How does the conversational past of large language models (LLMs) influence their future performance? Recent work suggests that LLMs are affected by their conversational history in unexpected ways. For instance, hallucinations in prior interactions may influence subsequent model responses. In this work, we introduce History-Echoes, a framework that investigates how conversational history biases subsequent generations. The framework explores this bias from two perspectives: probabilistically, we model conversations as Markov chains to quantify state consistency; geometrically, we measure the consistency of consecutive hidden representations. Across three model families and six datasets spanning diverse phenomena, our analysis reveals a strong correlation between the two perspectives. By bridging these perspectives, we demonstrate that behavioral persistence manifests as a geometric trap, where gaps in the latent space confine the model's trajectory. Code available at https://github.com/technion-cs-nlp/OldHabitsDieHard.
The paper discusses the sepulchral art produced in 1500–1650 in Bohemia, especially in Prague, analysing the iconography of secular nobles and burghers in the context of early modern funerary sculpture. It explores the changes in funerary iconography, which depended on the deceased’s social status and profession. It also pays special attention to the depiction of women and children on tombstones, which reflected not only aesthetic norms but also religious and social conventions. It shows that tomb sculpture functioned not only as a memorial artefact, but also as a medium for self-presentation and visual communication that provided legitimacy to family claims and reflected contemporary conceptions of virtue, power, and eschatology.
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie uprawnień kanclerza Francji w czasach nowożytnych. Był to jeden z najważniejszych urzędników francuskiej monarchii. Miał duży zakres władzy, cieszył się prestiżem i przywilejami. Kierował pracą kancelarii królewskiej i nadzorował pieczętowanie dokumentów. Wykonywał funkcje ministra sprawiedliwości. Był zwierzchnikiem sądów i sędziów, a także głównym inspiratorem ustawodawstwa królewskiego. Zasiadał w radach królewskich. Sprawował nadzór nad instytucjami edukacyjnymi i naukowymi – kolegiami, uniwersytetami i akademiami. Odpowiadał za cenzurę prewencyjną. W niektórych okresach powierzano mu również obowiązki związane z dyplomacją, bezpieczeństwem państwa oraz polityką finansową. W tekście pokazano nie tylko jego prawa i przywileje, ale także ograniczenia, z którymi musiał się mierzyć. Artykuł oparty jest na literaturze i źródłach w języku francuskim. Pokazuje ewolucję urzędu od początku epoki nowożytnej aż do rewolucji francuskiej, kiedy zdecydowano o jego likwidacji.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Law
This article traces two types of commentaries on the myth of Narcissus (Ovid, The Metamorphoses, III), which existed in the Middle Ages in French literature in the vernacular — the courtly and the moral and allegorical. The first type of commentary is represented by individual works in which this myth is mentioned (“The Lay of Narcissus”, “The Romance of the Rose”, “The Book of Love Chess” by Evrart de Conty). In these, Ovid’s personage is treated as a violator of Amor’s laws; consequently, he takes on the traits of the “Belle Dame sans merci”. Commentaries of the second kind, such as the poetic and prose versions of “Moralized Ovid” (Ovide moralisé), interpret the figure of Narcissus as the embodiment of the Christian sin of pride, and of Echo as the good name disregarded by the proud man. This second type of commentary fragments the text of the “Metamorphoses” into separate stories and personages, each with its own allegorical meaning. The figure of Narcissus and the story of his death becomes a didactic exemplum that can be used in a sermon. In addition, by the early 15th century, such commentaries had been adopted into treatises on poetry (seconde rhétorique) and poetics (poetria, poetic fiction). In them, Narcissus becomes a rhetorical figure destined to create poetic works of high style. The logical conclusion of this process of fragmentation, which is also embodied in the miniatures of illuminated manuscripts, is the appearance in the 16th century of a new form which Ovid’s poem takes, the form of a collection of emblems.
With the recent emergence of powerful instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs), various helpful conversational Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems have been deployed across many applications. When prompted by users, these AI systems successfully perform a wide range of tasks as part of a conversation. To provide some sort of memory and context, such approaches typically condition their output on the entire conversational history. Although this sensitivity to the conversational history can often lead to improved performance on subsequent tasks, we find that performance can in fact also be negatively impacted, if there is a task-switch. To the best of our knowledge, our work makes the first attempt to formalize the study of such vulnerabilities and interference of tasks in conversational LLMs caused by task-switches in the conversational history. Our experiments across 5 datasets with 15 task switches using popular LLMs reveal that many of the task-switches can lead to significant performance degradation.
To understand the evolution of the Moon, we numerically modeled mantle convection and magmatism in a two-dimensional polar rectangular mantle. Magmatism occurs as an upward permeable flow of magma generated by decompression melting through the convecting matrix. The mantle is assumed to be initially enriched in heat-producing elements (HPEs) and compositionally dense ilmenite-bearing cumulates (IBC) at its base. Here, we newly show that magma generation and migration play a crucial role in the calculated volcanic and radial expansion/contraction history. Magma is generated in the deep mantle by internal heating for the first several hundred million years. A large volume of the generated magma ascends to the surface as partially molten fingers and plumes driven by melt-buoyancy to cause a volcanic activity and radial expansion of the planet with the peak at 3.5-4 Gyr ago. Eventually, however, the planet begins to radially contract when the mantle solidifies by cooling from the surface boundary. As the mantle is cooled, the activity of partially molten plumes declines but continues for billions of years after the peak because some basal materials enriched in the dense IBC components hold HPEs. The calculated volcanic and radial expansion/contraction history is consistent with the observed history of the Moon. Our simulations suggest a substantial fraction of the mantle was solid, and there was a basal layer enriched in HPEs and the IBC components at the beginning of the history of the Moon.
Abstract Skin color is the primary physical criterion by which people have been classified into groups in the Western scientific tradition. From the earliest classifications of Linnaeus, skin color labels were not neutral descriptors, but connoted meanings that influenced the perceptions of described groups. In this article, the history of the use of skin color is reviewed to show how the imprint of history in connection with a single trait influenced subsequent thinking about human diversity. Skin color was the keystone trait to which other physical, behavioral, and culture characteristics were linked. To most naturalists and philosophers of the European Enlightenment, skin color was influenced by the external environment and expressed an inner state of being. It was both the effect and the cause. Early investigations of skin color and human diversity focused on understanding the central polarity between “white” Europeans and nonwhite others, with most attention devoted to explaining the origin and meaning of the blackness of Africans. Consistently negative associations with black and darkness influenced philosophers David Hume and Immanuel Kant to consider Africans as less than fully human and lacking in personal agency. Hume and Kant's views on skin color, the integrity of separate races, and the lower status of Africans provided support to diverse political, economic, and religious constituencies in Europe and the Americas interested in maintaining the transatlantic slave trade and upholding chattel slavery. The mental constructs and stereotypes of color‐based races remained, more strongly in some places than others, after the abolition of the slave trade and of slavery. The concept of color‐based hierarchies of people arranged from the superior light‐colored people to inferior dark‐colored ones hardened during the late seventeenth century and have been reinforced by diverse forces ever since. These ideas manifest themselves as racism, colorism, and in the development of implicit bias. Current knowledge of the evolution of skin color and of the historical development of color‐based race concepts should inform all levels of formal and informal education. Awareness of the influence of color memes and race ideation in general on human behavior and the conduct of science is important.
We are concerned with the initial value problem governed by generalized Rayleigh-Stokes equations, where the nonlinearity depends on history states and takes values in Hilbert scales of negative order. The solvability and Hölder regularity of solutions are proved by using fixed point arguments and embeddings of fractional Sobolev spaces. An application to a related inverse source problem is given.
Combining Supernovae, Baryon Acoustic Oscillations and Redshift-Space Distortions data from the next generation of (Stage-IV) cosmological surveys, we aim to reconstruct the expansion history up to large redshifts using forward-modeling of $f_{\mathrm DE}(z) = ρ_\mathrm{DE}(z)/ρ_\mathrm{DE,0}$ with Gaussian processes (GP). In order to reconstruct cosmological quantities at high redshifts where few or no data are available, we adopt a new approach to GP which enforces the following minimal assumptions: a) Our cosmology corresponds to a flat Friedman-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) universe; b) An Einstein de Sitter (EdS) universe is obtained on large redshifts. This allows us to reconstruct the perturbations growth history from the reconstructed background expansion history. Assuming various DE models, we show the ability of our reconstruction method to differentiate them from $Λ$CDM at $\gtrsim2σ$.
The paper analyzes role and reputation, words and behaviors, duties and activities of the female figures described and quoted in Plutarch’s Apophthegmata Laconica. Depending on status and context, the role played by women in Spartan families and society seems to be fundamental for several reasons, in crucial situations and in different historical periods. And Plutarch, relating anecdotes, customs and sayings of the Spartans, allows to identify a remarkable variety of perspectives on women and their field of action. So, the internal and external focus on Spartan women’s everyday life helps to show the female loyalty to a Spartan ‘system of values’, through a series of aphorisms that outline the contribution of women to the historical and political experience, tradition and literary narration of Sparta over the centuries.
The USA, European Union, and Japan have begun a trilateral process to confront the Chinese economic model, including its use of industrial subsidies and deployment of state-owned enterprises. This paper seeks to identify the main areas of tension and to assess the legal-economic challenges to constructing new rules to address the underlying conflict. It begins by providing a brief history of subsidy disciplines in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and World Trade Organization predating any concerns introduced by China. It then describes contemporary economic problems with China’s approach to subsidies, their impact, and the apparent ineffectiveness of the World Trade Organization’s Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures to address them. Finally, it calls for increased efforts to measure and pinpoint the source of the problems—in a manner analogous to how the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development took on agricultural subsidies in the 1980s—before providing a legal-economic assessment of proposals for reforms to notifications, evidence, remedies, enforcement, and the definition of a subsidy.
Nurhajjah Nurhajjah, Badarudin Badarudin, B Fitri Rahmawati
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui persepsi guru sejarah tentang eksistensi museum Negeri Nusa Tenggara Barat sebagai sumber dan media pembelajaran sejarah. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriftif. Penelitian ini berfokus pada persepsi guru sejarah tentang keberadaan museum Negeri Nusa Tenggara Barat dalam pembelajaran sejarah di Madrasah Aliyah Kecamatan Aikmel. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan data sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi langsung, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Teknik triangulasi sumber dan metode peneliti gunakan untuk menguji keabsahan data. Analisis data dapat dilakukan dengan cara interaktif dan berlangsung terus menerus sampai tuntas. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah Eksistensi Museum Negeri NTB dapat memberikan manfaat sebagai sumber dan media dalam pembelajaran sejarah. Terdapat beragam manfaat yang diperoleh dalam pembelajaran sejarah ketika memanfaatkan museum sebagai sumber dan media pembelajaran yaitu: 1) siswa memiliki pengalaman yang konkrit dalam belajar sejarah, karena museum memiliki koleksi mengenai bukti-bukti dari peristiwa sejarah yang dipelajari. Hal ini dapat memberikan hasil belajar yang lebih bermakna; 2) guru memiliki referensi tambahan dalam membelajarkan sejarah, sehingga dapat melengkapi kekurangan sumber pembelajaran; 3) guru dapat menerapkan metode karya wisata sebagai alternatif untuk menciptakan pembelajaran yang lebih bervariasi; 4) siswa menjadi lebih termotivasi untuk belajar sejarah; 5) menghilangkan rasa bosan dalam belajar sejarah.
Meng-Hua Zhu, Natalia Artemieva, Alessandro Morbidelli
et al.
The importance of highly siderophile elements (HSEs) to track planetary late accretion has long been recognized. However, the precise nature of the Moon's accretional history remains enigmatic. There exists a significant mismatch of HSE budgets between the Earth and Moon, with the Earth disproportionally accreted far more HSEs than the Moon did. Several scenarios have been proposed to explain this conundrum, including the delivery of HSEs to Earth by a few big impactors, the accretion of pebble-sized objects on dynamically cold orbits that enhanced the Earth's gravitational focusing factor, and the "sawtooth model" with much reduced impact flux before ~4.10 Gyr. However, most of these models assume a high impactor retention ratio f (fraction of impactor mass retained on the target) for the Moon. Here, we performed a series of impact simulations to quantify the f-value, followed by a Monte Carlo procedure enacting a monotonically decaying impact flux, to compute the mass accreted into lunar crust and mantle over their histories. We found that the average f-value for the Moon's entire impact history is about 3 times lower than previously estimated. Our results indicate that, to match the HSE budget of lunar crust and mantle, the retention of HSEs should have started ~ 4.35 Gyr ago, when most of lunar magma ocean was solidified. Mass accreted prior to 4.35 Gyr must have lost its HSE to the lunar core, presumably during the lunar mantle crystallization. The combination of a low impactor retention ratio and a late retention of HSEs in the lunar mantle provide a realistic explanation for the apparent deficit of Moon's late accreted mass relative to the Earth.
Natalia Tomashenko, Christian Raymond, Antoine Caubriere
et al.
This work investigates the embeddings for representing dialog history in spoken language understanding (SLU) systems. We focus on the scenario when the semantic information is extracted directly from the speech signal by means of a single end-to-end neural network model. We proposed to integrate dialogue history into an end-to-end signal-to-concept SLU system. The dialog history is represented in the form of dialog history embedding vectors (so-called h-vectors) and is provided as an additional information to end-to-end SLU models in order to improve the system performance. Three following types of h-vectors are proposed and experimentally evaluated in this paper: (1) supervised-all embeddings predicting bag-of-concepts expected in the answer of the user from the last dialog system response; (2) supervised-freq embeddings focusing on predicting only a selected set of semantic concept (corresponding to the most frequent errors in our experiments); and (3) unsupervised embeddings. Experiments on the MEDIA corpus for the semantic slot filling task demonstrate that the proposed h-vectors improve the model performance.
The Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (LMC and SMC) are the largest satellite galaxies of the Milky Way and close enough to allow for a detailed exploration of their structure and formation history. The Survey of the MAgellanic Stellar History (SMASH) is a community Dark Energy Camera (DECam) survey of the Magellanic Clouds using $\sim$50 nights to sample over $\sim$2400 deg$^2$ centered on the Clouds at $\sim$20% filling factor (but with contiguous coverage in the central regions) and to depths of $\sim$24th mag in $ugriz$. The primary goals of SMASH are to map out the extended stellar peripheries of the Clouds and uncover their complicated interaction and accretion history as well as to derive spatially-resolved star formation histories of the central regions and create a "movie" of their past star formation. Here we announce the second SMASH public data release (DR2), which contains all 197 fully-calibrated DECam fields including the main body fields in the central regions. The DR2 data are available through the Astro Data Lab hosted by the NSF's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory. We highlight three science cases that make use of the SMASH DR2 data and will be published in the future: (1) preliminary star formation histories of the LMC; (2) the search for Magellanic star clusters using citizen scientists; and, (3) photometric metallicities of Magellanic Cloud stars using the DECam $u$-band.