Hasil untuk "History America"

Colin P. Gallagher, Xinhua Zhu, Ellen V. Lea et al.

ABSTRACT Freshwater habitat characteristics are known to affect life history traits of migratory salmonids. Although the life cycle of the anadromous form of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) is typically associated with lakes, there is a small number of anadromous populations in North America that spawn, rear, and overwinter exclusively in rivers. The life history traits of these relatively understudied populations and how they differ from lacustrine Arctic char are poorly documented. We characterized life history tradeoffs expressed by anadromous Arctic char originating from a riverine (Hornaday River) and a relatively nearby lacustrine system (Tatik Lake of the Kuujjua River) in the western Canadian Arctic using a 10‐year dataset. The riverine population attained smaller average size (600 mm vs. 628 mm, fork length) and mean age (7.7 vs. 10.6 years), had a lower longevity (14 vs. 26 years), and expressed a 44% higher growth rate resulting in larger size‐at‐age prior to reaching modeled length asymptote (700 vs. 754 mm). Furthermore, the riverine population had a younger modal age‐at‐maturity (approximately 6–7 vs. 11–13 years) and mean age‐at‐first migration (4.1 vs. 6.4 years), and a higher natural mortality rate (0.31 vs. 0.21 per year). Our results broaden knowledge on the spectrum of life history strategies exhibited by anadromous Arctic char and underscore how freshwater habitat influences vital rates and life history tradeoffs, which have implications for conservation and sustainable harvest (e.g., maximum sustainable yield) of salmonids.

Luciana Carreño

Las investigaciones sobre historia de las juventudes conforman un campo reciente dentro de la historiografía argentina. Si bien de modo predominante estos trabajos se enfocaron en las culturas juveniles a partir de la década de 1960, recientemente se ha comenzado a indagar respecto de las prácticas y representaciones sobre las juventudes en períodos anteriores. Con el objetivo de analizar estas últimas producciones, en el artículo se identifican distintas aproximaciones temáticas y metodológicas del estudio de la historia de las juventudes en Argentina de la primera mitad del siglo XX. De modo complementario, en correspondencia con los procesos que han sido señalados para el ámbito europeo y norteamericano sobre la construcción de las juventudes desde finales del siglo XIX, el trabajo plantea interrogantes y posibles temas de análisis que contribuyan a pensar las juventudes en clave local y transnacional.

Paulo G. Fagundes Visentini

O artigo analisa a política externa dos governos militares de Médici, Geisel e Figueiredo (1969-85), quando o regime adota uma postura pragmática e autonomista, em lugar da ênfase ideológica. Os governos Castelo Branco e Costa e Silva (1964-69) vivenciaram a dialética ruptura x continuidade, com a frustração do alinhamento ideológico com os EUA. Uma vez adotada uma política econômica desenvolvimentista, com forte apoio do Estado, a busca de autonomia diplomática se afirmou. Se o governo Geisel constitui o paradigma de tal estratégia, observa-se que ela teve início no governo anterior e, apesar das dificuldades, prosseguiu até 1985.

Lisandro Relva

El presente artículo reflexiona sobre los modos singulares en que Julio Cortázar escribe e inscribe en el ámbito latinoamericano su experiencia del proyecto revolucionario sandinista. Contra una lectura especializada que lo sitúa como un observador netamente optimista de dicho proceso, el itinerario textual que proponemos recorrer parte de una relectura de su relato “Apocalipsis de Solentiname” para pensar las implicancias político-comunitarias de la dimensión apocalíptica en los escritos nicaragüenses de Cortázar. La hipótesis que ofrecemos es que su escritura recupera la potencialidad crítica de la idiotez, en su particular sentido filosófico, para abrir una terceridad que suspende el pensamiento bipolar dominante en el campo intelectual latinoamericano hacia fines de la década de 1970 y comienzos de la de 1980 y permite concebir otras formas de hacer comunidad.

Eliana Gómez-Rodríguez, Jorge Márquez-Valderrama, Victoria Estrada-Orrego

Este artículo aborda las prácticas, así como los discursos médicos y administrativos especializados en los niños y niñas abandonados y huérfanos, atendidos por la sección Amas de Oriente del Hospicio de Bogotá, entre 1918 y 1936. Mediante la crítica documental, se analizó un corpus elaborado a partir del Archivo de la Beneficencia de Cundinamarca. La documentación permitió una aproximación al funcionamiento de la asistencia pública en general y, específicamente, al del Hospicio. Además, facilitó el estudio de las estrategias de atención, vigilancia y control dirigidas a la primera infancia y a las amas de campo. Esto último contribuyó al hallazgo de un sistema oficial de nodrizas para la infancia abandonada. Para comprenderlo, se reconstruyó el contexto histórico de la pobreza, la desigualdad, el trabajo femenino, la nutrición y la economía de la salud. Los niños más pequeños fueron atendidos por nodrizas asalariadas, mujeres campesinas mal pagas, utilizadas por las autoridades, tildadas de ignorantes, sucias y enfermas. Fue un sistema de crianza duradero, quizás porque era más viable y menos oneroso que el modelo de atención intramural del Hospicio de Bogotá. Paradójicamente, este sistema creado como institución especializada en la lactancia delegada, terminó convirtiéndose en una institución de maternidad sustituta.

Cristina Castellano, Nathalie Ludec

Steward van Wyk

The intellectual history of Coloured intelligentsia in the middle of the previous century is often characterised by a sharp division between moderates and radicals. The historiography of Coloured people is relatively limited but a few scholars have studied their intellectual formation against the background of historical circumstances, their specific biography and institutional operations. In this article I give a broad overview of the intellectual history and historiography of Coloured intelligentsia. I focus in more detail on the poet and educationist P. J. Philander. He is associated with the moderate grouping and characterised as a political gradualist who favoured steady and incremental changes in the political towards democracy. I argue for further engagement with the ideas and actions of the poet and propose that liberal sentiments in his life and work provide further and important perspectives. This would also explain his disenchantment with the apartheid regime and his consequent decision to emigrate to the United States of America where he pursued a long and illustrious career as an educator at a Quaker School in New York. I analyse two texts with an autobiographical purview to indicate these strands of liberal influence and thought.

Amanda Andrade-Benítez

This article establishes essential items introduced by the urban actors in Bogota, capital city of Colombia, with the aim of achieving its internationalization. The first part inscribes this theme in the framework of globalization, considers the new functionalities and elements that are at stake, and are also an object of rivalry between cities on the world stage. The second part develops, in a neo-institutional perspective, the role played by public and private urban elites and the strategy they have chosen for the city internationalization and its development.

Marta Fernández, Vinícius Santiago

The article reflects on the racial foundations of the Brazilian state through an analysis of the play 'Black Angel' by Nelson Rodrigues. From a postcolonial approach, it is argued that this 1948 play can be read as a critique of the influential vision of “racial democracy” associated with Gilberto Freyre and that its content anticipates a whole range of ideas later found in the book 'Black Skin, White Masks' ([1952] 2008), by Frantz Fanon. The article reveals the tensions and violence (re)produced by the state in Brazil through the encounters and disagreements between the multiple hierarchies—economic, patriarchal, and racial—explored by Nelson Rodrigues throughout the plot.   Resumo O artigo visa refletir sobre as fundações raciais do Estado brasileiro através da análise da peça 'Anjo negro' de Nelson Rodrigues. A partir de uma abordagem pós-colonial, argumenta-se que a peça de 1948 pode ser lida como uma crítica à influente visão de “democracia racial” associada à Gilberto Freyre e que seu conteúdo antecipa uma série de ideias posteriormente presentes na obra 'Pele negra, máscaras brancas' ([1952] 2008) de Frantz Fanon. O artigo revela as tensões e violências (re)produzidas pelo Estado no Brasil a partir dos encontros e desencontros entre as múltiplas hierarquias—econômica, patriarcal e racial—exploradas por Nelson Rodrigues ao longo da trama.

Carlos Sempat Assadourian

Estructuras económicas coloniales: el sistema de las haciendas

Ana Paula Machado

Em junho de 1834, chegava ao Museu Portuense uma das mais controversas incorporações na Fazenda Nacional, de entre as que os decretos liberais determinaram. Provenientes do Mosteiro de Santa Cruz de Coimbra, recolhiam ao Museu uma escrivaninha italiana, uma série de placas de esmalte pintado e a célebre espada de D. Afonso Henriques. Em parte devido à aura mítica desta última, ao longo dos cem anos seguintes, nestas três peças parecem ter confluído todos os argumentos da polémica integração dos bens das ordens religiosas e do pensamento e acção dos liberalistas sobre o Património. Este estudo propõe-se seguir mais de perto os destinos dessas três peças e compreender em que medida esses destinos extravasam ou configuram um paradigma dos de tantas outras, como elas, chegadas aos museus no “torvelinho das violentas paixões” da época.

José Zanca

¿Existe una cultura polí­tica católica? A lo largo del siglo XX los laicos y la jerarquí­a eclesiástica se asociaron a distintas ideologí­as. Podemos encontrar reformistas católicos en el gobierno de Roque Sáenz Peña (1910-1914), nacionalistas de distintas vertientes en los años treinta, antifascistas durante la Segunda Guerra mundial, católicos peronistas y antiperonistas, y liberacionistas en los convulsionados sesentas y setentas. A este enmarañado cuadro debemos sumarle las relaciones que se establecieron entre religión y cultura, es decir, las formas en las que ambas esferas se rechazaron y se atrajeron, se adaptaron y se combatieron. Si bien se han postulado hipótesis que enfatizan la continuidad de matrices de comportamiento –el integralismo, el mito de la nación católica–, el concepto de cultura polí­tica resulta más pertinente para sobrevolar las fronteras estrictamente ideológicas, y analizar qué apropiaciones, ví­nculos y formas de ser en el mundo permitieron la convivencia de tan diversos grupos en un mismo espacio, su reproducción a lo largo del tiempo y sus conflictos internos. Este artí­culo pretende explorar los distintos rostros de la cultura polí­tica católica en el perí­odo de entreguerras, para rastrear aquellos aspectos que permiten hablar de identidades y disidencias.  

Luis Eduardo Cornejo Bustamante

Se discute la cronología en que el norte y centro de Chile fue incorporado al Tawantinsuyu. Partiendo de la ya generalizada opinión acerca de que la fecha de 1470 DC para la incorporación de estos territorios, propuesta a partir de los estudios clásicos de Rowe no coincide con los datos arqueológicos, se analiza una extensa base de datos de fechas de C14 y termoluminiscencia, con lo cual generamos una probabilidad acumulada de la cronología inca en Chile. Nuestros resultados indican que este evento ocurrió casi 100 años antes de 1470 DC, aunque existirían diferencias entre las distintas regiones analizadas.   We discuss the chronology of the incorporation of North and Central Chile into Tawantinsuyu. Based on the widespread view that Rowe’s 1470 AD proposal does not match with the archaeological data, we analyze an extensive database of 14C and thermoluminescence dates and generate an accumulated probability of inca’s chronology in Chile. Our results indicate that this event occurred almost 100 years before 1470 AD, although differences between regions analyzed exist.  

Anne Lesme

Eugenia Allier Montaño

Discussions on violence during the years 1960-1980 in South America have for some time been a central issue in the public space of many South American countries. Uruguay, having gone through a strongly repressive civic-military regime between 1973 and 1985, was no exception. While public memories on this period have gone through different phases, the forced disappearances have always been the main focus of the struggles for memory. This article attempts to trace the history of the remembering of these victims of forced disappearance in the Uruguayan public arena in order to determine memory patterns in the image of a recent past.

Helenice Rodrigues da Silva

Felipe Castro Gutiérrez

Álvaro Delgado

Shannon Lee Dawdy

Describes how Cuba developed a countrywide system of food meaning and production in the mid-19th c. that became a national, and eventually "nationalist", cuisine during Cuba's revolutionary moments. Author explains how the centrality of food within Cuban national identity was strongly related with the valency associated with the subsistence farming on small family farms ("sitios"), producing these native foods and Caribbean ingredients, e.g. cassava, guava, and sweet potatoes. The self-sufficiency of these small farmers was in emerging nationalist discourses opposed to the large-scale, export-oriented, colonial plantations and to slavery. Many small family farmers, of which many were ex-slaves, participated in the armed struggles in part to defend their right of independent, subsistence agriculture. Author outlines how since the early, mid-19th-c. Creole nationalism, Creole food and the small farms remained associated with authentic Cuban folk culture and with national identity, and related to independence struggles, and self-sufficiency, including during and after the 1959 Revolution.

Anne Ollivier Mellios