Bałkany stanowią region niejednolity kulturowo, co od wielu lat jest zarzewiem wielu konfliktów zbrojnych na tym obszarze. Tworzone na nim państwa i ich granice często nie respektowały pochodzenia etnicznego zamieszkujących go ludności. Od końca XX wieku coraz więcej grup narodowych uzyskało niepodległość i utworzyło uznawane na arenie międzynarodowej państwa. Celem artykułu jest zbadanie, czy i w jaki sposób uwarunkowania pozaprawne wpłynęły na ukształtowanie prawa w wybranych krajach. Badania ograniczone zostały do grupy zachowań najbardziej pierwotnie związanych z normami kulturowymi, tj. kryminalizowanych czynów wykonywanych na zwłokach ludzkich i miejscach ich spoczynku. W pracy wykorzystano analizę literatury przedmiotu oraz analizę aktów prawnych w dziewięciu krajach bałkańskich. Wnioski z analizy wskazują na nadrzędność uwarunkowań kulturowych w procesie tworzenia norm prawnych.
History of Central Europe, History of Balkan Peninsula
Cementochronologie zaměřená na analýzu přírůstků acelulárního cementu v zubech lovených savců dovoluje relativně přesně zhodnotit jejich stáří a stanovit období v roce, kdy byli uloveni. Obě informace mohou přiblížit využívání přírodních zdrojů živočišného původu a načasování jejich dostupnosti nebo dovolují pochopit sezónní dynamiku aktivit tehdejších společností spojených s konkrétními místy. Studie nejprve představuje výsledky ověření metody cementochronologie na referenčním materiálu, tj. na zubech recentních jelenů lesních (Cervus elaphus), srnců obecných (Capreolus capreolus) a prasat divokých (Sus scrofa), kteří dlouhodobě patří mezi nejčastěji lovenou zvěř ve střední Evropě. Následně přináší výsledky aplikace metody na vybrané nálezy týchž druhů zvířat z raně středověkého hradiště Na Jánu v jihočeských Netolicích.
The cooperative system that emerged in Eastern Europe in the nineteenth century was very different from the much earlier processes in Western Europe. In Eastern Europe, including Hungary, the establishment and management of cooperatives was under the control of large capitalists and the state, and was closely linked to nation-building efforts. From the second half of the nineteenth century, the cottage industry movement developed with economic, nation-building, and folk-art preservation objectives. The institutional system of cottage industry included associations, alliances, central governing bodies, and cooperatives. In Hungarian academic research, cooperatives and the cottage industry movement are not linked, although both their aims and their organizations were closely related. This study reveals that the movement was integrated into the cooperative institutional system in several ways, and that the centralizing measures, that were increasingly evident in the cottage industry during the first half of the twentieth century, went hand in hand with the cooperative movement. Exploring these links is essential to understanding folk art, applied folk art, and the cottage industry cooperative system that developed from the 1950s onwards.
Archaeology, Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology
Roland I. Stephen, Jennifer A. Tyndall, Hsing-yu Hsu
et al.
Abstract Background An increased risk of diabetes mellitus (DM) after COVID-19 has been reported in the United States, Europe, and Asia. The burden of COVID-related DM has yet to be described in Africa, where the overall risk of DM has been increasing rapidly. Our objective was to compare the prevalence of pre-DM and DM in Nigerian individuals with a history of COVID-19 to individuals without known COVID-19 infection. Methods We undertook a retrospective cohort study with 256 individuals with a past medical history of COVID-19 with no history of pre-DM or DM and 256 individuals without a history of COVID-19 or pre-DM/DM. Participants were categorized as pre-DM (fasting capillary glucose 100–125 mg/dL) or DM (fasting capillary glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL). We employed univariate and multivariable logistic regression to identify key predictors and adjust for confounders related to hyperglycaemia risk factors. Additionally, we used multinomial logistic regression to analyze the relationship between COVID-19 history and diabetes status, distinguishing between normal, pre-diabetic, and diabetic glucose levels. All models were adjusted for age, gender, hypertension, physical activity, central adiposity, and family history of DM. Results Compared to the control group, those with a history of COVID-19 had a similar median age (38 vs. 40 years, p = 0.84), had a higher proportion of men (63% vs. 49%), and had a lower prevalence of central adiposity (waist: hip ratio ≥ 0.90 for males and WHR ≥ 0.85 for females) (48% vs. 56.3%, p = 0.06). Of the 256 with a history of COVID-19, 44 (17%) required in-patient care. The median (interquartile range) time interval between COVID-19 diagnosis and the glycaemic assessment was 19 (IQR: 14, 24) months. Pre-DM prevalence was 27% in the post-COVID-19 group and 4% in the control group, whereas the prevalence of DM was 7% in the post-COVID-19 group and 2% in the control group. After multivariable adjustment, the odds of pre-DM were 8.12 (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.98, 16.58; p < 0.001) higher, and the odds of DM were 3.97 (95% CI: 1.16, 13.63) higher in those with a history of COVID-19 compared to controls. In the adjusted multinomial logistic regression analysis, individuals with a history of COVID-19 exhibited significantly elevated risks for pre-diabetes (RRR = 7.55, 95% CI: 3.76–15.17) and diabetes (RRR = 3.44, 95% CI: 1.01–11.71) compared to those without COVID-19. Conclusion Previous COVID-19 was found to be a risk factor for prevalent pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitus in Nigeria. More intensive screening for DM in those with a history of COVID-19 should be considered.
Článek seznamuje s objektově-ontologickými teoretickými a epistemologickými přístupy, které jsou diskutované především v západoevropských (anglo-amerických) archeologických vědeckých komunitách. Tyto přístupy mají ambici, alespoň to některé z nich prohlašují, stát se novým teoretickým myšlením a radikálně změnit dosavadní pojetí archeologie, zejména studium hmotné (materiální) kultury. Článek rešeršním způsobem popisuje a hodnotí různé přístupy (teorie aktérských sítí, entanglement, symetrická archeologie, nové materialismy, asemblážní myšlení), které studují relační vztahy mezi lidmi a ne-lidmi a zabývají se „věcmi“ jako sociálními a materiálními předměty s vlastní agenturou. Tam, kde je to možné, jsou přístupy vysvětleny na konkrétních příkladech interpretací archeologických pramenů.
Romanian IT professionals are marketized as young, highly skilled, and full of potential individuals. However, there is a contradiction in their image. In the discourse of international outsourcing, they are presented as cheap labour, while on the national and local level they are considered high earners. Under the privilege of income tax exemption, the IT sector is continuously growing and attracting labour, providing well-paying entry-level jobs and bringing in foreign capital. At the same time, on a symbolic level, it also developed a reputation as a facilitator of social ascension and of importer of European ideas. In this paper I aim to examine what drives people towards professional reorientation to IT. How is the idea of the middle class being used? What is the imaginary that makes people take on the risky and arduous road of re-professionalization and what are its consequences?
History of Central Europe, Language and Literature
The loss of biodiversity is shaping today’s environment. Bird ringing is a citizen science research tool that can determine species population dynamics and trends over a large geographic area. We used a 17-year time series to assess population trends of 74 passerine species based on ringing data from autumn migration in Slovenia (south-central Europe). We defined seven guilds of species according to geographic location, ecological, migratory, breeding, and life-history traits. Almost all guilds showed declining trends, except for the group of species of northeastern European origin, which showed a stable trend. The greatest decline was in low-productivity wetland specialists. Forest birds, seed-eaters, and high-productivity species experienced the smallest declines. The general declines in avifauna across a range of life-history and behavioural traits, and across a range of spatial and ecological scales, suggest widespread environmental change in Europe. Our data indicates that recent trends are toward ecosystem homogeneity, with an impoverished avifauna, including a few species that are increasing in abundance. These are the species with higher productivity and flexible behaviour, such as short-distance migrants, that have the greatest chance of prevailing in the recently rapidly changing environment because of their ability to adapt to changes in a timely manner.
To assess the origin and genetic relationship of the northernmost population of Rhododendron ferrugineum in the Karkonosze Mts. (the Sudetes), located 350 km north of the previously acknowledged species limit, in the context of the whole species range; to discuss, based on this case study, the glacial history of the Central European mountain flora and importance of rare, relict populations for biogeographical inference and diversity conservation.
In March 2019 presidential elections were held in Slovak Republic. After two rounds Zuzana Čaputova, lawyer and human rights defender, had a convincing victory. It’s worth mentioning that she had not actively participated in the political life before her campaign. Despite
the representative functions of the head of the state in a parliamentary republic the elections showed
a popular demand for new politicians who are not associated with the establishment, especially with
the representatives of the ruling party SMER - Social Democracy.
Who (and what) was silent about the story told by heteronormative society? And how is the fragment of this story seen by “Others”? The article shows that the time of “queer before gay” includes (in Polish) not only well-known names such as: aunt or pedal, but also slang: ‘lala’ (doll), ‘przyjaciółki’ (friends), ‘siostry’ (sisters in Polish, girls in English), gays “from the outside of society”, as well as heterosexuals who got a ticket to the alternative world of the excluded. I tell this story from the perspective of the performative function of language (Althusser, Austin, Butler) and mechanisms of knowledge/power (Foucault). I focus on the activities of homosexual men encoded in their “hiding language” (sociopolitan gay). I show how the creation of the “homosexual” identity closed the community of aunts and pedals in a precisely defined form. And how camp and queering reality allowed them to function in this form. This article is thus another element of decoding the so-called language of concealment, so-called sociolect of Polish gays (aunts and pedals) and queering history of Poland (part of the queering history of Central and Eastern Europe).
In the eighteenth and nineteenth century in the vicinity of the village of Górzec was found a set of artefacts probably representing scattered treasure from the beginning of the Migration Period. Such deposits are an expression of the rapid changes in the circulation of capital and the perception of value in this period. The influx of large quantities of gold and changes in silver’s value resulted in rapid changes in the status of various groups and individuals. An unstable social hierarchy is a prerequisite for the existence of the phenomenon of the potlatch, i.e. the ostentatious consumption or removal of goods from circulation. It seems that the deposits of the Migration Period should be considered this way. In 2010-2011 in the area of Górzec, excavations were undertaken. The aim was to discover of the remains of settlements from the time of the deposition of the treasure. As a result of this work, the existence of a settlement from phase D-D2 of the Migration Period was revealed. Hence, it is most likely that it is slightly younger than the treasure, but this is still open to question.
History of Eastern Europe, History of Central Europe