used more medical specimens per person than Serbs in the Timok region. The study demonstrated that female informants treated more body organs with medical species per person than male informants. There was a significant difference between the male and and female respondents of the Svrljig region in terms of organ systems for which they used certain plant species. CONCLUSION The ethnopharmacological study showed a great importance of medicinal plants in the daily life of local communities. According to the analysis, it can be concluded that the village population of the Timok and Svrljig regions use medicinal plants to treat digestive tract problems rather than seeking professional medical attention in health facilities. The aerial part and rhizome of Elymus repens are used for digestive problems in both the Timok and Svrljig regions, and the use of this plant in for the treatment of digestive tract problems is not mentioned in the similar studies conducted in the Balkan region. Also, it can be observed that the population of the two different regions mainly use different herbal drugs to treat the same systems. The reason for that is the availability of certain plants that grow in the two different areas - river and mountain area.
Kristen Ghodsee, Why Women Have Better Sex under Socialism: And Other Arguments for Economic Independence, New York: Hachette, 2018, 356 pp, $17.99 (paperback), ISBN 9781645036364Kateřina Lišková, Sexual Liberation, Socialist Style: Communist Czechoslovakia and the Science of Desire, 1945–1989, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018, 293 pp, $31.99 (paperback), ISBN 9781108341332Agnieszka Kościańska, Gender, Pleasure, and Violence: The Construction of Expert Knowledge of Sexuality in Poland, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2021, 268 pp, $42.00 (paperback), ISBN 9780253053091Agnieszka Kościańska, To See a Moose: The History of Polish Sex Education, New York: Berghahn, 2021, 354 pp, $145.00 (hardback), ISBN 9781800730601Anita Kurimay, Queer Budapest, 1871–1961, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020, 336 pp, $32.50 (paperback), ISBN 9780226705798
Our interest in the coins of this group is by no means accidental. It is due to the fact that the image of Aphrodite sitting on a throne was not characteristic for the numismatics of the Bosporan state before Sauromates II. We believe that it is under him that they began to honor Aphrodite as the main deity of the local pantheon. Importantly, the marks of emission centers are imprinted to the right and to the left of the figure of the deity, with both of the capital one and of those peripheral located in the European and eastern parts of the Bosporan Kingdom. The coins were issued there with taking into account local ideas about symbolism of Aphrodite. Consequently, there has been no common ideology throughout the Bosporus at that time, the fact testifying the weakening of the royal power which seems to be quite understandable during the crisis caused by the Second Bosporan War.
Łukasz Miechowicz, Joanna Piątkowska-Małecka, Łukasz Maurycy Stanaszek
et al.
The article presents the results of archaeological research into an Alt Käbelich-type grave discovered in Chodlik, Karczmiska county, Lublin province. The pit contained layer burials of five indi-viduals. The bone material included also horse remains. Other archaeological material contained frag-ments of clay utensils as well as pieces of metal and bone artefacts destroyed in fire. On the basis of 3D documentation, at attempt has been made to reconstruct the object by means of digital technology. The Chodlik discovery is a ontribution to the research into the occurrence of the Alt Käbelich type of graves and the concept of the so-called “house of the dead” in the Western Slavic Dominion
History of Eastern Europe, History of Central Europe